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World War II and the subsequent Cold War led to increased investment in rocketry by both the United States and Soviet Union, kicking off the Space Race between the two superpowers. Key figures who advanced rocket technology included German scientists like Wernher von Braun. Early rocket tests by the US had high failure rates. Successful rocket design requires overcoming challenges like aerodynamic drag, stabilizing flight, and maximizing thrust. The nose cone, fins, and construction materials all impact a rocket's trajectory and performance.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage. On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin noticed finches with different beak shapes that were well-adapted to the local foods. Over generations, natural selection led to the evolution of new species as populations became isolated and faced different environmental pressures. The fossil record and similarities in DNA provide further evidence for evolution over long periods of time.
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Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection based on observations he made during a 5-year voyage as the naturalist on the HMS Beagle. Some of his most important observations included the diversity of life in South America and the Galapagos Islands, as well as adaptations and differences between similar species on different islands. These observations, combined with his knowledge of selective breeding, led him to propose natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. Natural selection results from overproduction of offspring, competition for limited resources, and inherited variations between individuals that influence survival and reproduction.
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- Single gene traits in humans like widow's peak and dimples are controlled by dominant and recessive alleles.
- Blood type is determined by multiple alleles at a single gene locus.
- Height and skin color are polygenic traits controlled by multiple genes interacting together.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 19th century that formed the basis of genetics. Through years of experiments, he discovered that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors (now known as genes) that exist in pairs, and one factor may mask or hide the other. This led to his conclusions about dominant and recessive traits. His work demonstrated that traits are inherited based on probability and laid the foundation for understanding heredity and genetics.
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Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1860s to understand the laws of heredity. He found that traits such as plant height and seed color were inherited based on discrete factors (now known as genes and alleles) that are passed from parents to offspring. Some alleles are dominant and mask recessive alleles, only expressed when two recessive alleles are present. Mendel's experiments demonstrated that traits segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to these genetic principles. His work established the foundations of genetics, though its significance was not recognized for several decades.
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This document summarizes key concepts about weathering and soil formation:
1. It describes different types of weathering including mechanical, chemical, abrasion, root-pry, exfoliation and defines byproducts like sulfuric acid and humus.
2. It outlines the major horizons that make up soil profiles including the O, A, B, and C horizons and defines characteristics like pore spaces.
3. It lists the main ingredients that compose soil as weathered rock and organic material and the four sizes of particles as gravel, sand, silt, and clay.
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This document discusses weathering and soil formation. It describes two types of weathering - mechanical and chemical - and their effects on breaking down rocks. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through processes like frost action and abrasion. Chemical weathering alters the chemical makeup of rocks through reactions with water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and acids. Over time, weathered rocks become soil. Mature soils have distinct layers called horizons that differ in composition and support plant growth. The texture and development of soil depends on factors like climate, rock type and landscape.
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This document discusses weathering and soil formation. It describes two types of weathering: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces through processes like frost action, abrasion, and exfoliation without changing the chemical makeup. Chemical weathering alters the chemical composition of rocks through processes like oxidation, carbonation, and acid reactions. Weathering breaks rocks down over time, forming soil and influencing landforms.
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The document discusses key concepts in plate tectonics such as the types of plate boundaries (convergent, divergent, transform), evidence that supports plate tectonics like magnetic striping and rock aging from deep sea drilling cores, and important geological features formed at plate boundaries like mid-ocean ridges and trenches. It also covers the early theory of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener and how the modern theory of plate tectonics integrated ideas from continental drift and seafloor spreading.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rock and fossil evidence also indicated that continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, linking ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading to explain how tectonic plates move and cause geological features across the Earth.
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This document discusses plate tectonics and the evidence that supports the theory. It describes how Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1912 and how the theory was rejected until the 1950s. The discovery of mid-ocean ridges provided evidence that the ocean floors were spreading and pushing the continents apart. Rocks and fossils found on separated continents matched and indicated they were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. The theory of plate tectonics emerged, linking continental drift and seafloor spreading to explain how the Earth's crust has evolved over time.
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Dynamic earth earthquakes note cards
Earthquakes and volcanoes are caused by geological activity beneath the Earth's surface. During an earthquake, rocks break and move along faults. Volcanic eruptions occur when lava, volcanic ash, and other material are ejected from a vent. Composite volcanoes are made of alternating layers of rock and lava and can be active, dormant, or extinct depending on recent eruption activity. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are monitored using instruments like seismographs.
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Dynamic earth chp 1 note cards
This document defines key geological terms related to faults, deformation, mountain formation, and other concepts. It defines normal faults as causing the hanging wall to move down relative to the footwall. It notes that thrust faults occur when compression causes the hanging wall to slide over the footwall. It also mentions that fault-block mountains form from normal faults uplifting blocks of rock.
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Syllabus
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
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Chapter 4
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SpaceTech4
- 1. Q OF D LIST ANY IMPORTANT EVENTS OR PEOPLE THAT HAVE TO DO WITH SPACE EXPLORATION
- 2. World War II
- 3. World War II
- 4. World War II
- 5. World War II
- 6. World War II
- 7. World War II
- 8. World War II
- 9. World War II
- 10. World War II
- 11. World War II
- 12. World War II
- 13. Cold War Space Race USA (Democracy) vs. USSR (Communism) A race to prove which was more advanced
- 15. Dr. Von Braun
- 16. Early Failures •Huntsville, Al •47% of the first Redstone Rockets failed. Some didn’t launch- others blew up on the pad •78,000 lbs of fuel
- 17. What are some factors that rocket scientists have to overcome to be successful?
- 18. In flight, a rocket is subjected to four forces; weight, thrust, and the aerodynamic forces, lift and drag
- 19. Parts of A Rocket • Nosecone • Body Cone • Fins
- 20. Purpose of the nose cone • To reduce drag (an aerodynamic force that reduces an objects motion)
- 21. Purpose of fins To stabilize the rockets. Can be done with 3 or 4 fins. Why not 2? How should they be spaced?
- 22. Rocket Construction Tips for Nosecone and Fins
- 23. You will need to: • Construct a nosecone You will only need half of the circle.
- 24. AND Choose the number and shape of your fins • You may have 3 or 4 fins they need to be spaced equally around the bottom of the rocket.
- 25. You can launch your rocket from… 30 Degrees 35 Degrees 40 Degrees 45 Degrees PSI 40 or 50
- 26. Weighing To measure weight use grams
- 27. Measuring Use meters to measure distance
- 28. What goes up most come down!
- 29. What shape will the flight path of your rocket take?
- 30. Parabola
- 31. Where would you find the maximum height?
- 32. Hooray!!!
- 33. If your rocket lands… 100 meters from the launch pad the maximum height would be found at the 50 meter mark. How can this be calculated?
- 34. YES Divide by 2
- 35. If your rocket lands… 120 meters from the launch pad the maximum height will be measured from? 170 meters from the launch pad the maximum height will be measured from? 200 meters from the launch pad the maximum height will be measure from?
- 36. NASA and the state of Ohio •Ohio has had 24 astronauts •More than any other state except New York (25)
- 37. THE END