This document classifies and describes various types of eye injuries. It discusses blunt injuries which can cause corneal abrasions, hyphema, retinal detachment, and glaucoma. Perforating injuries by sharp objects may lacerate tissues or cause iris and lens damage. Foreign bodies can mechanically or chemically damage tissues depending on their material. Chemical injuries depend on the substance and exposure time but can cause burns, conjunctivitis, and corneal necrosis. Sympathetic ophthalmitis is a rare inflammatory response where an injured eye causes inflammation in the other eye.
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
The most common presenting complaint of Ophthalmology in Emergency dept. is Foreign body sensation, so just to recall the basics of Ophthalm in ED, read the following PPT.
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
The most common presenting complaint of Ophthalmology in Emergency dept. is Foreign body sensation, so just to recall the basics of Ophthalm in ED, read the following PPT.
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. This is for ophthalmology posting seminar. Source of information are from google, few textbooks and also based on previous ophthalmology posting group's seminar.
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. This is for ophthalmology posting seminar. Source of information are from google, few textbooks and also based on previous ophthalmology posting group's seminar.
This presentation describes all the clinical aspects of keratoconus management
You can watch the illustrated presentation in this link :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYxwZPGm7e4&list=PLZ_mM13I_TrhWavjTmE9NjW1O5bGxkONO&index=13
This presentation describes all clinical aspects of infectious corneal ulcers
You can watch the illustrated presentation in this link :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okWDPG3C34g&list=PLZ_mM13I_TrhwqZuGjB6M9Z3n7MntrURd
This presentation describes all clinical aspects of glaucoma medications.....you can watch this presentation in video form at the following link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=92xurWP41dA
This presentation describes all clinical aspects of congenital glaucoma....you can watch this presentation in video form at the following link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5YA2CYzb5c
Femtolasik...Indications and limitationsAmr Mounir
This presentation describes all indications and limitations of femtosecond laser surgery.....you can watch the illustrated video presentation in the following link:
https://youtu.be/vCwu-_hpWxA
This presentation describes all clinical aspects about primary open angle glaucoma ......
you can watch the illustrated video presentation at the following link : https://youtu.be/eA44Pu4l8Ow
This presentation describes all clinical aspects of primary angle closure glaucoma in a concentrated and simplified manner....you can watch the illustrated presentation at the following link:
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Classification:-
Eye Injuries are classified into:
(1) Blunt injuries.
(2) Perforating injuries.
(3) Injuries by foreign bodies.
(4) Chemical injuries.
3. [1] Injuries By Blunt Objects
(Contusions)
Common Objects: fist, tennis ball, a stick etc…
Results: vary from a small corneal abrasion which heals
in a few hours, to a rupture globe.
The effect of injury may appear:
1) Immediately following the trauma.
2) Delayed complications:
1- Macular degeneration. 2- Retinal detachment.
3- Post traumatic irido cyclitis.
4- Post traumatic glaucoma (angle recession
glaucoma).
4. The results of such injuries may be:
(1) The Orbit:
1) Fracture of bones.
2) Traumatic proptosis: due to:
1- retro bulbar haemorrhage.
2- Surgical emphysema.
3- carotid cavernous fistula.
3) Pulsating exophthalmos.
4) Orbital cellulitis.
5. Peri orbital sub cutaneous peri ocular ecchymosis and
emphysema. oedema with traumatic
enophthalmos
6. (2) The Lids:
1) Ecchymosis of the lid (Black Eye).
2) Surgical emphysema.
3) Traumatic ptosis: may be:
1- Mechanical ptosis due to ecchymosis or emphysema.
2- Paralytic due to injury to levator or its nerve.
4) Contused wounds:
1- Horizontal wounds along the direction of the fibers
of the orbicularis, do not gap and produce less scar.
2- Vertical wounds tend to gap and produce a bigger
scar.
8. (3) The Conjunctiva:
1) Lacerated wound: it must be sutured.
2) Sub conjunctival haemorrhage, may be due to:
1- Local trauma leading to rupture of a small
conjunctival vessels.
2- Fracture of the base of the skull
9. Sub Conjunctival Haemorrhage
Due to fracture baseDue to local trauma
Trauma to the head
Loss of consciousness
Delayed
Triangular, apex to cornea
Dark red
Cannot be seen
Trauma to the eye
Not affected
Immediate
Triangular, base to cornea
Bright red
Definite
History
. Trauma
. Consc.
