1. The purpose of invasive hemodynamic monitoring is to detect and treat life-threatening conditions such as heart failure and cardiac tamponade by evaluating a patient's cardiovascular function and response to treatment. 2. Indications for hemodynamic monitoring include decreased cardiac output from various causes, shock, loss of cardiac function, and coronary artery disease. 3. A pulmonary artery catheter allows for continuous monitoring of pressures, flows, oxygen saturation and calculation of cardiac output, and helps precisely manage fluid balance and hemodynamics.

1. Understanding Adult Hemodynamics Theory, Monitoring, Waveforms and Medications Vicki Clavir RN

2. Purpose The primary purpose of invasive hemodynamic monitoring is the early detection, identification, and treatment of life-threatening conditions such as heart failure and cardiac tamponade. By using invasive hemodynamic monitoring the nurse is able to evaluate the patient's immediate response to treatment such as drugs and mechanical support. The nurse can evaluate the effectiveness of cardiovascular function such as cardiac output, and cardiac index.

3. Objectives Understands basic cardiac anatomy Verbalizes determinates of Cardiac Output and their relationships to each other List indications for hemodynamic monitoring Demonstrates monitor system and set up Describe pharmacologic strategies that manipulate the determinates of cardiac output

4. Indications for Hemodynamic Monitoring: One of the obvious indications for hemodynamic monitoring is decreased cardiac output. This could be from dehydration, hemorrhage, G. I. bleed, Burns, or surgery. All types of shock, septic, cardiogenic, neurogenic, or anaphylactic may require invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Any deficit or loss of cardiac function: such as acute MI, cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure may require invasive hemodynamic monitoring.

6. Coronary Arteries RCA- RA, RV&LV Inf, Inf Septum SA node 65% AV node 80% PDA 80-90% CX- LA,LV ( side/back) SA node 40% AV node 20% LAD – LV (front/bottom) Septum Bundle branches Left Main

8. Cardiac Cycle Diastole Phase SA node contracts. Atria contract. Ventricles fill with more blood. Contraction reaches AV node . Late Diastole Atria and Ventricles are relaxed. Semilunar valves are closed. Atrioventricular valves are open. Ventricles continue to fill with blood. Mid Diastole Ventricles relax. Semilunar valves close. Atrioventricular valves open. Ventricles fill with blood. Early Diastole Cardiac Cycle Systole Phase Contraction passes from AV node to Purkinje fibers and ventricular cells. Ventricles contract. Atrioventricular valves close. Semilunar valves open. Blood is pumped from the ventricles to the arteries. Systole

9. Cardiac Cycle

10. Electrical Conduction system SA node  Atrial muscle  Internodal fibers  AV node  AV bundle  right and left bundle branches  Ventricular muscle

11. Autonomic Nervous System The autonomic nervous system stimulates the heart through a balance of sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system innervations. The sympathetic nervous system plays a role in speeding up impulse formation, thus increasing the heart rate The parasympathetic nervous system slows the heart rate.

12. The Cardiac Cycle

13. Coronary Arteries Fill The Cardiac Cycle

14. The Cardiac Cycle

15. The Cardiac Cycle

16. Normal CO 4-8 liters Normal Cardiac Index is 2.5 to 4.5 liters

17. Heart Rate Works with Stroke Volume Compensatory Tachycardia Bradycardia Dysrhythmias

20. Factors Causing Low Cardiac Output Inadequate Left Ventricular Filling Tachycardia Rhythm disturbance Hypovolemia Mitral or tricuspid stenosis Pulmonic stenosis Constrictive pericarditis or tamponade Restrictive cardiomyopathy Inadequate Left Ventricular Ejection Coronary artery disease causing LV ischemia or infarction Myocarditis, cardiomyopathy Hypertension Aortic stenosis Mitral regurgitation Drugs that are negative inotropes Metabolic disorders

22. Hemodynamic terms Preload - Stretch of ventricular wall. Usually related to volume. (how full is the tank?) Frank Starling’s Law

23. Hemodynamic terms Increased preload seen in Increased circulating volume (too much volume) Mitral insufficiency Aortic insufficiency Heart Failure Vasoconstrictor use- (dopamine) Decreased Preload seen in Decreased circulating volume (bleeding,3 rd spacing) Mitral stenosis Vasodilator use ( NTG) Asynchrony of atria and ventricles

