Dynamic earth ch.3 nc updated
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The document discusses key concepts in plate tectonics such as the types of plate boundaries (convergent, divergent, transform), evidence that supports plate tectonics like magnetic striping and rock aging from deep sea drilling cores, and important geological features formed at plate boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and trenches. It also covers the early theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener and how the modern theory of plate tectonics integrated ideas from continental drift and seafloor spreading.
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Convection currents
Convection currents in the Earth's interior are thought to cause folding and mountain building by dragging tectonic plates. Convection currents are driven by heat from the Earth's core, radioactive decay in the mantle and crust, and cooling of the mantle. Mapping of rock formations and magnetic reversals at ocean ridges provided evidence that supports plate tectonics and convection currents driving the movement of plates.
Sea floor
Magma rises from the Earth's interior along mid-ocean ridges, cooling and forming new seafloor. According to the theory of seafloor spreading, sediments should be thicker and older further from ridges, where the seafloor is younger near ridges and ages farther away. Drilling in the 1960s validated this by finding thicker, older sediments located farther from ridge centers, consistent with the fossil record.
Plate tectonics and sea floor spreading
In this presentation,it is taking about plate tectonics and sea floor spreading with suitable diagrams respectively. During and just after World War II, the technological improvement to submarines led to an improvement in underwater navigation and surveying that revealed many intriguing underwater features. The most important of these were immense, continuous chains of volcanic mountains running along the ocean basins. These features are now termed mid-ocean ridges or more accurately, oceanic ridge systems.
3.3Plates Move Apart
Divergent boundaries occur where tectonic plates move apart from each other, forming mid-ocean ridges under the ocean and rift valleys on land. The ocean floor spreads from the mid-ocean ridges, with the newest rock closest to the ridges and oldest farthest away in a process called sea-floor spreading. Hot spots deep within the Earth's mantle can cause volcanic activity and are used to measure plate movement over time.
The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed that fossils and rock formations found on different continents seemed to match up and fit together, as if the continents had once been joined together. He proposed that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called Pangaea. Wegener observed similar mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and plant and animal fossil remains on continents now separated by oceans, providing evidence for his theory of continental drift and the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.
Sea floor spreading
The document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. It describes how Harry Hess first proposed in 1962 that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity and magma cooling. As more magma is added, it pushes older ocean crust further from the ridges, providing evidence that the plates are moving. Studies of magnetic reversals in ocean floor basalts also indicate the age of the crust increases further from ridges, confirming seafloor is continually being created and destroyed over time.
The seafloor spreading
Scientists used new techniques like sonar and submersibles in the 1950s-1960s to better observe the ocean floor. They discovered mid-ocean ridges and the theory of seafloor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and pushes plates apart over time. The movement of plates causes the splitting of continents and creation of oceans. Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that seafloor spreading occurs and plates have moved over millions of years.
Sea floor spreading
1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
2) Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor and study its features like the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sonar bounces sound waves off underwater objects to image the seafloor.
3) Evidence like magnetic stripes in ocean crust and samples dug from the seafloor support the theory of sea floor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and spreads out over time.
Recommended
Convection currents
Convection currents in the Earth's interior are thought to cause folding and mountain building by dragging tectonic plates. Convection currents are driven by heat from the Earth's core, radioactive decay in the mantle and crust, and cooling of the mantle. Mapping of rock formations and magnetic reversals at ocean ridges provided evidence that supports plate tectonics and convection currents driving the movement of plates.
Sea floor
Magma rises from the Earth's interior along mid-ocean ridges, cooling and forming new seafloor. According to the theory of seafloor spreading, sediments should be thicker and older further from ridges, where the seafloor is younger near ridges and ages farther away. Drilling in the 1960s validated this by finding thicker, older sediments located farther from ridge centers, consistent with the fossil record.
Plate tectonics and sea floor spreading
In this presentation,it is taking about plate tectonics and sea floor spreading with suitable diagrams respectively. During and just after World War II, the technological improvement to submarines led to an improvement in underwater navigation and surveying that revealed many intriguing underwater features. The most important of these were immense, continuous chains of volcanic mountains running along the ocean basins. These features are now termed mid-ocean ridges or more accurately, oceanic ridge systems.
