Plate tectonics and sea floor spreading
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In this presentation,it is taking about plate tectonics and sea floor spreading with suitable diagrams respectively. During and just after World War II, the technological improvement to submarines led to an improvement in underwater navigation and surveying that revealed many intriguing underwater features. The most important of these were immense, continuous chains of volcanic mountains running along the ocean basins. These features are now termed mid-ocean ridges or more accurately, oceanic ridge systems.
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Sea floor spreading
1) Tubeworms survive through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live inside them. The bacteria convert chemicals from deep sea vents into food for the worm.
2) Sonar uses sound waves to determine the distance to underwater objects by measuring the echo return time.
3) Sea-floor spreading was discovered by Harry Hess in the 1960s and explains how new ocean crust continually forms at mid-ocean ridges, pushing older rocks away.
Continental drift &and sea floor spreading
The document discusses the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. It provides details on the original proponent of continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in 1915. It also outlines various geological, climatic, and biological evidence that supports continental drift. The document then discusses the sea floor spreading theory proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, which helped explain continental drift. It notes evidence that the ocean floor becomes progressively younger near mid-ocean ridges. Finally, it describes how the theories of continental drift and sea floor spreading were combined into the comprehensive theory of plate tectonics.
Sea Floor Spreading
New evidence supported the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. Mapping of the seafloor using sonar revealed a mid-ocean ridge running through the Atlantic Ocean. Rocks near the ridge are younger, becoming progressively older further from the ridge, showing new crust is generated at the ridge through sea floor spreading. While new crust is created at ridges, older oceanic crust is recycled back into the Earth through subduction at plate boundaries, keeping the size of the Earth stable over time. This evidence of sea floor spreading supported Wegener's theory of continental drift.
Plate Tectonics
This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Rock samples near mid-ocean ridges provided evidence for sea floor spreading. The youngest rocks were found near the ridges, with older rocks located farther away, showing that new crust was being created at the ridges over time. Additional evidence came from magnetic striping patterns in the rocks, which recorded changes in Earth's magnetic field during the formation of new ocean crust along the ridges. Hydrothermal vents at the ridges also indicated that magma chambers must be close to the surface in order to heat the water emerging from the vents.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
Sea-Floor Spreading
1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other.
2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away.
3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.
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Sea floor spreading
1) Tubeworms survive through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live inside them. The bacteria convert chemicals from deep sea vents into food for the worm.
2) Sonar uses sound waves to determine the distance to underwater objects by measuring the echo return time.
3) Sea-floor spreading was discovered by Harry Hess in the 1960s and explains how new ocean crust continually forms at mid-ocean ridges, pushing older rocks away.
Continental drift &and sea floor spreading
The document discusses the theories of continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics. It provides details on the original proponent of continental drift theory, Alfred Wegener, in 1915. It also outlines various geological, climatic, and biological evidence that supports continental drift. The document then discusses the sea floor spreading theory proposed by Harry Hess in the 1960s, which helped explain continental drift. It notes evidence that the ocean floor becomes progressively younger near mid-ocean ridges. Finally, it describes how the theories of continental drift and sea floor spreading were combined into the comprehensive theory of plate tectonics.
Sea Floor Spreading
New evidence supported the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. Mapping of the seafloor using sonar revealed a mid-ocean ridge running through the Atlantic Ocean. Rocks near the ridge are younger, becoming progressively older further from the ridge, showing new crust is generated at the ridge through sea floor spreading. While new crust is created at ridges, older oceanic crust is recycled back into the Earth through subduction at plate boundaries, keeping the size of the Earth stable over time. This evidence of sea floor spreading supported Wegener's theory of continental drift.
Plate Tectonics
This ppt is about 3 theories of plate tectonics: Continental drift, seafloor spreading and theory of plate tectonics
Sea floor spreading
Scientists in the 1950s used sonar to map the mid-ocean ridge and discovered it was not flat but contained underwater mountains. This discovery led them to research what the ridge was and how it formed. Evidence from molten rock samples, magnetic stripes in the ocean crust, and the ages of rocks drilled from the ocean floor supported Harry Hess' theory from 1960 of sea-floor spreading, where new crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward over time.
Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading
Rock samples near mid-ocean ridges provided evidence for sea floor spreading. The youngest rocks were found near the ridges, with older rocks located farther away, showing that new crust was being created at the ridges over time. Additional evidence came from magnetic striping patterns in the rocks, which recorded changes in Earth's magnetic field during the formation of new ocean crust along the ridges. Hydrothermal vents at the ridges also indicated that magma chambers must be close to the surface in order to heat the water emerging from the vents.
Continental drift and seafloor spreading
The document discusses continental drift and plate tectonics. It explains that continental drift was first proposed in the 16th century and was further developed and advocated for by Alfred Wegener in the early 20th century. Wegener proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea, which began breaking apart about 200 million years ago. The theory of plate tectonics posits that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move over time, interacting through processes like seafloor spreading at mid-ocean ridges, subduction at convergent boundaries, and lateral movement at transform boundaries.
Sea-Floor Spreading
1. The document discusses sea-floor spreading, which is the process where new oceanic crust forms at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move away from each other.
2. Evidence that supports sea-floor spreading includes magnetic stripe patterns in the ocean floor and samples from ocean crust that show it is younger near ridges and older further away.
3. Oceanic crust is basaltic rock that forms at ridges and is then recycled in subduction zones, making it generally younger than continental crust which does not undergo this recycling process.
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Theory of Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into plates that glide over the mantle. It describes three main types of plate boundaries: convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where plates move apart, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Convergent boundaries can involve subduction zones and result in mountain building. Divergent boundaries create new crust and can form undersea ridges or split continents. Transform boundaries cause earthquakes as stress builds up between sliding plates.
The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed that fossils and rock formations found on different continents seemed to match up and fit together, as if the continents had once been joined together. He proposed that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called Pangaea. Wegener observed similar mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and plant and animal fossil remains on continents now separated by oceans, providing evidence for his theory of continental drift and the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.
Sea floor spreading
This document summarizes a seminar on sea floor spreading presented by Rimita Tikader. It describes how in the 1950s, scientists mapped the mid-ocean ridge using sonar and discovered the ocean floor was not flat, peaking their curiosity. In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed that hot, less dense material rises at the mid-ocean ridge, flows sideways, and carries the sea floor away from the ridge, creating new sea floor. This process is called sea floor spreading. Supporting evidence includes samples of molten rock and magnetic stripes on the sea floor that support the theory.
Sea floor spreading
1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
2) Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor and study its features like the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sonar bounces sound waves off underwater objects to image the seafloor.
3) Evidence like magnetic stripes in ocean crust and samples dug from the seafloor support the theory of sea floor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and spreads out over time.
Sea floor spreading
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges, pushing the tectonic plates apart. Magma rises through cracks between the plates and hardens into new crust, causing the plates to spread further. This spreading helps explain continental drift and the theory of plate tectonics.
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1) Seismic studies reveal that the Earth is composed of layers with different chemical compositions and physical properties, including a solid inner core, liquid outer core, soft asthenosphere, and rigid lithosphere.
2) Evidence from seafloor spreading and magnetic stripes on the ocean floor support the theory of plate tectonics, where new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward as the plates move.
3) Paleomagnetic data from rocks show alternating magnetic polarities on either side of ridges, supporting the hypothesis that new crust forms at ridges and cools over time, recording reversals in Earth's magnetic field to reveal the history of plate movements.
Plate tectonics
1. Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move and interact with one another.
2. The main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
3. Key features associated with these boundaries include mountain building at convergent zones, volcanism and rifting at divergent zones, and strike-slip faulting along transform boundaries.
Chapter 10 ii
1) Scientists discovered underwater mountain ranges called mid-ocean ridges using sound waves, and Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain them.
2) Seafloor spreading involves hot material rising at ridges and flowing sideways, carrying the seafloor away as new material cools and forms at the cracks.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes younger rocks at ridges and magnetic reversals recorded in strips of rock parallel to ridges.
