DNA fingerprinting is a research facility procedure used to set up a connection between natural proof and a suspect in a criminal examination. A DNA test taken from a wrongdoing scene is contrasted and a DNA test from a suspect. On the off chance that the two DNA profiles are a match, at that point the proof originated from that suspect. On the other hand, on the off chance that the two DNA profiles don't coordinate, at that point the proof can't have originated from the suspect. DNA fingerprinting is likewise used to build up paternity.

2. INTRODUCTION
DNA fingerprinting is the process of determining an individual's
DNA characteristics, called a DNA fingerprinting.
 DNA Fingerprinting is a way to identify a certain individual, rather
than simply identifying a species or a particular trait.
 The chemical structure of everyone’s DNA is the same.
 The only different between people (or any animal) is the order of the
base pairs.

3. HISTORY
The modern process of DNA profiling
was developed in 1984 by Sir Alec
Jeffreyswhile working in the
Department of Genetics at the
University of Leicester.
Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person,
enough of the DNA is different that it is possible to distinguish one
individual from another, unless they are monozygotic ("identical") twins.

4. STageS Of DNa PROfIlINg
Stage 1:
Cells are broken down to
Release DNA.
If only a small amount of
DNA is available it can be
amplified using the
polymerase chain reaction
(PCR).

5. Stage 2:
 The DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
 Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base sequence.
 The sections of DNA that are cut out are called restriction fragments.
 Commonly used RE are (hae III, Hinf I, Alu I ect.)
 Reaction mixture is incubated overnight at 37℃

6. Stage 3:
•Fragments are separated on the basis of size
using a process called gel electrophoresis.
•DNA fragments are injected into wells and
an electric current is applied along the gel.
•DNA is negatively charged so it is attracted
to the positive end of the gel.
•The shorter DNA fragments move faster
than the longer fragments.
• DNA is separated on basis of size.

7. Stage 4:
Transfer DNA on Nylon/Nitrocellulose membrane.
The DNA fragments are
transferred to a nylon
sheet by placing the sheet
on the gel and soaking them
overnight by the process
southern blot

8. Stage 5:
Probing/probe labeling
Adding radioactive or colored
probes to the nylon sheet which
Is complementary to target
sequences.
Each probe only sticks to one
or two specific places on the sheet.

9. Stage 6:
•Labeled probe DNA a should be
hybridized with the
complementary sequences
located on nylon membrane
for the detection of position
of later.
•Membrane is washed to
remove non specific binding and
clearing of the background
Hybridization

10. Stage 7:
•To detect the sequences in
genome bound with the
hybridized radioactive
probe on membrane
•Technique involves alignment
of hybridized membrane with
X-ray film
•The X-ray film alter its
development shows multiple no.
bands that looks bar code and
known as DNA fingerprints
Autoradiography

11. Biological materials used
for dNa profiliNg
 Blood
 Hair
 Saliva
 Semen
 Body tissue cells
 DNA samples have been
obtained from vaginal cells
transferred to the outside of
a condom during sexual
intercourse.

12. uses of dNa fiNgerpriNtiNg
 Personal Identification
 Biological Evidence.
 Sex determination
 Identification of carcass of tissues.
 Pathogen identification.

13. CONCLUSION
 DNA analysis remains the key to linking suspects to biological
evidence and to identifying individuals in crimes and disasters.
 The establishment of paternity in custody and child support litigation.
 DNA profiling is used to diagnose inherited disorders and human
diseases.

14. REFERENCES
1) Bell GI, Selby M. & Rutter WJ, The structure of the human zeta-globin gene and a
closely linked, nearly identical pseudo gene, Nature; 295, 1982: 31–35.
2) Proud foot NJ, Gil A & Maniatis T, Complete nucleotide sequences of the T24
human bladder carcinoma oncogene and its normal homologue Cell; 31, 1982:
553–563.
3) Good bourn SEY, Higgs DR, Clegg JB, Hypervariable ‘minisatellite’ regions in
human DNA, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; 80,1985: 5022–
5026.
4) Jeffreys AJ, Wilson, V Thein SL, Gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments
Nature; 314, 1985: 67–73.
5) Jeffreys, A.The pUC plasmids, an M13mp7-derived system for insertion
mutagenesis and sequencing with synthetic universal primers, Journal of Cell; 18,
1981: 1–10.