3.3Plates Move Apart
Divergent boundaries occur where tectonic plates move apart from each other, forming mid-ocean ridges under the ocean and rift valleys on land. The ocean floor spreads from the mid-ocean ridges, with the newest rock closest to the ridges and oldest farthest away in a process called sea-floor spreading. Hot spots deep within the Earth's mantle can cause volcanic activity and are used to measure plate movement over time.
The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed that fossils and rock formations found on different continents seemed to match up and fit together, as if the continents had once been joined together. He proposed that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called Pangaea. Wegener observed similar mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and plant and animal fossil remains on continents now separated by oceans, providing evidence for his theory of continental drift and the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.
Sea floor spreading
The document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading and plate tectonics. It describes how Harry Hess first proposed in 1962 that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic activity and magma cooling. As more magma is added, it pushes older ocean crust further from the ridges, providing evidence that the plates are moving. Studies of magnetic reversals in ocean floor basalts also indicate the age of the crust increases further from ridges, confirming seafloor is continually being created and destroyed over time.
The seafloor spreading
Scientists used new techniques like sonar and submersibles in the 1950s-1960s to better observe the ocean floor. They discovered mid-ocean ridges and the theory of seafloor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and pushes plates apart over time. The movement of plates causes the splitting of continents and creation of oceans. Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that seafloor spreading occurs and plates have moved over millions of years.
Sea floor spreading
1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
2) Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor and study its features like the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sonar bounces sound waves off underwater objects to image the seafloor.
3) Evidence like magnetic stripes in ocean crust and samples dug from the seafloor support the theory of sea floor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and spreads out over time.
Unifying theory
A unifying theory explains diverse observations across a science by relating seemingly unrelated phenomena. Plate tectonics unifies earth sciences by explaining earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain formation, and more. It affects climate, organisms, and resource distribution. Early scientists noted matching rock sequences and glaciation on continents like India, Australia, and South America, proposing they were once joined in a supercontinent called Gondwanaland. Later, others presented hypotheses of continental drift and a supercontinent called Pangaea formed by drifting continents. Studies of paleomagnetism, seafloor spreading at ocean ridges, and radiometric dating provided evidence that supported plate tectonics theory.
Earth Science 4.3 : The Theory of Plate Tectonics
There are three types of boundaries between tectonic plates: convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where plates separate and new sea floor is created, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other horizontally. The movement of tectonic plates is caused by changes in density within the asthenosphere and occurs at a rate of centimeters per year, which scientists measure using GPS satellites.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Rock samples near mid-ocean ridges provided evidence for sea floor spreading. The youngest rocks were found near the ridges, with older rocks located farther away, showing that new crust was being created at the ridges over time. Additional evidence came from magnetic striping patterns in the rocks, which recorded changes in Earth's magnetic field during the formation of new ocean crust along the ridges. Hydrothermal vents at the ridges also indicated that magma chambers must be close to the surface in order to heat the water emerging from the vents.
Plate Tectonics
This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
Sea Floor Spreading
New evidence supported the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. Mapping of the seafloor using sonar revealed a mid-ocean ridge running through the Atlantic Ocean. Rocks near the ridge are younger, becoming progressively older further from the ridge, showing new crust is generated at the ridge through sea floor spreading. While new crust is created at ridges, older oceanic crust is recycled back into the Earth through subduction at plate boundaries, keeping the size of the Earth stable over time. This evidence of sea floor spreading supported Wegener's theory of continental drift.
Sea floor spreading powerpoint
The document discusses sea floor spreading and the evidence that supports this theory. It describes how molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, cools and forms new crust that constantly pushes older crust outward. It spreads until the dense oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches in the process of subduction, which balances out the growth at ridges. Key evidence includes magnetic stripes in the crust, drilling samples, and the overall structure of ridges and trenches.
Sea floor spreading
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges, pushing the tectonic plates apart. Magma rises through cracks between the plates and hardens into new crust, causing the plates to spread further. This spreading helps explain continental drift and the theory of plate tectonics.
Plate Tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics describes how the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move around on the mantle. The lithosphere consists of the crust and rigid upper mantle, while the asthenosphere below is plastic and allows the plates to move. There are two types of plates - oceanic and continental. Plates interact at boundaries, including divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and form features like volcanoes, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Plate movement is caused by convection currents in the underlying mantle.
