The transesterification procedure is a reversible response and did by blending the reactants – unsaturated fats, liquor and impetus. A solid base or a solid corrosive can be utilized as an impetus. At the mechanical scale, for the most part sodium or potassium methanolate is utilized. The finished results of the transesterification procedure are crude biodiesel and crude glycerol. In a further procedure these crude items experience a cleaning step. If there should be an occurrence of utilizing methanol as liquor FAME (unsaturated fat methyl ester) biodiesel is delivered. The cleansed glycerol can be utilized in the nourishment and corrective ventures, just as in the oleochemical business. The glycerol can likewise be utilized as a substrate for anaerobic absorption.

1. PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM DAIRY WASTE SCUM
Submitted by
TUHIN SAMANTA

2. INTRODUCTION
Worldwide energy crisis due to the gradual depletion of resources and impact of
environmental pollution, has led to the exploration for a sustainable and environment
friendly alternative fuel. Bio-diesel is a cleaner fuel than petroleum diesel and a clear
substitute for existing diesel engines.
Definition :- Biodiesel is defined as a fuel comprised of mono alkyl ester of long chain
fatty acids derived from milk scum.

3. AIM AND OBJECTIVE
To successfully produce neat biodiesel from milk scum by using transesterification.
 To study the properties such as density, viscosity, pour point etc. of the blended fuel samples.
 To successfully run performance tests and emission tests on compression ignition engine for
different blend samples.
 To compare the performance of blended fuel with that of diesel in order to distinguish effect
of different blends on performance.

4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Production of biodiesel from dairy waste scum
K. Rahees. (International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2014, Vol 5(7), 194-199.)
Present study optimized the parameters involved in the alkali catalyzed transesterification process
of dairy waste scum oil. The effects of methanol to oil ratio, temperature and amount of KOH
were investigated. The yield of bio-diesel reached 84% at 1.2 wt. % of Potassium Hydroxide,
reaction temperature of 60˚C, 90 min of time and 100% excess methanol oil ratio.
Bio-diesel production by alkali catalyzed transesterification of dairy waste scum
P. Sivakumar. (Fuel, 2011, vol 90(1), 147-151.)
Present study optimized the parameters involved in transesterification process of Dairy Waste
Scum Oil. Gas chromatography was used to determine the fatty acid composition of Dairy
Waste Scum Oil. Results revealed that the low free fatty acid content was a notorious
parameter to determine the viability of alkaline transesterification. The yield of bio-diesel
reached 96.7% when 1.2 wt.% of Potassium Hydroxide, reaction temperature of 75 °C,
30 min of time and 6:1 Methanol oil ratio at 350 rpm.

5. ADVANTAGES
 Biodiesel is the only alternative fuel that runs in any conventional,
unmodified diesel engine.
 Renewable fuel, obtained from animal fats.
 Low toxicity, in comparison with diesel fuel.
 Lower health risk, due to reduced emissions of carcinogenic substances.

6. MATERIALS
MILK SCUM- Solid layer that often forms on the surface of milk during heating. Scum is
a less dense floating solid, white in texture and usually formed by the mixture of fats,
proteins, lipids and some other packing materials.
Source- Sample collected from mother dairy.
KOH(Potassium Hydroxide)- KOH is Potassium Hydroxide, also called Caustic Potash, it
is commonly used to make biodiesel. A major side reaction in making biodiesel is
converting the FFA or Free Fatty Acid to soap.
Source- Collected from Medinee Biotech shop.
METHANOL(CH3OH)- The transesterification process reacts methanol with the
triglyceride oils contained in milk scum, forming fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel)
and the byproduct glycerin.
Source- Collected from Medinee Chemicals shop.

7. METHODS
Transesterification – The transesterification process is the reaction of a
triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A
triglyceride has a glycerin molecule as its base with three long chain fatty
acids attached.