Sea floor spreading powerpoint
The document discusses sea floor spreading and the evidence that supports this theory. It describes how molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, cools and forms new crust that constantly pushes older crust outward. It spreads until the dense oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches in the process of subduction, which balances out the growth at ridges. Key evidence includes magnetic stripes in the crust, drilling samples, and the overall structure of ridges and trenches.
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This document presents information on plate tectonics. It discusses the theory that the Earth's crust is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. The plates consist of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere acts as a plastic layer below. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate movement causes landforms like rift valleys, mountain ranges, volcanoes and faults. Convection currents in the mantle provide the driving force that moves the plates.
Plate Tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics describes how the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move around on the mantle. The lithosphere consists of the crust and rigid upper mantle, while the asthenosphere below is plastic and allows the plates to move. There are two types of plates - oceanic and continental. Plates interact at boundaries, including divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and form features like volcanoes, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Plate movement is caused by convection currents in the underlying mantle.
Sea Floor spreading
The document discusses the theory of seafloor spreading, where new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move apart, and magnetic patterns in rocks on the ocean floor provide evidence of periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field. Analysis of magnetic stripes on both sides of ocean ridges that appear to be mirror images supports the idea that the seafloor is actively spreading.
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The seafloor spreading
Scientists used new techniques like sonar and submersibles in the 1950s-1960s to better observe the ocean floor. They discovered mid-ocean ridges and the theory of seafloor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and pushes plates apart over time. The movement of plates causes the splitting of continents and creation of oceans. Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that seafloor spreading occurs and plates have moved over millions of years.
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The document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. During World War II, sonar technology was used to extensively map the ocean floor. This mapping revealed an underwater mountain range that circles the globe, known as the mid-ocean ridge. At this ridge, molten material erupts from the ocean floor and pushes older material outward. The discovery provides evidence that the sea floor is actively spreading, supporting Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift. Further evidence includes pillow lava formations only found at ridges and dating of rocks showing the oldest ocean crust is only 200 million years old near the continents.
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There are three types of boundaries between tectonic plates: convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where plates separate and new sea floor is created, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other horizontally. The movement of tectonic plates is caused by changes in density within the asthenosphere and occurs at a rate of centimeters per year, which scientists measure using GPS satellites.
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The document contains answers to questions about plate tectonics and the movement of lithospheric plates. It explains that the stripes on the diagram represent rocks with normal and reverse magnetic polarities. The middle split represents the mid-ocean ridge, where seafloor spreading occurs and new crust is formed. The mid-ocean ridge is where the forces that push the lithospheric plates originate from. Magma rises from below the crust at the ridge and hardens to form new seafloor that moves away from the ridge. Subduction occurs at the side slits. The Earth does not get larger as plates move apart because as new crust is created at ridges, old crust is destroyed elsewhere.
Seafloor spreading theory discuss 3
1. Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in 1962, which provided evidence that Wegener's theory of continental drift was correct. Hess theorized that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic eruptions and then spreads outwards, pushing older crust farther away.
2. Evidence for seafloor spreading includes rock formations only possible from cooled lava, magnetic stripe patterns in ocean crust recording reversals of Earth's magnetic field, and drilling samples showing younger rock nearer to ridges.
3. Seafloor spreading is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle; subduction zones allow parts of ocean crust to sink back into the mantle and regulate ocean size.
Layers of the earth
Geologists study the solid and liquid materials that make up Earth and the processes that have shaped it over time. The Earth has four main layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost solid layer composed of silicate rock. Below is the mantle, which is separated into the liquid outer core made of iron and nickel that generates the planet's magnetic field, and the inner solid core with extremely high temperatures over 5,000 degrees Celsius.
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Tectonic plates are large slabs of rock that make up Earth's crust and upper mantle. They slowly move over time, interacting with each other in different ways along boundaries. There are three main types of boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where they push together, and transform boundaries where they slide horizontally past each other. The movement and interaction of tectonic plates is responsible for geological phenomena like earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain building.
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Plate tectonics by Rayhanie Pangcoga
What is Plate tectonics? In this presentation, you will be able to learn about Plate Tectonic Theory, the Plate Boundaries, as well as the Evidences of Plate Movement.
