Blepharitis is a common eyelid inflammation that can be caused by bacterial infections or dry eye conditions. It is characterized by scaling or crusting of the eyelashes and eyelid margins. There are two main types - anterior blepharitis, which involves inflammation at the base of the eyelashes, and posterior blepharitis, which affects the glands of the eyelid. Symptoms include burning, irritation, tearing and worsening in the morning. Treatment focuses on eyelid hygiene through warm compresses and lid scrubs to remove scales and debris. Blepharitis can exacerbate dry eye and may cause long-term eyelid changes if left untreated. It may also increase risks of certain inflammatory
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. This is for ophthalmology posting seminar. Source of information are from google, few textbooks and also based on previous ophthalmology posting group's seminar.
This is a seminar presentation conducted by 4th year medical student under supervision of a lecturer. This is for ophthalmology posting seminar. Source of information are from google, few textbooks and also based on previous ophthalmology posting group's seminar.
The eyelids are mobile tissue curtains placed in front of the eyeballs. These act as shutters protecting the eyes from injuries and excessive light. These also perform an important function of spreading the tear film over the cornea and conjunctiva and also help in drainage of tears by lacrimal pump system.
blepharitis is an eye disorder , this is divided into two types. one anterior blepharitis another is posterior blepharitis .this caused by other organisms like staphylococcus and dryness of the eyes, avoid touching of the eye .advice to take the medication as prescribed by the doctor.
Opthalmology, the red eyes & more on the red eyesSalimKun
Opthalmology, the red eyes & more on the red eyes
Objective
To Know about reason of the red eyes.
Avoid or prevent of the red eyes.
To know method to treat of the red eyes.
This slide contains information regarding blepharitis, chalazion and stye. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
3. Introduction
• Blepharitis is inflammation or infection of the
eyelid margins .
• Blepharitis is one the most common
ophthalmological complications as well as one
of the most difficult conditions to treat.
4. Blepharitis
Blepharitis is a common eyelid inflammation
that sometimes is associated with a bacterial
or certaindry eyeseye infection, symptoms of
.rosaceaacnetypes of skin conditions such as
Blepharitis is one of the most frequently observed
conditions among eye care practitioners, yet
remains largely misunderstood.
5. SLIT-LAMP BIOMICROSCOPY
The slit-lamp biomicroscope is an
important diagnostic instrument for
the examination of the anterior eye
structures as well as the contact lens.
Being able to proficiently use the
instrument is important. It use
critical in the fitting of contact
lenses.
6.
7. CLASSIFICATION
I will discuss blepharitis according to
its predominant anatomic location,
as :
anterior
posterior
9. Anterior blepharitis
Anterior blepharitis is characterized by inflammation at
the base of the eyelashes .
Patients with anterior blepharitis, compared to those
with posterior blepharitis, are more likely to be female
and younger *
10. Two variants of anterior blepharitis are
identified: staphylococcal and seborrheic.
In staphylococcal anterior blepharitis,
colonization of the eyelids by staphylococci leads
to formation of fibrinous scales and crust around
the eyelashes.
The seborrheic variant is characterized by
dandruff-like skin changes around the base of
the eyelids, resulting in greasy scales around the
eyelashes.
11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The pathophysiology of blepharitis is not completely
understood. A role for lid-colonizing staphylococcal
bacteria was first noted in 1946 . Several mechanisms by
which staphylococci may alter meibomian gland secretion
and cause blepharitis are supported by many studies .
Direct infection of the lids
Evoke reaction to staphylococcal exotoxin
Provoke allergic response to staphylococcal antigens .
It is likely that a combination of these is responsible for the
clinical manifestations of staphylococcal blepharitis.
12. CLINICAL PRESENTATION
symptoms
burning , grittiness and mild photophobia with
remission and exacerbation is characteristic .
Symptoms are usually worse in the morning ,
although in patients with dry eye they may
increase during the day .
13. signs
A. Staphylococcal blepharitis
Hard scales and crusing mainly located around
the bases of the lashes esp. collorette
chronic conjunctival hyperemia with mild
papillary conjunctivitis .
14. Staphylococcal blepharitis
•Hyperaemia and telangiectasia of
anterior lid margin
•Scarring and hypertrophy if
longstanding
•Scales around base of lashes
(collarettes)
•Chronic irritation worse in morning
15. Cont. Signs of Staphylococcal
blepharitis
scarring and
notching (tylosis) of the lid margin
trichiasis (misdirected eyelashes)
madarosis (loss of lashes) or
poliosis (loss of pigmentation of lashes) in
sever long standing cases
17. secondary changes include :
stye formation
marginal keratitis and occasionally
phlyctenulosis (Corneal nodulesthat developed
near the limbus and then spread onto the
cornea, carrying behind them a leash of vessels)
associated with tear film instability and dry eye
.
Cont. Signs of Staphylococcal blepharitis
18. The diagnosis of blepharitis is clinical, based on
the patient's history and physical examination
findings. There are no confirmatory diagnostic
tests or laboratory investigations.
The history should include questions about
symptom duration, smoking, allergens, contact
lenses, and use of retinoids which may provoke
or exacerbate symptoms. A history of acne,
rosacea, or eczema should be evaluated .
DIAGNOSIS
19.
20. EXAMINATION OF THE TEAR FILM
Bubbles, also called frothing, can sometimes be seen in the tear
film, especially along the lid margins. This can indicate
meibomianitis.
21.
22. The lashes should be examined
for abnormalities such blepharitis.
With blepharitis there will be
collarettes found at the base of
the lashes.
Plugged gland
24. Treatment for Blepharitis
Anterior Blepharitis
• staphylococcal blepharitis
more severe
loss of eyelashes
eyelid cleansing and hygiene
antibiotic ointment for eyelids
Viruses and other types of
bacteria besides
staphylococcus also can cause
anterior blepharitis
• Seborrheic blepharitis
seborrheic dermatitis
Regular cleansing with eyelid
scrubs and gentle, non-
detergent shampoos
25. Without treatment :
blepharitis caused by bacteria can cause
,ectropionterm effects such as-long
thickened lid margins, dilated and visible
.entropionandtrichiasiscapillaries,
In cases of trichiasis and entropion, the
erosionmay exhibit significantcornea
from eyelashes rubbing against the eye.
26. Eyelid Hygiene Relieves Blepharitis
Symptoms
Blepharitis can be difficult to manage because it is often chronic,
meaning that it never warm compress goes away completely.
Your eye doctor may recommend one or more of these steps
involving good eyelid hygiene and massage:
Apply a such as a washcloth to the outer eyelids.
Cleanse the eyelids with a commercial lid scrub or other
recommended product.
Gently massage the outer eyelids.
A warm compress loosens the crust on your eyelids and eyelashes
before you clean them. The warmth also can loosen any blocked
residue in the oil-secreting meibomian glands in your eyelids
27. Does blepharitis cause Contact lens
intolerance?
If you wear soft contact lenses, your eye doctor may
prescribe RGP contacts instead or may recommend more
frequent replacement of your soft contacts to reduce lens
deposits that may be associated with your blepharitis.
Depending on the severity of your symptoms, you may need to
discontinue contact lens wear altogether for a while.
28. According to recent research
People With Blepharitis More Likely to Have Certain
Inflammatory Diseases
Psychological Issues
Cardiovascular Diseases and More