. Onset
Shape
Colour
Posterior
limit
10. (4) The Cornea:
1) Corneal abrasion:
Presentation: severe pain, lacrimation, and blepharospasm.
Diagnosis: stained with flourescein stain.
Treatment: bandage + antibiotics + cycloplegic.
2) Deep corneal opacity: may result from:
1- corneal edema.
2- folds in Descemet's membrane.
3- Rupture in Descemet’s membrane.
The condition disappears in a few weeks. No special
treatment.
11. 3) Blood staining of the cornea:
Etiology: occurs if two factors fulfilled: hyphema + increased IOP
Signs: .The cornea is at first red, later it becomes brown, then
orange, then yellow, then grey.
.Clearing occurs from the periphery to the center.
.Complete clearing takes up to 2 years.
Treatment: Keratoplasty.
4) Rupture of the cornea:
If occurs, the cornea must be sutured.
12. (5) The Sclera: (Rupture of the sclera)
Etiology: As a result of the trauma, the intra ocular
pressure rises and the sclera ruptures at its weakest
part i.e. up and in 2-3 mm from the limbus and
concentric with it.
Sequelae:
. Conjunctiva may rupture or remains intact.
. Iris commonly prolapses.
. Lens may be extruded or become dislocated
under the conjunctiva.
. Vitreous commonly prolapses.
. Severe intra ocular haemorrhage may occur.
14. Treatment:
1) In hopeful cases:
1- Excise all prolapsed tissues.
2- Suture the wound accurately.
3- Close the conjunctiva.
4- Give local and general antibiotics.
2) In Non hopeful cases: (If the eye is grossly damaged)
Enucleation is done (to avoid sympathetic
ophthalmitis).
15. (6) The Anterior Chamber:
1) Hyphema:
Source: commonly comes from an iris vessel.
Clinically: blood in the anterior chamber with a horizontal upper
level.
Complications: secondary glaucoma → blood staining of cornea.
Treatment: 1- complete bed rest.
2- Corticosteroids for irido cyclitis.
3- Diamox or paracentesis for secondary glaucoma.
2) Anterior dislocation of lens: discussed later.
17. (7) The Iris:
1) Traumatic miosis:
1- Initial event in all contusions.
2- Due to irritation of the third nerve fibers supplying the
constrictor muscle.
2) Traumatic mydriasis:
1- It is due to paralysis of the third nerve fibers.
2- It may be transient or permanent.
3- It may be accompanied with paralysis of the ciliary muscle.
4- It leads to difficult near work.
18. 3) Lacerations of the Iris:
Clinically: V- shaped tears at the pupillary border.
Treatment: No treatment ( no mydriatics as they enlarge the tears)
4) Iridodialysis:
Definition: detachment of a part of the iris root from its
attachment into the ciliary body.
Clinically:
1- Symptoms: Uni ocular diplopia ( if the iridodialysis is large or
not covered by the upper lid).
2- Signs: . Black area at the periphery of the iris with D- shaped pupil
. Visible red reflex through the black area.
20. 4- Treatment:
a- Medical treatment: Rest and atropine.
b- if troublesome diplopia, do either:
. Suturing of the iris to the sclera; or
. Iridectomy; or
. Colored contact lens.
5) Traumatic aniridia: The iris is completely torn from the
ciliary body and sinks as a minute ball to the bottom of the
anterior chamber where it may be invisible.
21. 6) Anti flexion of the iris: occurs in iridodialysis when the
dialysed part is rotated and the pigment faces forwards.
7) Retro flexion of the iris: the iris is driven backwards and
is incarcerated between the lens equator and the ciliary body.
8) Iridodonesis (tremulous iris): occurs in traumatic
displacement of the lens ( subluxation and posterior
dislocation).
9) Post traumatic irido cyclitis: may take a long course
and may lead to atrophia bulbi.
22. (8) Ciliary Body:
1) Traumatic spasm of accommodation: with
temporary myopia.
2) Traumatic paralysis of accommodation: with
defective near work.
3) Suppression of aqueous humour secretion: due to
vasomotor instability with ciliary body shock
(Traumatic hypotony).
4) Ciliary Body injury near the angle: with angle
recession glaucoma or hyphema.
5) Post traumatic irido cyclitis: may lead to atrophia
bulbi.
23. (9) The Lens:
1) Vossius ring: it is a ring of pigment on the anterior lens
capsule. It corresponds to the size of the pupil.
2) Traumatic cataract.
3) Displacement of the lens:
1- subluxation:
2- dislocation: anterior, or posterior.