Theory of Plate Tectonics
The document discusses plate tectonics and the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into plates that glide over the mantle. It describes three main types of plate boundaries: convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where plates move apart, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Convergent boundaries can involve subduction zones and result in mountain building. Divergent boundaries create new crust and can form undersea ridges or split continents. Transform boundaries cause earthquakes as stress builds up between sliding plates.
The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
Geologist Alfred Wegener noticed that fossils and rock formations found on different continents seemed to match up and fit together, as if the continents had once been joined together. He proposed that all the continents were once part of a single supercontinent, which he called Pangaea. Wegener observed similar mountain ranges, glacial deposits, and plant and animal fossil remains on continents now separated by oceans, providing evidence for his theory of continental drift and the existence of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea.
Sea floor spreading
This document summarizes a seminar on sea floor spreading presented by Rimita Tikader. It describes how in the 1950s, scientists mapped the mid-ocean ridge using sonar and discovered the ocean floor was not flat, peaking their curiosity. In the 1960s, Harry Hess proposed that hot, less dense material rises at the mid-ocean ridge, flows sideways, and carries the sea floor away from the ridge, creating new sea floor. This process is called sea floor spreading. Supporting evidence includes samples of molten rock and magnetic stripes on the sea floor that support the theory.
Sea floor spreading
1) The Mid-Ocean Ridge system circles the Earth along the ocean floor and is over 56,000 km long. It forms at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is continually being formed.
2) Scientists use sonar to map the ocean floor and study its features like the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Sonar bounces sound waves off underwater objects to image the seafloor.
3) Evidence like magnetic stripes in ocean crust and samples dug from the seafloor support the theory of sea floor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and spreads out over time.
Sea floor spreading
Seafloor spreading is the process by which new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity at mid-ocean ridges, pushing the tectonic plates apart. Magma rises through cracks between the plates and hardens into new crust, causing the plates to spread further. This spreading helps explain continental drift and the theory of plate tectonics.
Plate tectonics & seafloor spreading
1) Seismic studies reveal that the Earth is composed of layers with different chemical compositions and physical properties, including a solid inner core, liquid outer core, soft asthenosphere, and rigid lithosphere.
2) Evidence from seafloor spreading and magnetic stripes on the ocean floor support the theory of plate tectonics, where new ocean crust forms at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward as the plates move.
3) Paleomagnetic data from rocks show alternating magnetic polarities on either side of ridges, supporting the hypothesis that new crust forms at ridges and cools over time, recording reversals in Earth's magnetic field to reveal the history of plate movements.
Plate tectonics
1. Plate tectonics refers to the theory that the Earth's crust is divided into tectonic plates that slowly move and interact with one another.
2. The main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates collide, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
3. Key features associated with these boundaries include mountain building at convergent zones, volcanism and rifting at divergent zones, and strike-slip faulting along transform boundaries.
Chapter 10 ii
1) Scientists discovered underwater mountain ranges called mid-ocean ridges using sound waves, and Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading to explain them.
2) Seafloor spreading involves hot material rising at ridges and flowing sideways, carrying the seafloor away as new material cools and forms at the cracks.
3) Evidence for seafloor spreading includes younger rocks at ridges and magnetic reversals recorded in strips of rock parallel to ridges.
Sea floor spreading powerpoint
The document discusses sea floor spreading and the evidence that supports this theory. It describes how molten material rises up from the mantle at mid-ocean ridges, cools and forms new crust that constantly pushes older crust outward. It spreads until the dense oceanic crust sinks back into the mantle at deep ocean trenches in the process of subduction, which balances out the growth at ridges. Key evidence includes magnetic stripes in the crust, drilling samples, and the overall structure of ridges and trenches.
Plate tectonics
This document presents information on plate tectonics. It discusses the theory that the Earth's crust is broken into rigid plates that move over the mantle. The plates consist of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere acts as a plastic layer below. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate movement causes landforms like rift valleys, mountain ranges, volcanoes and faults. Convection currents in the mantle provide the driving force that moves the plates.
