ECGS Module 14
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The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide throughout the body. The heart pumps blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries, ensuring oxygen and nutrients reach every cell. Lungs intake oxygen and expel carbon dioxide through breathing. Smoking damages these systems and increases risks of diseases like cancer, heart disease, and COPD.
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ECGS Module 14
- 1. Science is Organized Knowledge The Human Body Circulatory & Respiratory System Exploring Creation with General ScienceExploring Creation with General Science
- 2. The Circulatory System • Heart contracts about once/second – Average adult heart = 65 beats/min. • That's 100,000 times/day – Blood has to reach every cell in the body • If circulation stops, cells die • Brain tissue dies within 5 - 7 min. without oxygen • Pumps 4,000 gallons blood per day – Enough blood to fill a tanker truck! Blood flow animation
- 3. The Human Heart • Muscular Pump – Striated cardiac muscle – Size of your fist (child) • About 2 fists for adult • 4 Chambers – Open spaces for blood to gather before being pumped out • 4 One-Way Valves – Prevent back-flow – Allow pressure to build
- 5. Four Chambers of the Heart • Red = oxygenated • Blue = deoxygenated • Septum: dividing wall Which chambers have the thinnest muscular walls? Thickest? Why?
- 6. The Heart - a double pump • Left & Right Atria Contract – blood forced into ventricles – Pulmonary/Aortic valves close – Pacemaker within right atrium • “sinoatrial node” • Left & Right Ventricles Contract – Mitral/Tricuspid valves close – blood forced out to lungs & body
- 7. Four Valves of the Heart • Prevent backflow of blood during contractions • Tricuspid & Mitral valves have fibrous "anchors" – Why?
- 8. Heart Sounds • Clean ear buds with alcohol • Listen for valves closing – "lub" is Mitral & Tricuspid – "dub" is Aortic & Pulmonary Simplified Animation Heartbeat Animation
- 9. Blood Flow in the Heart Oxygenated blood out to body back from trunk/legs back from head/arms oxygenated blood from lungs to lungs to lungs Blood Flow Animation
- 10. Circulation Lungs Lungs Lower Extremities Brain • Pulmonary (lungs) – CO2 dropped off – O2 picked up • Systemic (body) – O2 & nutrients delivered – CO2 & waste picked up • Coronary (heart’s blood supply) – O2 to heart – CO2 taken away
- 11. Circulation Game • Find your way around the circulatory system! • The “PLAYER” is a red blood cell. • Pick up O2 and CO2 – drop them off at the right spot • If you mess up, you're OUT of the game!
- 12. Blood Vessels - Miles of Tubes • Arteries – carry blood AWAY from heart • Take oxygen-rich blood (red) to extremities • Take oxygen-depleted blood (blue) to the lungs – thick, muscular • withstand higher pressure than veins • control blood flow • Veins – carry blood TO the heart • Brings deoxygenated blood (blue) back from extremities • Brings oxygenated blood (red) back from the lungs – thinner, with valves • valves prevent back-flow • skeletal muscles aid in return blood flow • Capillaries – tiny network or "web" of vessels – very thin - one cell thick! • to allow exchange of molecules – reaching every living cell in the body • around air sacs in lungs • all organ tissues
- 13. Blood - What's in it? • Plasma – liquid in which cells are suspended • mostly H2O • Macronutrients & micronutrients • hormones, toxins, bacteria, glucose & other nutrients, etc • Red Blood Cells – no nucleus, donut-shaped – hemoglobin (iron) • carries O2& CO2 • White Blood Cells – help fight infection – B cells produce antibodies – neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes, • Platelets – Clump together to form blood clots that stop bleeding
- 15. Respiratory System • Nose (& mouth) – nasal/sinus cavities • Larynx (voice box) • Trachea – epiglottis closes to swallow • Lungs – lobes: 3 right, 2 left • Bronchi ("branches") – bronchioles (smaller) • Alveoli (air sacs) • Diaphragm
- 16. Breathing - a Negative Thing
- 17. Experiments 14.2 & 14.3 Air Capacity of the Lungs Model of Human Lung
- 18. Mucus Elevator Defense • Mucus – lines the nasal sinuses, trachea & bronchi – trap pollen, dust, germs – produced by goblet cells • Cilia – line the sinuses, trachea & bronchi – move mucus up and out by continual waving motion • Sneezing/Coughing – forceful contractions of abdominal muscles – expel mucus containing germs & allergens
- 19. Larynx & Vocal Chords Low Pitch High Pitch • Air flowing over tightened vocal folds in the larynx (voice box) produce sound
- 20. Gas Exchange • Alveoli - thin air sacs – increase surface area Capillaries surround alveoli Red blood cells drop off CO2 & pick up O2 in plasma
- 21. Composition of Air Inhaled Air Exhaled Air 79% Nitrogen20% Oxygen 4% Carbon Dioxide 79% Nitrogen 16% Oxygen 1% Other Gasses
- 22. Affects of Smoking • Nicotine – stimulant – highly addictive – leads to other drug use • Disease - shortens life by 10 + years – Heart & Lung Disease • COPD, bronchitis, Emphysema • High blood pressure, Heart attack – Cancer, Infertility, Depression – Weakened immune system • Disfigurement – Wrinkles – Yellow teeth – Halitosis (chronic bad breath) – Osteoporosis 9 out of 10 smokers start before the age of 18...WHY?