25. (10) The Vitreous:
1) Vitreous haemorrhage.
2) Vitreous opacities or floaters (Muscae Volitenates).
3) Vitreous herniation into the anterior chamber: It
occurs through a ruptured zonule with lens subluxation.
Vitreous
Haemorrhage
26. (11) The Choroid:
1) Rupture of the choroid:
Clinical picture:
1- Vision: is markedly affected if the choroid is ruptured near the
macula.
2- Fundus: white crescent (white color of the sclera) is seen on
the temporal side of the disc and is concentric with
it.
Treatment: needs no specific treatment.
28. (12) The Retina:
1) Retinal oedema: (Commotio retinea or Berlin’s oedema)
Cause: blunt trauma with counter – coop to the posterior pole
of the eye → vascular disturbance → retinal oedema.
Clinical picture:
1- Vision: rapid failure of vision to hand movement.
2- Fundus: a- Retina: milky white posterior part.
b- Macula: Cherry red spot (other causes).
Fate:
1- Resolution: within few days.
2- Macular degeneration.
29. 2) Retinal haemorrhage: may be
1- superficial flame shaped haemorrhage.
2- deep rounded haemorrhage.
3- pre retinal (sub hyaloid) haemorrhage.
3) Retinal tears, or dialysis :
May occur particularly in myopic or senile degeneration of the
retina , which may lead to retinal detachment.
31. (13) The Optic Nerve:
1) Avulsion of the Optic nerve: complete rupture of the
optic nerve.
2) Injury of the Optic nerve: In fracture of the base of
skull.
3) Oedema of the optic nerve.
33. [2] Injuries by sharp instruments
(Perforating Injuries)
Definition: are those produced by sharp
instruments; such as knifes, scissors, needles,
nails etc…
Types:
(1) Wounds of the Lids: are sutured.
(2) Wounds of the Conjunctiva: are sutured.
34. (3) Corneal wound:
1) May be small and leads to anterior synechiae.
2) May be large and accompanied with prolapse of
the iris. Lens injury may occur.
35. (4) Scleral wound:
If large may lead to prolapse of the iris, ciliary body,
or choroid. Retinal tears may occur and lead to
retinal detachment.
36. [3] Injuries by Foreign Bodies
1] Extra Ocular F.B.
(1) F.B. of the Conjunctiva:
Types: pieces of stone, glass, steel, etc…
Site: may lodge anywhere in the conjunctival sac. Commonest
sites are the fornix and the sulcus sub tarsalis.
(2) F.B. of the Cornea:
May penetrate the epithelium or a variable depth of the stroma.
It leads to pain, photophobia, and lacrimation.
37. Complications:
(1) Corneal complications:
1) Corneal ulcer. 1)Rust ring (if iron F.B.).
3) Ring abscess. 4) Corneal opacities.
(2) Conjunctival complications:
1) granuloma. 2) implantation cyst.
Treatment:
Removal of the F.B.
38. 2] Intra Ocular F.B.
Common I.O.F.B.: iron and steel (90%), glass, lead,
bullets, etc…
Damage induced by F.B.:
(1) Mechanical effect: the I.O.F.B. may enter through the cornea
or sclera.
1) Corneal entry:
2) Scleral entry:
39. (2) Ocular Infections:
Common with a contaminated F.B. as a stone or wood.
(3) Specific chemical action on the ocular tissues:
1) Siderosis bulbi:
Causes: iron after a latent period becomes dissolved in the
ocular fluid and stains the ocular tissues by a rusty colour, for
example:
1- cornea: iron deposits.
2- iris: greenish then reddish brown discolouration.
3- lens: .iron rust deposits (the earliest clinical sign).
. Cataract (late).
4- retina: pigmentary retinal degeneration .
Symptoms: 1- impairment of vision. 1- night blindness (other
causes).
40. 2) Chalcosis bulbi:
Symptoms: little impairment of vision (as there is no
degenerative changes).
Signs:
1- cornea: Kayser – Fleischer’s ring (other causes) of golden
brown colour at the periphery.
2- lens: sun flower cataract of golden green colour.
(4) Sympathetic Ophthalmitis:
41. Diagnosis of I.O.F.B.:
(1) History: of ocular trauma with a foreign body.
(2) Clinical examination:
1) Slit – lamp: wound of entry, iris hole, foreign body, etc…
2) Gonioscopy: foreign body in the angle.
3) Ophthalmoscopy: reveals intra ocular foreign body if the
media are clear.
