Techniques based on the principle of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction fragments from a complex mixture of DNA fragments obtained after digestion of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
RAPD markers are decamer DNA fragments.
RAPD is a type of PCR reaction.
as the name suggest it is a fast method when compared to the traditional PCR medthod.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
Genomic library and shotgun sequencing. It includes the topics about genomic library,construction method, its uses and applications, shotgun sequencing, difference between random and whole genome sequencing, its advantages and disadvantages etc.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
MBB 501 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT DNA MODIFYING ENZYMES
WHAT IS AN ENZYME?
Alkaline Phosphatase
Polynucleotide kinase
Terminal deoxyneucleotidyl transferase
Nucleases
Exonuclease
Bal31 Exonuclease III
Endonuclease
S1 endonulease
Deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase 1)
RNase A
RNase H
Restriction Endonuclease
PvuI
PvuII
Different types of endonuclease enzymes
The recognition sequences for some of the most frequently used restriction endonucleases.
Categorization of enzymes
Isoschizomers
Neoschizomers
Isocaudomers
BAC & YAC are artificially prepared chromosomes to clone DNA sequences.yeast artificial chromosome is capable of carrying upto 1000 kbp of inserted DNA sequence
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
Genomic library and shotgun sequencing. It includes the topics about genomic library,construction method, its uses and applications, shotgun sequencing, difference between random and whole genome sequencing, its advantages and disadvantages etc.
Molecular marker technology in studies on plant genetic diversityChanakya P
A molecular marker is a molecule contained within a sample taken from an organism (biological markers) or other matter. It can be used to reveal certain characteristics about the respective source. DNA, for example, is a molecular marker containing information about genetic disorders, genealogy and the evolutionary history of life. Specific regions of the DNA (genetic markers) are used to diagnose the autosomal recessive genetic disorder cystic fibrosis, taxonomic affinity (phylogenetics) and identity (DNA Barcoding). Further, life forms are known to shed unique chemicals, including DNA, into the environment as evidence of their presence in a particular location.Other biological markers, like proteins, are used in diagnostic tests for complex neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Non-biological molecular markers are also used, for example, in environmental studies.
rapd marker, molecular marker by K. K SAHU SirKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION
HISTORY
GENETIC POLYMORPHISM
CLASSIFICATION OF MARKER
RANDOM AMPLIFY POLYMORPHIC DNA
PCR PRODUCT OCCUR WHEN?
PROCEDURE OF RAPDs
USES OF RAPD MARKER
APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGE
LIMITATIONS
CONCLUSION
Detailed explanation about gene sequencing methods
Sequencing the gene is an important step toward understanding the gene.
A gene sequence contains some clues about where genes are.
Gene sequencing give us understanding how the genome as a whole works-how genes work together to direct the growth, development and maintenance of an entire organism.
It help scientists to study the part of genome outside the genes-regulatory regions
DNA Fingerprinting of plants . History,procedure of DNA fingerprinting, PCR and NON PCR technique like RAPD,SSR,RELPs, application of DNA fingerprinting, advantage and disadvantage of DNA fingerprinting.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA-RAPD.pptxNusrat Sheikh
Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA is a type of PCR in which the segments of DNA that are amplified are random.
Williams et al. (1990) developed this technique using very short primers to generate random fragments from template DNAs.
RAPD fragments can be separated and used as genetic markers or a kind of DNA fingerprinting.
Principle
The standard RAPD technology utilizes short synthetic oligonucleotides (10 bases long) of random sequences as primers to amplify nanogram amounts of total genomic DNA under low annealing temperatures by PCR. Amplification products are generally separated on agarose gels and stained with ethidium bromide.
At an appropriate annealing temperature during the thermal cycle, oligonucleotide primers of random sequence bind several priming sites on the complementary sequences in the template genomic DNA and produce discrete DNA products if these priming sites are within an amplifiable distance of each other.
The profile of amplified DNA primarily depends on nucleotide sequence homology between the template DNA and oligonucleotide primer at the end of each amplified product. Nucleotide variation between different sets of template DNAs will result in the presence or absence of bands because of changes in the priming sites.