E&U L5
Lesson 6 discusses sea floor spreading and how it leads to continental drift. Magnetic field reversals recorded in oceanic crust rocks provided evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and sea floor spreading. As tectonic plates move apart, new magma fills the gap and forms new sea floor, recording the magnetic signature of the time. The older the sea floor rock, the further it is located from the mid-ocean ridge where new sea floor is being created. This magnetic reversal pattern in sea floor sediments provided strong evidence that sea floor is indeed continually being created and pushed apart as the theory of plate tectonics suggests.
Split and separate!
The document contains answers to questions about plate tectonics and the movement of lithospheric plates. It explains that the stripes on the diagram represent rocks with normal and reverse magnetic polarities. The middle split represents the mid-ocean ridge, where seafloor spreading occurs and new crust is formed. The mid-ocean ridge is where the forces that push the lithospheric plates originate from. Magma rises from below the crust at the ridge and hardens to form new seafloor that moves away from the ridge. Subduction occurs at the side slits. The Earth does not get larger as plates move apart because as new crust is created at ridges, old crust is destroyed elsewhere.
Plate tectonics
This document presents information on plate tectonics. It discusses the theory that the Earth's crust is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. The plates consist of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere acts as a plastic layer below. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate movement causes landforms like rift valleys, mountain ranges, volcanoes and faults. Convection currents in the mantle provide the driving force that moves the plates.
Plate Tectonics
This animation explains the Theory of Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics through five key points of evidence: the matching shapes of continents, fossil evidence, rock evidence, mountain formation evidence, and glacial scarring evidence. It describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that float on the upper mantle and move due to convection currents in the mantle driven by heat and gravity, causing the continents to drift apart and collide over time. This movement of plates also explains various natural phenomena such as earthquakes, mountain building, and volcanic activity.
Sea-Floor Spreading Notes - Jenny
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but made of underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock formations, magnetic patterns in the ocean crust, and sediment core samples supported Harry Hess's theory from 1960 that the ocean floors spread from the mid-ocean ridge in a conveyor belt-like motion, pushing the continents. This process of sea-floor spreading continually recycles the ocean crust through subduction at deep ocean trenches.
Chapter 10 ii
1) Scientists discovered underwater mountain ranges called mid-ocean ridges using sound waves, and Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain them.
2) Seafloor spreading involves hot material rising at ridges and flowing sideways, carrying the seafloor away as new material cools and forms at the cracks.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes younger rocks at ridges and magnetic reversals recorded in strips of rock parallel to ridges.
2 & 3 plate tectonic, gerak dan sifat interaksi
This document discusses plate tectonics and the theory of plate tectonics. It provides information on key aspects of plate tectonics including:
- The lithosphere is broken into individual plates that move over the asthenosphere in response to convection currents.
- Plate boundaries are sites of geologic activity including divergent boundaries which create oceanic crust, transform boundaries, and convergent boundaries involving subduction or collision which alter crust composition.
- Mantle convection provides the primary driving force for plate tectonics, with slab pull and ridge push contributing to plate motions.
Earth Science 4.2 : Restless Continents
Wegener originally hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before breaking apart and drifting to their current positions (continental drift hypothesis). Evidence for this comes from sea-floor spreading, where new oceanic lithosphere is formed at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises and cools. As the sea floor spreads away from the ridges, it records magnetic reversals in the Earth's magnetic field over time, providing strong evidence for sea-floor spreading and continental drift.
Review: Continental Drift - Convection - SFS (NB p.70)
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, including the matching shapes of continents, matching fossil records, evidence of past climate changes, and matching rock formations found on separate continents. It also describes how convection currents in the mantle transfer heat from the core to the crust, causing the movement of tectonic plates at mid-ocean ridges where new ocean crust is formed through sea-floor spreading.
Layers of the earth
Geologists study the solid and liquid materials that make up Earth and the processes that have shaped it over time. The Earth has four main layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost solid layer composed of silicate rock. Below is the mantle, which is separated into the liquid outer core made of iron and nickel that generates the planet's magnetic field, and the inner solid core with extremely high temperatures over 5,000 degrees Celsius.
Convection in the mantle
Convection in the mantle refers to the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface. The mantle is located between the crust and outer core, and is around 2,900 km thick. Mantle convection involves the circulation of heated parts of the mantle rock, with typical speeds of 20 mm/yr near the crust, though shallow convection can be faster than deeper convection. A full convection cycle in the upper mantle takes around 50 million years.