24. Increased Preload

25. Decreased preload

26. Normal Value - 2-8 mm Hg

27. Or LVEDP PAOP = 8-12 mm Hg PAD = 10-15 mm Hg

29. Hemodynamic terms Contractility - How well does the ventricular walls move? How good is the pump?  Decreased due to Drugs – certain drugs will decrease contractility Lido, Barbiturates, CCB, Beta-blockers Infarction, Cardiomyopathy Vagal stimulation Hypoxia

30. Hemodynamic terms Contractility -  Increased Positive inotropic drugs Dobutamine, Digoxin, Epinephrine Sympathetic stimulation Fear, anxiety Hypercalcemia ( high calcium)

31. CONTRACTILITY - PRECAUTIONS Do Not use Inotropes until volume deficiency is corrected Correct Hypoxemia and electrolyte imbalance.

33. Hemodynamic terms Afterload – resistance the blood in the ventricle must overcome to force the valves open and eject contents to circulation.

34. X Y

35. Hemodynamic terms Factors that  increase afterload are Systemic resistance or High Blood pressure Aortic stenosis Myocardial Infarcts / Cardiomyopathy Polycythemia – Increased blood viscosity

36. Hemodynamic terms Factors that  decrease Afterload Decreased volume Septic shock- warm phase End stage cirrhosis Vasodilators

37. Normal PVR is 120 to 200 dynes

38. Normal SVR - 800-1200 dynes

41. Mean Arterial Pressure MAP is considered to be the perfusion pressure seen by organs in the body. It is believed that a MAP of greater than 60 mmHg is enough to sustain the organs of the average person under most conditions. If the MAP falls significantly below this number for an appreciable time, the end organ will not get enough blood flow, and will become ischemic. Calculated MAP = 2x diastolic + systolic 3

44. EKG

50. 1. PRELOAD- venous blood return to the heart Controlled by; ♥ .Blood Volume  PRBC’s Albumin Normal Saline  Diuretics- lasix,bumex Thiazides  Ace inhibitors ♥ . Venous Dilation  Nitroglycerine  Ca+ channel blockers clonidine (Catapress) methyldopa trimethaphan (arfonad) ↓ Dobutamine  Morphine 2. CONTRACTILITY - forcefulness of contractility  Ca+ channel blockers  Digoxin  Dopamine/Dobutamine  Milrinone/amrinone 3. AFTERLOAD – work required to open aortic valve and eject blood – resistance to flow in arteries °  Dopamine (at higher doses)  Ace inhibitors  Nipride/lesser extent Nitro  Calcium channel blockers  Labetalol Drugs of Hemodynamics 4. HEART RATE –  Beta blockers  Calcium channel blockers  Atropine  Dopamine  Dobutamine

55. O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 O2 To BODY From Body

56. O2 O2 O2

57. Factors that make up SVO 2 are Cardiac output SaO 2 VO 2 (oxygen consumption) Hemoglobin

59. Fever, infection Seizures, agitation Shivering  Work of Breathing Suctioning, bathing, repositioning  Oxygen consumption - LV dysfunction (cardiac disease, drugs) - Shock – cardiac/septic (late) Hypovolemia Cardiac Dysrhythmias  Cardiac Output - Hypoxemia Lung disease Low FIO2 Oxygen saturation (SaO2) - Anemia - Hemorrhage O2 Delivery  Hb concentration Clinical Conditions Causative Factors

60. Increased SVO 2 Most common cause is - Sepsis Or Wedged PA catheter

61. Functions of PA Catheter Allows for continuous bedside monitoring of the following Vascular tone, myocardial contractility, and fluid balance can be correctly assessed and managed. Measures Pulmonary Artery Pressures, CVP, and allows for hemodynamic calculated values. Measures Cardiac Output. (Thermodilution) SvO2 monitoring (Fiber optic). Transvenous pacing. Fluid administration.

62. PA Catheter KEEP COVERED KEEP LOCKED YELLOW Clear BLUE RED Markings on catheter. 1. Each thin line= 10 cm. 2. Each thick line= 50 cm.