Procedure
1. DNA is made single stranded by raising the temperature to 940C.
2. In second step, temperature is lowered to 40- 650C which results in annealing of the primer to their target sequences on the template DNA.
3. Temperature is chosen where the activity of the thermostable Taq DNA polymerase is optimal.
4. The polymerase now extends the 3’ ends of the DNA primer hybrids towards the outer primer binding site.
5. Repeating these three step cycles 40 to 50 times results in the exponential amplification of the target between the 5’ ends of the two primer binding sites.
6. Amplification products are separated by gel electrophoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining.
Unlock the mysteries of life with our latest episode on DNA sequencing! Join us on a captivating journey into the world of genetics as we delve deep into the fascinating process of decoding the fundamental building blocks of life.
🔍 In this episode, we demystify the complexities of DNA sequencing, exploring the cutting-edge technologies and methodologies that scientists use to unravel the secrets hidden within our genetic code. From the revolutionary Sanger sequencing to the high-throughput wonders of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), we break down the techniques that have shaped our understanding of genetics.
🔬 Get ready to witness the incredible precision and innovation behind modern DNA sequencing machines, as we showcase how they read, analyze, and interpret the four-letter alphabet that comprises our genetic information. We'll explore the significance of DNA sequencing in various fields, from medicine and forensics to evolutionary biology and personalized genomics.
🌐 Join us as we interview leading experts in the field, gaining insights into the latest advancements and future possibilities of DNA sequencing technology. Learn about the impact of sequencing on medical diagnostics, disease research, and the development of personalized therapies.
📊 Dive into the world of bioinformatics, where powerful algorithms make sense of the vast amount of data generated by DNA sequencing. Discover how this information is transforming our understanding of human evolution, biodiversity, and the interconnectedness of all living organisms.
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An honest effort to present molecular marker in easiest way both informative and conceptual. Hybridization based (non-PCR) and PCR based markers are discussed to the point with suitable diagram.
this presentation is about the molecular markers as we all know the molecular markers are the DNA sequences it can be easily detected and its inheritance is easily monitored.so the main basics of the molecular markers is the polymorphic nature so it can used as molecular markers.and this will gives you the idea about AFLP, RFLP, RAPD, SNPS,ETC.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
3. PRINCIPLE OF AFLP
The AFLP technique is based on the principle
of selectively amplifying a subset of restriction
fragments from a complex mixture of DNA
fragments obtained after digestion of genomic
DNA with restriction endonucleases.
4. PROCEDURE IN AFLP
Following steps are involve in AFLP:
- Digestion
- Adaptor Ligation
- Amplification
- Electrophoresis
5.
6. Two different restriction endonucleases are used in digestion. One is 4-base cutter (MseI)
and the other one is 6-base cutter (EcoRI).
MseI 5’TTAA3’
EcoRI 5’GAATTC3’
- Two different adaptors (short double stranded DNA sequences with sticky end) are
ligated to the digested fragments.
- One adaptor will complement to the Msel cut end, the other will complement to the EcoRI
cut end.
- DNA fragments with MseI-EcoRI ends with be selected as DNA template for amplication.
- two PCR primers complementary to the two adaptors are used in amplification.
- the PCR primers are labelled with radioactive or fluorescence dye for detection of DNA
bands on gels
- polyacrylamide gel is used for separating DNA bands.
- Normally, 30-100 DNA bands can be detected by AFLP on polycrylamide gel.
7. CHARACTERISTICS OF AFLP
- dominant marker.
- DNA variation is detected by presence/absence of
DNA bands due to:
a) presence/absence of restriction sites
b) additional bases (insertion) between two
restriction sites are too large
10. RAPD It is a type of PCR reaction, but the segments of DNA
that are amplified are random.
RAPD creates several short primers (8–12 nucleotides), then
proceeds with the PCR using a large template of genomic
DNA, the fragments will amplify.