Dynamic Earth
The document summarizes key concepts in geology including:
1) Plate tectonics describes the seven major plates that make up the earth's surface and how earthquakes and volcanoes occur at their boundaries. Fossils found in different continents provide evidence the earth was once a single landmass.
2) The structure of the earth consists of the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core made of different rock types and temperatures.
3) Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are the three main rock types, forming through cooling of magma, layering of sediments, and changes induced by heat and pressure, respectively.
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Unifying theory
A unifying theory explains diverse observations across a science by relating seemingly unrelated phenomena. Plate tectonics unifies earth sciences by explaining earthquakes, volcanoes, mountain formation, and more. It affects climate, organisms, and resource distribution. Early scientists noted matching rock sequences and glaciation on continents like India, Australia, and South America, proposing they were once joined in a supercontinent called Gondwanaland. Later, others presented hypotheses of continental drift and a supercontinent called Pangaea formed by drifting continents. Studies of paleomagnetism, seafloor spreading at ocean ridges, and radiometric dating provided evidence that supported plate tectonics theory.
Earth Science 4.3 : The Theory of Plate Tectonics
There are three types of boundaries between tectonic plates: convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where plates separate and new sea floor is created, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other horizontally. The movement of tectonic plates is caused by changes in density within the asthenosphere and occurs at a rate of centimeters per year, which scientists measure using GPS satellites.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Rock samples near mid-ocean ridges provided evidence for sea floor spreading. The youngest rocks were found near the ridges, with older rocks located farther away, showing that new crust was being created at the ridges over time. Additional evidence came from magnetic striping patterns in the rocks, which recorded changes in Earth's magnetic field during the formation of new ocean crust along the ridges. Hydrothermal vents at the ridges also indicated that magma chambers must be close to the surface in order to heat the water emerging from the vents.
Plate Tectonics
This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
Sea Floor Spreading
New evidence supported the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. Mapping of the seafloor using sonar revealed a mid-ocean ridge running through the Atlantic Ocean. Rocks near the ridge are younger, becoming progressively older further from the ridge, showing new crust is generated at the ridge through sea floor spreading. While new crust is created at ridges, older oceanic crust is recycled back into the Earth through subduction at plate boundaries, keeping the size of the Earth stable over time. This evidence of sea floor spreading supported Wegener's theory of continental drift.
Sea floor spreading powerpoint
The document discusses sea floor spreading and the evidence that supports this theory. It describes how molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, cools and forms new crust that constantly pushes older crust outward. It spreads until the dense oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches in the process of subduction, which balances out the growth at ridges. Key evidence includes magnetic stripes in the crust, drilling samples, and the overall structure of ridges and trenches.
Sea floor spreading
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges, pushing the tectonic plates apart. Magma rises through cracks between the plates and hardens into new crust, causing the plates to spread further. This spreading helps explain continental drift and the theory of plate tectonics.
Plate Tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics describes how the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move around on the mantle. The lithosphere consists of the crust and rigid upper mantle, while the asthenosphere below is plastic and allows the plates to move. There are two types of plates - oceanic and continental. Plates interact at boundaries, including divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and form features like volcanoes, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Plate movement is caused by convection currents in the underlying mantle.
E&U L5
Lesson 6 discusses sea floor spreading and how it leads to continental drift. Magnetic field reversals recorded in oceanic crust rocks provided evidence that supported the theory of continental drift and sea floor spreading. As tectonic plates move apart, new magma fills the gap and forms new sea floor, recording the magnetic signature of the time. The older the sea floor rock, the further it is located from the mid-ocean ridge where new sea floor is being created. This magnetic reversal pattern in sea floor sediments provided strong evidence that sea floor is indeed continually being created and pushed apart as the theory of plate tectonics suggests.
Split and separate!
The document contains answers to questions about plate tectonics and the movement of lithospheric plates. It explains that the stripes on the diagram represent rocks with normal and reverse magnetic polarities. The middle split represents the mid-ocean ridge, where seafloor spreading occurs and new crust is formed. The mid-ocean ridge is where the forces that push the lithospheric plates originate from. Magma rises from below the crust at the ridge and hardens to form new seafloor that moves away from the ridge. Subduction occurs at the side slits. The Earth does not get larger as plates move apart because as new crust is created at ridges, old crust is destroyed elsewhere.
