Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
STS stands for sequence tagged site which is short DNA sequence, generally between 100 and 500 bp in length, that is easily recognizable and occurs only once in the chromosome or genome being studied.
Deciphering DNA sequences is essential for virtually all branches of biological research. With the
advent of capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based Sanger sequencing, scientists gained the ability to
elucidate genetic information from any given biological system. This technology has become widely
adopted in laboratories around the world, yet has always been hampered by inherent limitations in
throughput, scalability, speed, and resolution that often preclude scientists from obtaining the essential
information they need for their course of study. To overcome these barriers, an entirely new technology
was required—Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), a fundamentally different approach to sequencing
that triggered numerous ground-breaking discoveries and ignited a revolution in genomic science.
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
Open reading frame is part of reading frame that contains no stop codons or region of amino acids coding triple codons.
ORF starts with start codon and ends at stop codon.
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is released. Hence, the name pyrosequencing.
Unlock the mysteries of life with our latest episode on DNA sequencing! Join us on a captivating journey into the world of genetics as we delve deep into the fascinating process of decoding the fundamental building blocks of life.
🔍 In this episode, we demystify the complexities of DNA sequencing, exploring the cutting-edge technologies and methodologies that scientists use to unravel the secrets hidden within our genetic code. From the revolutionary Sanger sequencing to the high-throughput wonders of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), we break down the techniques that have shaped our understanding of genetics.
🔬 Get ready to witness the incredible precision and innovation behind modern DNA sequencing machines, as we showcase how they read, analyze, and interpret the four-letter alphabet that comprises our genetic information. We'll explore the significance of DNA sequencing in various fields, from medicine and forensics to evolutionary biology and personalized genomics.
🌐 Join us as we interview leading experts in the field, gaining insights into the latest advancements and future possibilities of DNA sequencing technology. Learn about the impact of sequencing on medical diagnostics, disease research, and the development of personalized therapies.
📊 Dive into the world of bioinformatics, where powerful algorithms make sense of the vast amount of data generated by DNA sequencing. Discover how this information is transforming our understanding of human evolution, biodiversity, and the interconnectedness of all living organisms.
👩🔬 Whether you're a science enthusiast, student, or simply curious about the intricacies of life, this episode promises to unravel the wonders of DNA sequencing in an accessible and engaging manner. Don't miss out on this illuminating exploration of the code that defines us all!
STS stands for sequence tagged site which is short DNA sequence, generally between 100 and 500 bp in length, that is easily recognizable and occurs only once in the chromosome or genome being studied.
Deciphering DNA sequences is essential for virtually all branches of biological research. With the
advent of capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based Sanger sequencing, scientists gained the ability to
elucidate genetic information from any given biological system. This technology has become widely
adopted in laboratories around the world, yet has always been hampered by inherent limitations in
throughput, scalability, speed, and resolution that often preclude scientists from obtaining the essential
information they need for their course of study. To overcome these barriers, an entirely new technology
was required—Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), a fundamentally different approach to sequencing
that triggered numerous ground-breaking discoveries and ignited a revolution in genomic science.
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
Open reading frame is part of reading frame that contains no stop codons or region of amino acids coding triple codons.
ORF starts with start codon and ends at stop codon.
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
Pyrosequencing is a method of DNA sequencing (determining the order of nucleotides in DNA) based on the "sequencing by synthesis" principle, in which the sequencing is performed by detecting the nucleotide incorporated by a DNA polymerase. Pyrosequencing relies on light detection based on a chain reaction when pyrophosphate is released. Hence, the name pyrosequencing.
Unlock the mysteries of life with our latest episode on DNA sequencing! Join us on a captivating journey into the world of genetics as we delve deep into the fascinating process of decoding the fundamental building blocks of life.
🔍 In this episode, we demystify the complexities of DNA sequencing, exploring the cutting-edge technologies and methodologies that scientists use to unravel the secrets hidden within our genetic code. From the revolutionary Sanger sequencing to the high-throughput wonders of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), we break down the techniques that have shaped our understanding of genetics.
