The cardiovascular system has three main jobs: transport, regulation, and protection. It consists of two circuits - the pulmonary circuit which oxygenates blood and the systemic circuit which transports oxygen to the body's tissues. The heart is a muscular pump divided into four chambers that keeps blood flowing through the circuits. It receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs via the pulmonary artery, then receives oxygenated blood back from the lungs to pump through the aorta to the body. The respiratory system's main functions are gas exchange and maintaining homeostasis. It involves breathing in oxygen which enters the blood in the lungs and breathing out carbon dioxide as a product of cellular respiration. Today's lab will examine models of these systems

1. Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Lab
Bio 102

2. Cardiovascular System: 3 jobs
1. Transport
– Gases (O2, CO2)
– Nutrients to cells
– Metabolic wastes and excess water
1. Regulation
– Hormones
– Homeostasis
3. Protection
– Blood clotting protects against blood loss
– White blood cells fight against infection

3. Two Cardiovascular Circuits
• Pulmonary Circuit: oxygenates the
blood
– Begins in the right half of the heart to the
lungs and returns to the left half of the
heart
• Systemic Circuit: oxygenates the body
– Begins in the left half of the heart to all the
body tissues and returns to the right half of
the heart

5. Heart
• Muscular, pressure-
generating pump that
keeps blood flowing
through the circulatory
system
• Divided into two halves
– Each half has two
chambers
• Atrium: receives blood
• Ventricle: pumps blood
out

6. Direction of Blood Flow
Deoxygenated-Oxygenated
• Superior and inferior vena cava
• Right atrium
• Right ventricle
• Pulmonary artery
• Pulmonary veins
• Left atrium
• Left ventricle
• Aorta

7. Arteries and Veins
• Artery: transport
vessel carrying
oxygenated blood from
the heart
• Vein: a vessel that
returns deoxygenated
blood to the heart

8. Respiration
• Physiological process by which oxygen
moves into the internal environment and
carbon dioxide moves out
• Oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration
• Carbon dioxide is produced as a bi-
product of aerobic respiration
• Gases enter and leave an animal by
crossing a respiratory surface
–Thin layer of constantly moist epithelium

9. Human Respiratory System
Functions
• Gas exchange
• Aid in sense of smell, speech
• Helps blood return to the heart
• Helps body get rid of heat and water
• Helps maintain internal pH

11. Respiratory Structures

12. Respiratory Cycle

13. Respiratory Volumes
• Spirometer: instrument used to measure
different volumes of air
– Developed over 100 years ago
• Vital Capacity: maximal amount of air
exhaled steadily from full inspiration to
maximal expiration
• Forced vital capacity: The total amount
of air that you blow out in one breath

14. Respiratory Volumes 2
• Forced expiratory volume in one
second: The amount of air you can blow
out in one second.
• Forced expiratory ratio: Percentage of
the FVC expelled in the first second of a
forced expiration
• Peak expiratory flow: Peak expiratory
flow in liters per minute

15. Today’s lab:
• View the models to identify the major
structures involved in circulation and
respiration
• Use the spirometer to measure your
respiratory volumes
• Investigate how various activities affect
your heart rate and your breathing rate
– Develop and implement your own
experiments