(3) Localization of the foreign body:
1) Plane x – ray: plane film may show a radio opaque F.B.
2) Ultra sonography: Accurate method.
3) Computed tomography: Accurate method. Which is highly
indicated for retinal FB..
42. Treatment of I.O.F.B.:
(1) Foreign body extraction:
1) Foreign body in the anterior segment:
1- In the anterior chamber: can be removed through a limbal
incision.
2- Entangled in the iris: removal or through iridectomy.
3- In the lens: Extraction of the lens.
2) Foreign body in the posterior segment:
1- Magnetic F.B.: is extracted by a giant electro – magnet after
making a small scleral incision over the pars plana.
43. 2- Non – Magnetic F.B.: is extracted through pars plana vitrectomy.
(2) Enucleation: if the eye is seriously damaged with
multiple foreign bodies and no perception of light.
Removal of IOFB
By pars plana vitrectomy
44. Sympathetic Ophthalmitis
Definition: It is a bilateral granulomatous pan -
uveitis.
Aetiology: perforating eye injury with incarceration
of the uveal tissue in the wound.
Pathogenesis: Trauma → some pigment from the
uveal tract reach the circulation → the body will
form antibody against the pigment → these
antibodies will circulate in the blood and reach
both eyes where they react with the uveal
pigment → UVEITIS.
45. Clinical Picture:
Onset: 4 – 8 weeks after the injury. It may be delayed for many
years up to 40 years. The traumatised eye is called “exciting
eye”, the other eye is called “sympathising eye”.
Prodromal symptoms: they are better seen in the sympathising
eye. The eye becomes irritable and photophobic.
The Full picture:
1- bilateral anterior uveitis which may be mild or severe and
granulomatous.
2- bilateral multifocal choroiditis and exudative retinal
detachment may occur in severe cases.
46. Treatment:
(1) Prophylaxis:
1) A hopeless injured eye must be removed.
2) Intra ocular F.B. must be removed.
3) If the eye is possible to save, all prolapsed uveal tract must be
excised and the wound is closed with no incarceration.
4) If the injured eye is still inflamed 2 weeks after the trauma we
better excise it.
5) If prodromal signs appear in the good eye, the exciting eye
must be removed.
(2) Treatment of established cases:
1) Topical: treatment of anterior uveitis is with steroids and
cycloplegics.
48. [4] Chemical Injuries
The eye may be injures by the following chemicals:
(1) Acids: sulphoric and hydrochloric acid.
(2) Alkalies: sodium and potassium hydroxide,
ammonia, or lime.
(3) Other chemicals: phenol, aniline dye, Iodine,
and benzene
49. Clinical Effects:
(1) Immediate effects: ( depends on the amount and
concentration of the chemical agent and the duration of exposure).
1) Eye lids: burns with dermatitis and blepharitis.
2) Conjunctiva: Hyperemia, chemosis, and necrotic areas.
3) Cornea: 1- oedema, ulceration, necrosis, and sloughing.
2- vasularized scarring on healing.
4) Intra ocular changes: 1- hyphema, miosis, and irido cyclitis.
2- secondary glaucoma.
(2) Delayed effects:
1) Eye lids: cicatricial entropion or ectropion, epiphora,
2) Conjunctiva: Xerosis, and symblepharon.
3) Cornea: corneal opacities and ectasia.
4) Intra ocular changes: irido cyclitis, secondary glaucoma,
atrophia bulbi.
50. Treatment:
(1) First aid treatment:
1) If the chemical substance is known: its specific antidote is used to
wash the conjunctival sac.
1- Acids: weak alkaline as sodium bicarbonate.
2- Alkalies: weak acid as boric acids 4% or milk.
3- Lime: a- Pick with a forceps any remaining particle.
b- avoid water.
c-- solution of sodium salt of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
(EDTA).
d-- if EDTA not available → saturated solution of sugar.
4- Iodine: starch or milk.
5- Aniline dyes: wash with a weak solution of alcohol 10% then
use glycerin drops 10%.
2) If the chemical substance is unknown, or the specific antidote is
not available: 1- sterile saline solution.
2- tap water. 3- milk.
51. (2) Local medications:
1) Antibiotic eye ointment: to prevent infection.
2) Atropine eye ointment: for corneal burns.
3) Steroid eye ointment: to diminish the inflammatory reaction
and adhesion.
(3) Prevention of symblepharon:
1) Steroid eye ointment.
2) Glass rod coated with antibiotic ointment is passed in the
fornices 1 – 3 times daily.
3) Soft contact lens.