Plate tectonics
This document presents information on plate tectonics. It discusses the theory that the Earth's crust is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. The plates consist of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere acts as a plastic layer below. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate movement causes landforms like rift valleys, mountain ranges, volcanoes and faults. Convection currents in the mantle provide the driving force that moves the plates.
Plate Tectonics
This animation explains the Theory of Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics through five key points of evidence: the matching shapes of continents, fossil evidence, rock evidence, mountain formation evidence, and glacial scarring evidence. It describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that float on the upper mantle and move due to convection currents in the mantle driven by heat and gravity, causing the continents to drift apart and collide over time. This movement of plates also explains various natural phenomena such as earthquakes, mountain building, and volcanic activity.
Sea-Floor Spreading Notes - Jenny
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but made of underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock formations, magnetic patterns in the ocean crust, and sediment core samples supported Harry Hess's theory from 1960 that the ocean floors spread from the mid-ocean ridge in a conveyor belt-like motion, pushing the continents. This process of sea-floor spreading continually recycles the ocean crust through subduction at deep ocean trenches.
Chapter 10 ii
1) Scientists discovered underwater mountain ranges called mid-ocean ridges using sound waves, and Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain them.
2) Seafloor spreading involves hot material rising at ridges and flowing sideways, carrying the seafloor away as new material cools and forms at the cracks.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes younger rocks at ridges and magnetic reversals recorded in strips of rock parallel to ridges.
2 & 3 plate tectonic, gerak dan sifat interaksi
This document discusses plate tectonics and the theory of plate tectonics. It provides information on key aspects of plate tectonics including:
- The lithosphere is broken into individual plates that move over the asthenosphere in response to convection currents.
- Plate boundaries are sites of geologic activity including divergent boundaries which create oceanic crust, transform boundaries, and convergent boundaries involving subduction or collision which alter crust composition.
- Mantle convection provides the primary driving force for plate tectonics, with slab pull and ridge push contributing to plate motions.
Earth Science 4.2 : Restless Continents
Wegener originally hypothesized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before breaking apart and drifting to their current positions (continental drift hypothesis). Evidence for this comes from sea-floor spreading, where new oceanic lithosphere is formed at mid-ocean ridges as magma rises and cools. As the sea floor spreads away from the ridges, it records magnetic reversals in the Earth's magnetic field over time, providing strong evidence for sea-floor spreading and continental drift.
Review: Continental Drift - Convection - SFS (NB p.70)
The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of continental drift, including the matching shapes of continents, matching fossil records, evidence of past climate changes, and matching rock formations found on separate continents. It also describes how convection currents in the mantle transfer heat from the core to the crust, causing the movement of tectonic plates at mid-ocean ridges where new ocean crust is formed through sea-floor spreading.
Layers of the earth
Geologists study the solid and liquid materials that make up Earth and the processes that have shaped it over time. The Earth has four main layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost solid layer composed of silicate rock. Below is the mantle, which is separated into the liquid outer core made of iron and nickel that generates the planet's magnetic field, and the inner solid core with extremely high temperatures over 5,000 degrees Celsius.
Convection in the mantle
Convection in the mantle refers to the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface. The mantle is located between the crust and outer core, and is around 2,900 km thick. Mantle convection involves the circulation of heated parts of the mantle rock, with typical speeds of 20 mm/yr near the crust, though shallow convection can be faster than deeper convection. A full convection cycle in the upper mantle takes around 50 million years.
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Review: Continental Drift - Convection - SFS (NB p.70)
Review: Continental Drift - Convection - SFS (NB p.70)
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The document summarizes key concepts in geology including:
1) Plate tectonics describes the seven major plates that make up the earth's surface and how earthquakes and volcanoes occur at their boundaries. Fossils found in different continents provide evidence the earth was once a single landmass.
2) The structure of the earth consists of the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core made of different rock types and temperatures.
3) Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are the three main rock types, forming through cooling of magma, layering of sediments, and changes induced by heat and pressure, respectively.
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The author has created a complete virtual model of a batch lot manufacturing factory using the IBM's modeling tool Rational System Architect. This presentation shows some of the improvements that the CORSO's Archimate plug-in brings to the traditional Enterprise Architecture environment.
