Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed that fossils and rock formations found on different continents seemed to match up and fit together, as if the continents had once been joined together. He proposed that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called Pangaea. Wegener observed similar mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and plant and animal fossil remains on continents now separated by oceans, providing evidence for his theory of continental drift and the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes
Deformation of the Crust: Continental Drift Theory
Learning Competencies
The learners shall be able to explain how the continents drift (S11/12ESId-20), and cite evidence that support continental drift (S11/12ES-Id-21).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory; and
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents.
Origin of the Universe and the Solar SystemNikoPatawaran
The most widely accepted theory of planetary formation, known as the nebular hypothesis, maintains that 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud which was light years across.
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocksThe absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes
Deformation of the Crust: Continental Drift Theory
Learning Competencies
The learners shall be able to explain how the continents drift (S11/12ESId-20), and cite evidence that support continental drift (S11/12ES-Id-21).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory; and
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents.
Origin of the Universe and the Solar SystemNikoPatawaran
The most widely accepted theory of planetary formation, known as the nebular hypothesis, maintains that 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud which was light years across.
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocksThe absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
8th Grade Integrated Science Chapter 14 Lesson 1 on the Continental Drift Hypothesis. This is a short introduction to Alfred Weger and the current evidence used to support his theory. There is a short explanation of the fossil and rock evidence found.
Plate Tectonics is the driving force of geologic structures th.docxrandymartin91030
Plate Tectonics is the driving force of geologic structures that shape the world that we live in. The
first indication that continents might have been linked physically took place as soon as there was
mapping. It was known by the sixteenth and seventeenth century that the continents fitted together like
pieces of a puzzle. This and other proofs listed below lead to the concept of continental drift, that the
large continents had once been linked together. The scale movements of continents across the across
the surface of the planet was mind boggling.
By the close of the nineteenth century the geologist Edward Suess postulated that the southern
continents were joined together. This was from evidence seen by fossil animal distribution. Ancient life
forms have ranges just as modern animals. Tigers are found in India and Siberia, not in North America.
These ancient animals couldn’t get from South America to Africa, from Antarctica to Australia to India.
There were rock layers both sedimentary and igneous that were continuous on all of the five continents.
He christened this large continent Gondwanaland.
In 1915 Alfred Wegener wrote a book on continental drift. He proposed another super continent
called Pangaea. This continent included all of the modern continents. His mechanism for the movement
of the continents was that the continents moved through ocean crust, drifting until they joined then
breaking apart again. Wegener and others argued for their evidence pointing out rock similarities
type, similarities in rock trends and ages using all of the information gathered from Steno's laws and
fossil assemblages. They also showed that certain distant continents had similar plants and animals that
entered a different evolutionary path after the continents separated. An example of this is the fresh
water fish the Arowana found in both South America and Australia. Another example of this is the large
amount of marsupial
fossils found in South
America and Australia.
Placental mammals
were the dominant
mammalian life forms
in Eurasia, North
America and Africa.
Only in South America
and Australia were
marsupial fossils
dominated. It wasn't
until 3 million years ago
North and South
America joined
allowing placental
mammals to gain
dominance in South America. Despite this evidence Wegener and his followers mechanism for
continental movement was badly flawed. They proposed that the tidal forces from the Sun and Moon
like the tides in the ocean. This force is much too weak to move a continent so the theory was rejected.
Fossil plants and animal distribution on southern continents
In 1928 a geologist Arthur Holmes proposed the convection currents split the continents and that
these currents were in the mantel. Remember the knowledge of a mantel was already known at this
time. Ironically this was a mechanism had been proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1782. Many
geologi.
This pdf covers theory of continental drift and plate tectonics.
Continental drift
Plate Tectonics
Mantle Convection
Convection currects
Types of Mantle convection
Drivers of the plate motion.
Bibliography_ Lutgens, Tarbuk and Tasa Publisher: Prentice Hall
In the beginning of 20th century scientist realized that they could not explain many of the earth structure and processes with in a single theory. Many hypotheses developed to try and support the confliction observation
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
TESDA TM1 REVIEWER FOR NATIONAL ASSESSMENT WRITTEN AND ORAL QUESTIONS WITH A...
The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
1.
2. Alfred L. Wegener
In 1910, Mr. Wegener formed a
hypothesis which stated all the
continents were once joined
together in a giant landmass, he
refer as the Super Continent or
“PANGEA”
Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed similar rocks
& fossil remains were found on continents which
seemed to fit together, matching of glacial
deposits, mountain ranges of the same age and
Paleo-Climate zones.
4. HAPE OF THE CONTINEN
North America
South America
Africa
5.
6. TRIVIA!
Wegener was not the only
one to notice the fit of the
continents.
1858: Antonio Pelligrini
depicted Africa and South
America connected.
He was one of the first
scientists to publish maps
depicting the apparent fit of
the continents.
7. Similarity of Mountain
Ranges-Rock Sequence
SAME ROCK, DIFFERENT RANGE Existing mountain ranges
separated by vast oceans contain rocks of identical mineral
content.
9. Fossil Remains
• Wegener mapped the locations of Fossils of several
species of plants and animals that could not swim.
It will be a long
swim for
Mesosaurus…
12. The Seafloor Spreading Theory
• Proposed in 1960 by a geologist named Harry
Hess.
• Seafloor was moving outward Mid-0ceanic
ridge, when Mid-oceanic ridge is pushed away
toward the continents, more new oceanic
crust is produced.
13. 10/09/14
• During subduction, oceanic crust is pushed against,
and finally underneath, continental or oceanic crust.
• Subduction zones are often marked by overlying
chains of volcanic islands called island arcs.
• Seafloor spreading results from convection in the
mantle and lower crust.
• During convection, the hotter it is the more plastic
material are brought up towards the surface while
the colder it is the more sediment sink toward
mantle.
This convective forces break the ocean crust apart at
the mid-ocean ridges forming a Rift Valley.
Rift Valley is marked by high-angle faults, basaltic
lavas, and high heat flows.
14. 10/09/14
• Ocean trenches develop over the subduction
zone where subducted plate begins to bend
and descend.
• Subduction causes contact and friction with
the overlying plate which results in andesitic
volcanoes and earthquakes.
• The youngest oceanic crust is formed at the
crest of a mid-oceanic ridge, and the crust
becomes older as they move away from the
ridge.