By resolving the resulting patterns, a semi-unique profile can
be gleaned from a RAPD reaction.
11. PRINCIPLE OF RAPD
RAPD is a PCR based technique for identifying genetic
variation. It involves use of single arbitrary primer in a
PCR reaction, resulting in amplification of many discrete
DNA. RAPD technology provides a quick and efficient
screen for DNA sequence based polymorphism at a very
large number of loci.
12. RAPD is a method develop in 1990 similar to PCR.
It is different from conventional PCR as it need one primer for
amplification. The size of primer is shorter(10 nucleotides) therefore
less specific.
- the primers can be designed without the experimenter having any
genetic information for the organism being tested.
Genomic DNA normally has complimentary sequences to RAPD
primers at many locations.
The RAPD technology has provided a quick and efficient screen for
DNA-sequence polymorphisms at a very large no of loci.
- Normally, a few (3-20) loci can be amplified by one single RAPD
primer.
13. PROCEDURE
Extraction of DNA
Selection of Primers:
The standard RAPD technology utilises short synthetic
oligonucleotides (10 bases long) of random sequences as
primers to amplify nanogram amounts of total genomic
DNA under low annealing temperatures by PCR.
PCR Amplification
The polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a relatively
simple but powerful technique that amplifies a DNA
template to produce multiple copies of specific DNA
fragment in vitro. PCR amplification consists of
following 3 steps:
DENATURATION
ANNEALING-
EXTENSION
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of PCR
Amplified DNA
14. ADVANTAGES OF RAPD
Main advantages of the RAPD technology include
(i) suitability for work on anonymous genomes.
(ii)applicability to problems where only limited
quantities
of DNA are available.
(iii) efficiency and low expense
15. DISADVANTAGES OF RAPD
Amplification either occurs at a locus or it does not,
leading to scores based on band presence or absence.
This means that homozygotes and heterozygotes
cannot be distinguished.
Nothing is known about the identity of the
amplification products unless the studies are
supported by pedigree analysis.
16. CONCLUSION
RAPD is probably the easiest and cheapest methods for
laboratory just beginning to use molecular markers.
RAPD markers have found a wide range of applications in
-gene mapping,
- population genetics,
-molecular evolutionary genetics
- plant and animal breeding.
This is mainly due to the speed, cost and efficiency of the
RAPD technique to generate large numbers of markers in a
short period compared
with previous methods.
18. RFLP –Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism
Restriction analysis of DNA by its
digestion with restriction endonucleases
(RE) in specific restriction sites
19. RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES
Enzymes that cleave DNA molecules at specific
nucleotide sequences.
Shorter the recognition sequence, the greater the
number of fragments generated.
Restriction enzymes are isolated from a wide variety
of bacterial genera
For example, HindII enzyme cuts at GTGCAC or
GTTAAC.
20. • Variation in the DNA sequence of a genome detected
by breaking DNA into pieces with restriction
enzymes.
• REs -recognize specific 4, 5, 6, or 8 base pair (bp)
nucleotide sequences and cut DNA
• Change in DNA causes:
Gain of restriction site
Loss of restriction site
21. ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE
fragmenting a sample of DNA by a restriction
enzyme
resulting DNA fragments are then separated by
length through a process known as agarose gel
electrophoresis.
Then transferred to a membrane via the Southern
blot procedure.
23. SOUTHERN BLOTTING
A method to visualize specific segments of DNA–
usually a particular gene.
Uses radioactive probes that bind to the specific
DNA segments.
24. STEPS
• Soak gel in basic solution to separate DNA strands
• Transfer DNA on to a nylon membrane (spacing of DNA
is maintained)
• Incubate with radioactive probe for specific segment
• Wash away unbound probe
• Detect probes using x-ray film autoradiograph
26. DISADVANTAGES
Large amounts of DNA required
Automation not possible
Few loci detected per assay
Need a suitable probe library
Time consuming, especially with single-copy probes
Costly and Distribution of probes to collaborating laboratories required
Moderately demanding technically
Different probe/enzyme combinations may be needed