Unit III Dynamic Crust Powerpoint
The document summarizes evidence that suggests the Earth's crust is dynamic and constantly changing. It discusses several types of evidence, including displaced and deformed rock strata, tilted rock layers, folded strata, faulting, and displaced fossils found at high elevations. It also describes crustal movements like horizontal and vertical displacement along fault zones, subsidence of rock strata, and isostasy, which is the condition of balance in the Earth's crust.
英文 XJ Rubber PPT Presentation 2014
1) Shanghai Xijiao Rubber Products Factory is a professional rubber manufacturer located in Shanghai, China.
2) They produce a variety of rubber products including EPDM, nitrile, neoprene, SBR, and silicone that are used in automotive, construction, shipping, appliances, and medical industries.
3) The factory has over 162 employees across departments including manufacturing, quality control, technical, and management.
Dynamic Earth PowerPoint Quiz Game, Geology Topics Lesson PowerPoint
This PowerPoint is one small part of the Geology Topics unit from www.sciencepowerpoint.com. This unit consists of a five part 6000+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework package, modified homework, detailed answer keys, 12 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance, follow along worksheets, and many review games. The homework and lesson notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. The activities and discussion questions in the slideshow are meaningful. The PowerPoint includes built-in instructions, visuals, and review questions. Also included are critical class notes (color coded red), project ideas, video links, and review games. This unit also includes four PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 38+ video links, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, 6 PowerPoint review Game, and much more. Also included is a 190 slide first day of school PowerPoint presentation.
Areas of Focus within The Geology Topics Unit: -Plate Tectonics, Evidence for Plate Tectonics, Pangea, Energy Waves, Layers of the Earth, Heat Transfer, Types of Crust, Plate Boundaries, Hot Spots, Volcanoes, Positives and Negatives of Volcanoes, Types of Volcanoes, Parts of a Volcano, Magma, Types of Lava, Viscosity, Earthquakes, Faults, Folds, Seismograph, Richter Scale, Seismograph, Tsunami's, Rocks, Minerals, Crystals, Uses of Minerals, Types of Crystals, Physical Properties of Minerals, Rock Cycle, Common Igneous Rocks, Common Sedimentary Rocks, Common Metamorphic Rocks.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and with Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy for Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thanks again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Presentation of tapal
This document provides information about Tapal Tea, a Pakistani tea company. It discusses the company's history beginning with founder Adam Ali Tapal, locations of the head office and factories, and current CEO Aftab Tapal. It also outlines Tapal's market share and brands, leadership traits, awards received, and strategies for cost leadership, differentiation, and total quality management. Functional strategies discussed include core process reengineering of HR systems and market development through expanding into new geographical areas.
Dynamic Earth
This document provides an overview of plate tectonics and its relationship to major geological features of Earth such as mountains, volcanoes, and earthquakes. It describes the three main types of plate boundaries - divergent, convergent, and transform - and explains their association with earthquakes, volcanoes, and landform creation. Examples are given of specific volcanic and impact crater landforms, including how Chesapeake Bay was formed by a meteor impact 36 million years ago. Classroom activities are proposed that involve mapping earthquakes and volcanoes to illustrate plate tectonic concepts.
The Dynamic Earth
The document summarizes key facts about the dynamic Earth. It describes the different layers of the Earth including the crust, mantle, and core. The crust is divided into continental and oceanic crust of varying thicknesses. The mantle makes up most of the Earth's mass and is divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere layers. The core is divided into a solid inner core and liquid outer core. The document also briefly outlines the Earth's rotation, revolution around the sun, and reasons for the seasons.
Dynamic earth ppt to go with notes
The theory of plate tectonics explains that Earth's outer layer is made up of plates that have moved throughout geological history. These plates float on top of the mantle and move at boundaries where they diverge, converge, or slide past one another. Convection currents in the upper mantle provide the driving force that causes plates to move over time.
Fcs - Encyclopedia
The author of this presentation has created the virtual model of a batch manufacturing factory, using an enterprise architecture tool. Processes, applications, infrastructures, data models, etal, are stored in a repository called encyclopedia. Due to the impossibility of publishing the encyclopedia I decided to publish at least the diagrams, that constitute only one facet of the whole. This presentation is the collection of such diagrams.
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Plate Tectonics
The movement of earth's plate is responsible for the formation of continents.How it works ? what are the principle's?