8. • Milk Scum was collected from mother dairy.
• Then Scum was filtered.
• Weight 3gm KOH by digital balance.
• Measure 60ml methanol by measuring cylinder.
• Then methanol pours into a 500ml conical flask.
• Next KOH is added in to conical flask.
• Then mixtures are continuing stirred by glass rod to 30-40 minutes.
• Scum are heated at 600-700c for 20 minutes.
• Then methanol and KOH solution are poured to the heated scum.
• This solution continues stirred 30-40 minutes.
• Then the mixture was heated at 600 c, for 60-90 minutes to water bath.

9. • Then the mixture solution was collected.
• Biodiesel and glycerin were produced, which the upper layer was crude biodiesel
and the lower layer was crude glycerin.
• Then it was filtered.
• And, the crude biodiesel was purified by water.
• Then the pure biodiesel is collected.

10. Flow diagram for biodiesel production

11. RESULT & DISCUSSION
Laboratory evaluations of synthesized on diesel were conducted using standard
methods and comparing the values with Indian standards for biodiesel.
Property Unit Limits Milk Scum
dieselMinimum Maximum
Density at 150
c
Kg/m3 860 900 880
Viscosity at
400c
mm2/s 2.0 6.0 4.71
Acid value KOH/g - 0.5 0.6
Carbon
residue
% mass - 0.3 0.2
Pour point C - 6 6
Flash Point C 120 - 180

12. Density – Density is defined as the ratio between mass and volume or mass per unit
volume.
Viscosity- Viscosity is another type of bulk property defined as a liquid's resistance to
flow
Acid Value- It is defined as the weight of KOH in mg needed to neutralize the organic
acids present in 1g of fat and it is a measure of the free fatty acids (FFA) present in
the fat or oil.
Carbon residue - It is defined as the carbonaceous residue formed after thermal
destruction of a sample.
Pour Point- It is the temp at which the lubricant just cases to flow when cooled.
Flash Point- It is the lowest temperature at which a liquid can form an ignitable mixture
in air near the surface of the liquid.

13. ECONOMICS
Quality(ml) Rate/L Cost(Rs) Revenue(Rs)
Reagents 3gm 520₹/kg 1.56 -
Methanol 60ml 480₹/L 28.8 -
Glycerin 45ml 420₹/L - 18.9
Total Cost = (1.56 + 28.8) -18.9
= 30.36-18.9
= 11.46
Biodiesel= 255ml = 11.46₹
1000ml = 44.94₹
Glycerin= 45ml
= 18.9₹

14. FUTURE PLAN
 Biodiesel oil sample will send to the laboratory for test.
 Biodiesel sample will testing in Diesel engine.
 And after complete the work then will published this work.

15. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, biodiesel was successfully produced using waste milk scum. Most of the
major exhaust pollutants such as HC and CO are reduced with the use of blends of
biodiesel as compared to neat diesel. After the thorough investigation of all the Mix
of Dairy waste scum diesel and mineral diesel the improved Mix and Blend
acquired as B40. Cost of biodiesel can decreased by utilizing waste rubbish and can
be additionally diminished by embracing large scale manufacturing.

16. REFERENCES
• Arzamendi. G. and Campo. I. E. (2007). Synthesis of biodiesel with heterogeneous
NaOH/alumina catalysts: Comparison with homogeneous NaOH, Chemical Engineering
Journal, 134(3). 123–130.
• Sivakumar. P. and Anbaras. K. (2011). Biodiesel production by alkali-catalyzed
transesterification of Dairy waste Scum. Fuel, 90(1), 147-151.
• Türkay. S. (1993). In situ esterification of rice bran oil with methanol and ethanol, Journal of
the American Oil Chemists' Society, 70(2), 145–147.
• Harrington. K. J. (1985). A comparison of conventional and in situ methods of
transesterification of seed oil from a series of sunflower cultivars, Journal of the American
Oil Chemists' Society 62(6), 1009–1013.
• Medikonduru. V. (1998). A continuous process for the conversion of milk scum's into methyl
esters of fatty acids, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 75(12), 1775–1783.