63. Description of PA Catheter Ports/lumens. CVP Proximal (pressure line - injectate port for CO)- BLUE PA Distal (Pressure line hook up)- Yellow Extra port - usually- Clear Thermistor – Red Cap

64. Continuous Cardiac Output and SVO 2 monitoring

65. Indications for PA catheter The pulmonary artery catheter is indicated in patients whose cardiopulmonary pressures, flows, and circulating volume require precise, intensive management. MI – cardiogenic shock - CHF Shock - all types Valvular dysfunction Preoperative, Intraoperative, and Postoperative Monitoring ARDS, Burns, Trauma, Renal Failure

66. PRESSURE TRANSDUCER SYSTEMS SET UP

68. 500 ml Premixed Heparinized bag of NS

70. PHLEBOSTATIC REFERENCE POINT

71. ♥ Re-level the transducer with any change in the patient’s position ♥ Referencing the system 1 cm above the left atrium decreases  the pressure by 0.73 mm Hg ♥ Referencing the system 1 cm below the left atrium increases  the pressure by 0.73 mm Hg Angles 45° 30° 0 °

73. Remove cap and keep sterile Turn stopcock towards pressure bag Zero monitor Replace cap

75. SQUARE WAVE TEST - Determines the ability of the transducer to correctly reflect pressures. - Perform at the beginning of each shift A B C

76. Thermodilution Cardiac Outputs C ardiac O utputs reading should be within . 5 of each other for averaging purposes. Except in patients with atrial fibrillation- just average 3 to 4 readings. (due to loss of atrial kick output changes from minute to minute) C ardiac O utputs should be obtained at the end of respiration - at the same point each time

78. ARTERIAL WAVEFORM

79. RN magazine April, 2003 - PA catheter refresher course.

81. ALL PA measurements are calculated at end expiration because the lungs are at their most equal - (negative vs. positive pressures)

83. a, c,& v Waves and their Timing to the ECG tracing

86. RA WAVEFORM

88. RV WAVEFORM 22 4

89. Ventricular

90. PAP DOCUMENTATION Measure at end expiration Measure pressures from a graphic tracing Measure pulmonary capillary wedge pressure at end-expiration using the mean of the a wave a wave indicates atrial contraction and falls within the P – QRS interval of the corresponding ECG complex

105. PAW WAVEFORM WITH MECHANICAL VENTILATION

110. PAOP/PAWP Pressure Safety Points Watch monitor during inflation and stop when you see PAOP waveform Never inject more than 1.5 ml of air or any fluid into PA port Don’t keep balloon inflated longer than 15 seconds When completed - Allow air to passively exit the balloon

111. OVERWEDGE

112. COMPLICATIONS OF PA CATHETER Infection Electrocution (Microshock) Ventricular Arrhythmias (Vtach.,Vfib., Cardiac Arrest) Atrial Dysrhythmias, RBBB Knotting and misplacement Hemo or Pneumothorax Cardiac valve trauma

113. COMPLICATIONS OF PA CATHETER Catheter thromboembolism or air embolism Dissection or Laceration of subclavian artery or vein Cardiac Tamponade Pulmonary infarction Pulmonary artery injury or rupture Balloon rupture Hematoma

114. Trouble Shooting Dampened Waveform Flush catheter Check transducer system for air bubbles Blood in Tubing Look for open Stopcock Put 300mgHg pressure in pressure bag Stuck in Wedge /PWP Very slowly and gently pull back catheter until you see PA waveform

115. References Pulmonary Artery Catheter Education Project @ www.pacep.org sponsored by American Association of Critical Care Nurses American Association of Nurse Anesthetists American College of Chest Physicians American Society of Anesthesiologists American Thoracic Society National Heart Lung Blood Institute Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists Society of Critical Care Medicine Hemodynamics Made Incredibly Visual – LWW publishing 2007 AACN practice alert – Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring - Issued 5/2004 Handbook of Hemodynamic Monitoring – G Darovic 2 nd ed. TCHP Education Consortium 2005 – A Primer for Cardiovascular Surgery and Hemodynamic Monitoring Nursebob's MICU/CCU Survival Guide-Hemodynamics in Critical Care -Hemodynamic Monitoring Overview 12/04/00