Plate Tectonics
The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics, including what plates are made of, how they move at boundaries, and the evidence that supports plate tectonics. The lithosphere comprises the crust and rigid upper mantle, floating on the asthenosphere. Plates move at boundaries in three types - divergent, convergent, and transform - which are associated with volcanoes, earthquakes, and other surface phenomena. Evidence like matching continents, widespread fossil distributions, and matching rock formations support plate tectonics and the past connection of continents.
Outline of various tectonic theories
In the beginning of 20th century scientist realized that they could not explain many of the earth structure and processes with in a single theory. Many hypotheses developed to try and support the confliction observation
2012 updated plate tectonics new one use this one backup
Plate tectonics theory proposes that Earth's outermost layer is broken into rigid tectonic plates that constantly move atop the asthenosphere in response to convection currents in the mantle, interacting along plate boundaries through divergent, convergent, and transform motion that creates geologic features like mid-ocean ridges, trenches, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Mapping of the seafloor revealed evidence like magnetic stripes and the ages of rocks that supported seafloor spreading and subduction, leading scientists in the 1960s to combine these ideas with continental drift into the unified theory of plate tectonics.
Plate tectonics theory
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912, stating that continents were once joined together. Several lines of evidence supported this idea. Later, discoveries found seafloor spreading at ocean ridges. Harry Hess proposed plate tectonics theory in the 1960s, stating the outer Earth is broken into plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. Plates interact at divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries, causing volcanic activity and earthquakes.
Plate Tectonics
The document summarizes key concepts about plate tectonics from a textbook chapter. It discusses:
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Plate Tectonics
This document provides information about plate tectonics and is designed to meet South Carolina science standards. It discusses the layers of the Earth, tectonic plates and their movement, and the three types of plate boundaries - convergent where plates collide, divergent where they separate, and transform where they slide past each other. Specific examples are given for each boundary type, including discussions of sea floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones creating volcanoes and trenches, and the San Andreas Fault as a transform boundary.
Chapter fourteen
The document discusses various concepts related to plate tectonics and volcanic landforms. It describes plate tectonics theory including evidence for seafloor spreading and subduction. It also discusses plate boundaries, mechanisms of volcanism, types of volcanic landforms such as shield volcanoes and calderas, and volcanic hazards.
SGD-Escie.pdf
This document provides information about plate tectonics and volcanism in a question-answer format. It defines key terms like Pangaea, continental drift theory, plate tectonics theory, and the three types of plate boundaries. It describes evidence that supported continental drift and Wegener's hypothesis. It also explains concepts like slab pull, ridge push, and mantle convection that drive plate tectonics. Volcanism topics covered include the Ring of Fire, types of volcanoes like shield and composite, and volcanic features like calderas, cinder cones, and pyroclastic flows.
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The document discusses the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. It provides details on the original proponent of continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in 1915. It also outlines various geological, climatic, and biological evidence that supports continental drift. The document then discusses the sea floor spreading theory proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, which helped explain continental drift. It notes evidence that the ocean floor becomes progressively younger near mid-ocean ridges. Finally, it describes how the theories of continental drift and sea floor spreading were combined into the comprehensive theory of plate tectonics.
Plate tectonics
Early evidence that led to the idea of continental drift included the matching coastlines of continents on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Alfred Wegener later proposed the hypothesis of continental drift, suggesting the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Wegener provided additional evidence from rock and fossil distributions, but his hypothesis was rejected by most scientists at the time due to the lack of a proposed mechanism for continental movement. The development of technologies like sonar and magnetometers in the 1940s-50s revealed the structures of ocean ridges and trenches on the seafloor. Analysis of seafloor sediments and magnetic patterns from basalt flows provided evidence that the ocean floor spreads outward from mid-ocean ridges. This
Fault, Stress and Plate-Boundaries in Earth Science
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Continental-Drift_Seafloor-spreading.pptx
Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift hypothesis in the early 1900s, which theorized that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart to their current locations. We now know from the theory of plate tectonics that Pangaea existed around 245 million years ago and later split into the continents of Laurasia and Gondwana. Sea-floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges drives the movement of tectonic plates and the formation of new oceanic crust, which is evidenced by magnetic reversals recorded in oceanic rocks over time.