Plate Tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics describes how the Earth's crust is broken into plates that move around on the mantle. The lithosphere consists of the crust and rigid upper mantle, while the asthenosphere below is plastic and allows the plates to move. There are two types of plates - oceanic and continental. Plates interact at boundaries, including divergent boundaries where new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates collide and form features like volcanoes, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other. Plate movement is caused by convection currents in the underlying mantle.
Sea Floor spreading
The document discusses the theory of seafloor spreading, where new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as tectonic plates move apart, and magnetic patterns in rocks on the ocean floor provide evidence of periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field. Analysis of magnetic stripes on both sides of ocean ridges that appear to be mirror images supports the idea that the seafloor is actively spreading.
Chapter 14.3: The Theory of Plate Tectonics
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The seafloor spreading
Scientists used new techniques like sonar and submersibles in the 1950s-1960s to better observe the ocean floor. They discovered mid-ocean ridges and the theory of seafloor spreading, where new crust forms at ridges and pushes plates apart over time. The movement of plates causes the splitting of continents and creation of oceans. Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that seafloor spreading occurs and plates have moved over millions of years.
Sea+floor+spreading (no _magnetic)
The document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. During World War II, sonar technology was used to extensively map the ocean floor. This mapping revealed an underwater mountain range that circles the globe, known as the mid-ocean ridge. At this ridge, molten material erupts from the ocean floor and pushes older material outward. The discovery provides evidence that the sea floor is actively spreading, supporting Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift. Further evidence includes pillow lava formations only found at ridges and dating of rocks showing the oldest ocean crust is only 200 million years old near the continents.
Earth Science 4.3 : The Theory of Plate Tectonics
There are three types of boundaries between tectonic plates: convergent boundaries where plates collide, divergent boundaries where plates separate and new sea floor is created, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other horizontally. The movement of tectonic plates is caused by changes in density within the asthenosphere and occurs at a rate of centimeters per year, which scientists measure using GPS satellites.
Split and separate!
The document contains answers to questions about plate tectonics and the movement of lithospheric plates. It explains that the stripes on the diagram represent rocks with normal and reverse magnetic polarities. The middle split represents the mid-ocean ridge, where seafloor spreading occurs and new crust is formed. The mid-ocean ridge is where the forces that push the lithospheric plates originate from. Magma rises from below the crust at the ridge and hardens to form new seafloor that moves away from the ridge. Subduction occurs at the side slits. The Earth does not get larger as plates move apart because as new crust is created at ridges, old crust is destroyed elsewhere.
Seafloor spreading theory discuss 3
1. Harry Hess proposed the theory of seafloor spreading in 1962, which provided evidence that Wegener's theory of continental drift was correct. Hess theorized that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges through volcanic eruptions and then spreads outwards, pushing older crust farther away.
2. Evidence for seafloor spreading includes rock formations only possible from cooled lava, magnetic stripe patterns in ocean crust recording reversals of Earth's magnetic field, and drilling samples showing younger rock nearer to ridges.
3. Seafloor spreading is driven by convection currents in the Earth's mantle; subduction zones allow parts of ocean crust to sink back into the mantle and regulate ocean size.
Layers of the earth
Geologists study the solid and liquid materials that make up Earth and the processes that have shaped it over time. The Earth has four main layers: the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is the outermost solid layer composed of silicate rock. Below is the mantle, which is separated into the liquid outer core made of iron and nickel that generates the planet's magnetic field, and the inner solid core with extremely high temperatures over 5,000 degrees Celsius.
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The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
The Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory
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Plate Tectonic Theory
Plate tectonics developed from Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift in the early 20th century. Wegener noticed coastlines of Africa and South America fit together and proposed all continents were once joined in a supercontinent called Pangaea. Later, scientists proposed mantle convection and sea floor spreading caused by convection currents in the mantle to explain plate movement. Today, plate tectonics theory describes the lithosphere broken into rigid plates that move across Earth's surface due to mantle convection and other forces, forming boundaries and landscape features.