- 23. Smoking Lung Demo • 4,000 chemicals in tobacco smoke • at least 69 of those chemicals are known to cause cancer
Editor's Notes
- Orientation: R and L are the perspective of the heart’s owner as it sits in their chest cavity. All mammals & birds have 4 chambered heart that don’t allow oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix. Ectotherms have 1, 2, or 3-chambered heart, don’t need the efficiency of a 4-chambered heart because they don’t need the extra energy for thermoregulation.
- EXPERIMENT 14.1 - Your Own Cardiac Cycle Supplies : A watch with a second hand or (better yet) a stopwatch Introduction - Each person has his or her own cardiac cycle time depending on metabolic rate and other factors. In this experiment, you will determine your own cardiac cycle under different conditions. Procedure : You have probably been sitting down quietly (or at least reasonably quietly) reading this incredibly interesting course. Although you have, most likely, been excited about all of the wonderful things you have been learning, chances are good that you are close to your “resting” cardiac cycle. Thus, I want you to measure that now. To measure your cardiac cycle, place the index finger of your right hand at the inside of your left wrist on the thumb side. Lightly push around the area until you feel a constant beat. That's your pulse. Count the number of times your pulse beats in 30 seconds. When your heart pumps blood into your aorta, the increased pressure in your arteries causes them to expand. That expansion travels through the arteries. When you feel your pulse, you are touching an artery, and the beat that you feel is caused by the artery expanding and contracting in response to the heart pumping blood into the aorta. In the end, then, each beat you feel corresponds to a heartbeat. If you double the number of beats you felt in 30 seconds, that will tell you how many times your heart beats per minute. However, I want you to do something else. Divide 30 by the number of beats you counted. This will give you your cardiac cycle, which essentially tells you how long your heart takes to make one beat. The average person your age has a cardiac cycle of about 0.75, which corresponds to 80 beats per minute. Now, of course, the cardiac cycle you just measured corresponds to your resting cardiac cycle. If your body starts expending lots of energy, the blood must flow more quickly so that the cells in your body can get enough oxygen to make the energy they need. This changes your cardiac cycle. To measure this, do one full minute of vigorous jumping jacks right now. As soon as you are done with the jumping jacks, put your finger back on your wrist and count the beats you feel in your pulse for 30 seconds. Wait for one full minute, sitting quietly, and count your pulse beats again for a period of 30 seconds. Repeat step (F) at least 4 more times. Once you are done, go back and divide 30 by each of the number of pulse beats that you counted. This gives you your cardiac cycle during the time that you rested after completing the jumping jacks.
- http://www.ac-creteil.fr/biotechnologies/doc_biohum-heart3Dinsight.htm
- Lub = “lower” valves closing
- http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/human_heart.html
- Supplies: laminated circulatory system labels, string/yarn, envelopes with oxygen & carbon dioxide cards. Optional: use balls (inflatable beach balls, stuffed soccer balls, big rubber playground balls, etc.) that students toss or hand off to each other as they stand at different body locations. Students in the lungs and capillaries have the job of removing/attaching O2 and CO2. Set labels on floor in order.
- Blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood appear to be blue, when in fact they are dark red. Even though this is a distortion of color caused by viewing the blood vessels through the skin, the blue color is still used as a means of representing deoxygenated blood. Arteries also have a smooth muscular layer that functions to regulate the flow of blood through the artery. Contraction of the smooth muscle decreases the internal diameter of the vessel in a process called vasoconstriction. Relaxation of the smooth muscle increases the internal diameter in a process called vasodilation. If you took a person's arteries (not including arterioles or capillaries) and laid them all out end to end, you'd have about the same distance as Portland to LA...and back again (2,500 miles)
- Inspiratory Muscles The principal muscle of inspiration is the diaphragm, a domed sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The diaphragm attaches to the lower ribs, as well as to the lumbar vertebrae of the spine. When the diaphragm contracts, the dome flattens, moving downward into the abdominal cavity like a piston (think of a syringe barrel). This movement increases the volume of the thoracic cavity, creating a negative pressure that is proportional to the extent of its movement, and thus, to the force of contraction. Diaphragm contraction also induces the lower ribs to move upward and forward, which also increases thoracic volume. The ribs move outward because the central tendon of the diaphragm (at the crown of the dome) pushes down onto the liver and stomach, which act like a fulcrum. This has the effect of raising the edges of the diaphragm, which are connected to the rib margins, forcing them upward and outward. When the diaphragm moves downward into the abdominal compartment, it also raises intraabdominal pressure and assists the abdominal muscles in stabilizing the spine. The muscles of the rib cage are known as the intercostal muscles because they are located in the space between adjacent ribs. Each space contains a layer of inspiratory and a layer of expiratory muscle fibers. The inspiratory intercostal muscles form the outer layer, and they slope downward and forward; contraction causes the ribs to move upward and outward, similar to the raising of a bucket handle. Contraction of these muscles also serves to stabilize the rib cage, making it more rigid, as well as bringing about twisting movements. The stiffening of the rib cage enables it to oppose the tendency to collapse slightly under the influence of the negative pressure generated by the movement of the diaphragm. Without this action, the rib cage would distort, and the action of the diaphragm would be less mechanically efficient, thus wasting energy. Intercostal muscle contraction also brings about stiffening of the rib cage during lifting, pushing, and pulling movements, which makes the intercostal muscles an important contributor to these movements. Some muscles in the neck region also have an inspiratory action. The scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles (also known as sternomastoid) are attached to the top of the sternum, upper two ribs, and clavicle at one end; at the other end, they are attached to the cervical vertebrae and mastoid process. When these muscles contract, they lift the top of the chest, but the scalene muscles are also involved in flexion of the neck. Expiratory Muscles The principal muscles of expiration are those that form the muscular corset of the abdominal wall. The most well known and visible of these (at least in male models!) is the rectus abdominis (or “six pack”); the other three muscles are less visible but arguably more functionally important to Sports—the transversus abdominis and the internal and external oblique muscles. When these muscles contract, they pull the lower rib margins downward, and they compress the abdominal compartment, raising its internal pressure. The pressure increase tends to push the diaphragm upward into the thoracic cavity, inducing an increase in pressure and expiration. However, these muscles only come into play as breathing muscles during exercise or during forced breathing maneuvers; resting exhalation is a passive process brought about by the recoil of the lungs and rib cage at the end of inspiration (due to stored elastic energy). The four abdominal muscles involved in breathing also have important functions as postural muscles, in rotating and flexing the trunk, and when coughing, speaking (or singing), and playing wind instruments. The compression and stiffening of the abdominal wall generated by contraction of the abdominal muscles also optimize the position of the diaphragm at the onset of inspiration. This also enhances spinal stability and postural control. The rib cage also contains muscles with an expiratory action. These are the internal intercostal muscles, which slope backward; contraction causes the ribs to move downward and inward, similar to the lowering of a bucket handle. Both internal and external intercostal muscles are also involved in flexing and twisting the trunk.
- EXPERIMENT 14.2 - The Capacity of Your Lungs Supplies : Flexible tubing, gallon milk jug with lid, sink with a plug, measuring cup Procedure : Fill the sink about halfway full of water and plug it. Fill the jug completely with water. Try to get all of the air bubbles out. Close the jug's lid and invert it so that the opening of the jug is completely under water. Take the lid off of the jug; no water should escape from the jug. Insert one end of the tubing so that it goes into the jug, just inside the opening. Take the deepest breath you can and then blow into the tubing. Blow in one, continuous breath without pausing to breathe in again. Blow until there is no air left to blow. As you blow, the air will travel into the jug, displacing water. The more you blow, the less water will be in the jug. If you are reasonably athletic or large, you might blow all of the water out of the jug. Most students will not, however. Put the lid back on the jug while the jug is inverted and the opening is under water. Remove the jug from the water, turn it right side up, and take off the lid. Pour what water is left into the measuring cup. There are 16 cups in a gallon. Subtract the number of cups of water that were in the jug from 16, and that will tell you roughly how many cups of air your lungs can hold. Clean everything up. Most students have a capacity between 12 and 16 cups. However, as I stated in the experiment, athletic people and larger individuals can have capacities greater than a gallon. Interestingly enough, when we are resting, we use only about 1/15 of our lungs' capacity. When we exercise, however, we start breathing more deeply, using more and more of our lungs' capacity.
- Rubber Band “voice box” demo