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This document discusses the theory of continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift is the movement of continents across Earth's surface over geologic time. The theory was first proposed in the early 20th century by Alfred Wegener and helped explain the formation of supercontinents like Pangaea and the matching of continental margins. It also introduced the concept of plates and how their movement causes geologic phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
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The document discusses evidence that supports the theory of plate tectonics and continental drift. Fossils of the same organisms have been found in rocks from separated continents, implying the continents were once joined. Rock formations and deposits in Africa and South America also match up as if the continents were once attached. The movement of plates at mid-ocean ridges can be seen through magnetic patterns in volcanic rocks and helps explain sea floor spreading.
Ppt 4 eso the internal processes in the earth (1)
The document discusses evidence for continental drift and plate tectonics. It summarizes Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. It then outlines several lines of evidence that support this idea, including matching continental shapes, matching rock formations, and shared fossil distributions. The document goes on to describe the modern theory of plate tectonics, how the Earth's outer shell is broken into plates that move over convection currents in the mantle. It discusses the three types of plate boundaries and associated geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
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Geologists discovered that the Earth has three layers - the crust, mantle, and core. They also discovered that the crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. This theory of plate tectonics explains how plates move apart at divergent boundaries like mid-ocean ridges, move together at convergent boundaries, and slide past each other at transform boundaries, causing earthquakes and forming mountains.
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*th Grade Final Exam Notecards
1. The document contains definitions for various terms related to geology, earth science, biology, and evolution.
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Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage. On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed finches with different beak shapes that were well-adapted to the local foods. Over generations, natural selection led to the evolution of new species as populations became isolated and faced different environmental pressures. The fossil record and similarities in DNA provide further evidence for evolution over long periods of time.
Se ch.5 power point
Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage as the naturalist on the HMS Beagle. Some of his most important observations included the diversity of life in South America and the Galapagos Islands, as well as adaptations and differences between similar species on different islands. These observations, combined with his knowledge of selective breeding, led him to propose natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. Natural selection results from overproduction of offspring, competition for limited resources, and inherited variations between individuals that influence survival and reproduction.
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Genetics chapter 3 ppt
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s to understand the laws of heredity. He found that traits such as plant height and seed color were inherited based on discrete factors (now known as genes and alleles) that are passed from parents to offspring. Some alleles are dominant and mask recessive alleles, only expressed when two recessive alleles are present. Mendel's experiments demonstrated that traits segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to these genetic principles. His work established the foundations of genetics, though its significance was not recognized for several decades.
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This document discusses weathering and soil formation. It describes two types of weathering - mechanical and chemical - and their effects on breaking down rocks. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through processes like frost action and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and acids. Over time, weathered rocks become soil. Mature soils have distinct layers called horizons that differ in composition and support plant growth. The texture and development of soil depends on factors like climate, rock type and landscape.
Ch. 5 Dynamic Earth Part 1
This document discusses weathering and soil formation. It describes two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through processes like frost action, abrasion, and exfoliation without changing the chemical makeup. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through processes like oxidation, carbonation, and acid reactions. Weathering breaks rocks down over time, forming soil and influencing landforms.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Dynamic earth ch.3 nc updated
- 2. Midocean ridge is an example of this type of fault? Transform Fault
- 3. More dense crust is pushed under less dense crust. Subduction
- 4. Topmost part of the Earth Lithosphere
- 5. Plate boundaries that come together. Convergent boundaries
- 6. Movement of air within the atmosphere due to density. Convection Currents
- 7. The Ring of Fire is around the boundary of this plate? Pacific Plate
- 8. The theory that links continental drift and ocean-floor spreading together. Plate Tectonics
- 9. Supporting evidence for ocean-floor spreading. Magnetic striping Rock aging Cores from deep-sea drilling
- 10. Plate boundary where one plate slides past one another plate. Strike-slip boundary
- 11. What is the V-shaped valley? Trenches
- 12. World’s largest mountain chain is located here Midocean Ridges
- 13. Alfred Wegener’s theory. Theory of Continental Drift
- 14. Plate boundaries that move apart. Divergent boundaries
- 15. Used to map midocean ridges. Sonar
- 16. Means all of Earth. Pangaea
- 17. Provides the framework for understanding landforms. Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 18. When two continental plates collide with the same density, ______ plates is subducted. Neither
- 19. Went against many geological basic principles. Theory of Continental Drift
- 20. Rocks deposited by ______ showed evidence of continental drift. Glaciers
- 21. ________ records showed evidence that Pangaea existed. Fossil
- 22. Name the Lithospheric plates. North American South American Eurasian African Indo-Australian Antarctic