🔬 Get ready to witness the incredible precision and innovation behind modern DNA sequencing machines, as we showcase how they read, analyze, and interpret the four-letter alphabet that comprises our genetic information. We'll explore the significance of DNA sequencing in various fields, from medicine and forensics to evolutionary biology and personalized genomics.
🌐 Join us as we interview leading experts in the field, gaining insights into the latest advancements and future possibilities of DNA sequencing technology. Learn about the impact of sequencing on medical diagnostics, disease research, and the development of personalized therapies.
📊 Dive into the world of bioinformatics, where powerful algorithms make sense of the vast amount of data generated by DNA sequencing. Discover how this information is transforming our understanding of human evolution, biodiversity, and the interconnectedness of all living organisms.
👩🔬 Whether you're a science enthusiast, student, or simply curious about the intricacies of life, this episode promises to unravel the wonders of DNA sequencing in an accessible and engaging manner. Don't miss out on this illuminating exploration of the code that defines us all!
Detailed explanation about gene sequencing methods
Sequencing the gene is an important step toward understanding the gene.
A gene sequence contains some clues about where genes are.
Gene sequencing give us understanding how the genome as a whole works-how genes work together to direct the growth, development and maintenance of an entire organism.
It help scientists to study the part of genome outside the genes-regulatory regions
It contains information about- DNA Sequencing; History and Era sequencing; Next Generation Sequencing- Introduction, Workflow, Illumina/Solexa sequencing, Roche/454 sequencing, Ion Torrent sequencing, ABI-SOLiD sequencing; Comparison between NGS & Sangers and NGS Platforms; Advantages and Applications of NGS; Future Applications of NGS.
Pyrosequencing of the DNA : Genomics and ProteomicsAbhay jha
Pyrosequencing of the DNA is sequencing technique which was one of the suitable method for DNA sequencing. It is very useful for the part of genomics and proteomics which will results into the knowledge of the DNA sequencing.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. PCR was invented in 1984 by the American biochemist Kary Mullis at Cetus Corporation. It is fundamental to much of genetic testing including analysis of ancient samples of DNA and identification of infectious agents. Using PCR, copies of very small amounts of DNA sequences are exponentially amplified in a series of cycles of temperature changes. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical laboratory and clinical laboratory research for a broad variety of applications including biomedical research and criminal forensics.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
4. DNA sequencing
Technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases adenine, thymine, guanine,
and cytosine in a strand of DNA.
1. Maxam – Gilbert sequencing
2. Chain-termination methods (Sanger sequencing)
3. Dye-terminator sequencing
4. Pyrosequencing (modern techniques)
5. Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing technology is a recently established non electrophoretic,
sequencing-by-synthesis technique which uses an enzymatic system based on luciferase to
monitor DNA production .
Principle :
(DNA)n +dXTP DNA polymerase (DNA)n+1 + PPi
PPi+ APS ATP Sufurylase ATP + SO4
2_
ATP + Luciferin+ O2 Luciferase AMP + PPi + Oxyluciferin + CO2 + Light
ATP + dXTP Apyrase ADP+ dXDP + 2Pi
ADP + dXDP Apyrase AMP + dXMP + 2Pi (Wong et al., 1991)
6. Methodology
1. DNA fragmentation
2. Adapter binding to ends of DNA fragments.
3. Denaturation of fragments
4. Fix to a solid surface, Sepharose beads or streptavidin-coated magnetic beads
( beads which are surrounded by single stranded sequences)
5. Beads has sequences complementary to adapter sequences.
7. 1. Methodology
Load the beads into sequencing wells (small DNA grooves).
Chemical process
I. Add DNA polymerase and single dNTP (polymerization)
II. Add sulfurylase and APS ( ATP synthesis)
III. Add luciferin and luciferase (light production)
IV. Detection ( light sensor)
V. Washing or add enzyme apyrase enzyme.
8.
9. Application of Pyrosequencing
Pyrosequencing has shown well performance in determination of complex DNA structure
such as
cDNA analysis, mutation detection
Re-sequencing of diseases linked genes,
viral typing, bacterial typing, and SNPs.