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The document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and how it explains the formation and movement of continents over time. Around 250 million years ago, all the continents were joined together in a supercontinent called Pangea. Over millions of years, Pangea broke apart and the continents drifted to their current locations, carried by tectonic plates in the Earth's mantle. New crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as plates move apart, while older crust is recycled at deep ocean trenches as plates converge. The movement of tectonic plates causes earthquakes, particularly at plate boundaries where plates collide, slide past each other, or move apart.
Plate tectonics ma
Plates are made of rigid lithosphere consisting of crust and upper mantle. Plate tectonics involves the motions and interactions of these rigid plates. There are three main types of plate interactions - divergent boundaries where plates move apart and mid-ocean ridges form, convergent boundaries where plates collide resulting in subduction zones or mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other along transform faults.
Tectonic plates 2
The Earth is composed of layers including the crust divided into tectonic plates that move over time. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. Plate interactions cause volcanic activity and earthquakes, most commonly at plate margins.
Kuliah GL-3 (Plate Tec).ppt
Earth's surface is divided into tectonic plates that move over time. Heat from radioactive decay in Earth's interior drives convection currents in the mantle, providing the force that pushes plates together or pulls them apart at boundaries. Evidence from seismic waves, the distribution of ocean sediments and magnetic patterns on the seafloor have confirmed plate tectonic theory and helped explain features like mid-ocean ridges, volcanoes, and earthquake zones. Plate tectonics unifies many fields of geology by explaining the formation of continents, oceans, and mountain ranges over billions of years.
Distribution of oceans and continents
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It discusses how early scientists like Wegener proposed the idea of continental drift and Pangaea. Later evidence from mapping ocean floors and magnetic stripes on ocean crust supported sea floor spreading and plate tectonics. The theory states the earth's outer layer is divided into plates that constantly move via three types of boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they push together, and transform where they slide past each other. The movement of plates like India colliding with Asia helped form features like the Himalayas.
DPV2043 week2-1
This document discusses physical geology and plate tectonics. Physical geology is the study of the Earth's materials and processes that shape them. The Earth is divided into an internal structure with a crust, mantle, and core, and surface features. The lithosphere includes the crust and upper mantle, which are divided into tectonic plates. Plate tectonics explains how these plates constantly move horizontally, changing the continents' positions. There are three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where one plate overrides another, and transform where plates slide past each other.
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Plate tectonics and sea floor spreading
- 1. PLATE TECTONICS AND SEA FLOOR SPREADING APOORVA MATHUR
- 2. Plate Tectonics • The science of plate tectonics has revealed the nature of Earth’s crustal structure and internal strata • Contrary to what has been described , 1.Earth’s crust is neither a jig – saw puzzle nor a set of geometrically identical segments. 2.Continents are neither separate from nor structurally independent of oceans , seas and each other. 3.Also land massses do not sit atop oceans and seas (i.e. SIAL does not float over SIMA).
- 3. According to the principle of plate tectonics : • Earth’s crust (lithosphere) is a fluid mosaic of many irregular rigid segments or plates. • These plates drift about slowly, yet steadily in different directions atop much hotter and softer layer of Earth’s mantle, the asthenosphere. • These enormous blocks of Earth’s crust vary in size and shape, and have definite borders that cut through continents and oceans alike.
- 5. • Where plates converge , mountains and volcanoes are often found. • Oceans are born and grow wider where plates pull apart • Earthquakes are the result of plates grinding and slipping past each other. • The energy responsible for these tectonic plate shifts, drifts , collisions, and interactions originate deep in Earth’s inner core and interactions originate deep in Earth’s inner core and is manifest in the outer core/ mantle dynamics.
- 6. Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle , the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a rigid shell compared to Earth’s shell compared to Earth’s mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere
- 9. Harry Hammond Hess (May 24, 1906-August 25, 1969) was a geologist and U.S. navy officer in WW II. Considered one of the “founding fathers” of the unifying theory of plate tectonics.
- 13. Vine –Matthews-Morley hypothesis Geophysicist Frederick John Vine and the Canadian geologist Lawrence W. Morley independently realized that if Harry Hess’s sea floor spreading theory was correct, then the rocks surrounding the mid-oceanic ridges should show symmetric patterns of magnetization reversals.
- 20. MAJOR PLATES
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