Convection in the mantle refers to the slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the Earth to the surface. The mantle is located between the crust and outer core, and is around 2,900 km thick. Mantle convection involves the circulation of heated parts of the mantle rock, with typical speeds of 20 mm/yr near the crust, though shallow convection can be faster than deeper convection. A full convection cycle in the upper mantle takes around 50 million years.