Antibodies or immunoglobulin's are protein particles delivered by a specific gathering of cells called B-lymphocytes in creatures. These are a piece of the guard framework to ensure the body against the attacking outside substances to be specific antigens. Monoclonal immunizer (Mab) is a solitary sort of neutralizer that is coordinated against a particular antigenic determinant (epitope). Eternal monoclonal counter acting agent are found in patients experiencing an infection called different myeloma. In 1975 George Kohler and Cesar Milstein were effectively hybridize counter acting agent delivering B-lymphocytes with myeloma cells in vitro and make a hybridoma. The creation of monoclonal immune response by half and half cells is alluded to as hybridoma innovation.

1. Literature Review on Development of Monoclonal
Antibodies and Hybridoma Technology in Recent
Pharmaceutical Application
Tuhin Samanta

2. INTRODUCTION
• Antibodies or immunoglobulin's are protein molecules
produced by a specialized group of cells called B-
lymphocytes in animals. These are a part of the
defense system to protect the body against the
invading foreign substances namely antigens.
• Each antigen has a specific antigen determinants
(epitopes)located on it. The antibodies have
complementary determining regions which are mainly
responsible for the antibody specificity. In response to
an antigen B-lymphocytes gear up and produce many
different antibodies which can react with same antigen
are known as polyclonal antibodies, which are
heterogenic in nature.

3. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
Monoclonal antibody (Mab) is a single type of antibody that is directed against a
specific antigenic determinant (epitope). Immortal monoclonal antibody are
found in patients suffering from a disease called multiple myeloma. In 1975
George Kohler and Cesar Milstein were successfully hybridize antibody-
producing B-lymphocytes with myeloma cells in vitro and create a hybridoma.
The production of monoclonal antibody by hybrid cells is referred to as
hybridoma technology.1

4. 0BJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
 The monoclonal antibody and hybridoma technology play a very vital role
in the field of immunology.
 Now a day’s many Mab products are used for therapeutic purpose for
detection of different disease and also for treatment of antibody deficiency
syndrome. So, this literature review has been undertaken to highlight the
formation and clinical use of this antibody in various pharmacological
purpose.
 Sigma gene expression.
 Immortal.

5. MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY PRODUCTION

6. APPLICATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
Serological
 Identification of ABO blood groups
Diagnosis
 Detection of pregnancy by assaying of hormones with monoclonal,
 Detection of pathogens
 Separation of one substance from a mixture of very similar molecules.

7. Immunopurification
 Purification of individual interferon's using monoclonal
 Inactivation of T lymphocytes responsible for rejection of organ transplants.
Therapy
 Removal of tumor cells from bone marrow.
 Neutralize the reaction or response by one defined antigen, but still preserve the
reaction of all other antigens.
 Most widely used monoclonal is OKTI, particularly for the treatment of acute renal
allograft rejections.
 Treatment of patients with malignant leukemic cells, B cell lymphomas, and a
variety of allograft rejections after transplantation.

8. LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Monoclonal Antibodies Present New Opportunities
in Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
The production of MAbs by hybridoma technology was discovered in
1975 by Georges Kohler of West Germany and Cesar Milstein of
Argentina. Who developed a technique to fuse splenocyte cells (separated
from the spleen of an immunized mouse) with timorous myeloma cells.,
our vision for antibodies as tools for research for prevention, detection
and treatment of diseases, vaccine production, antigenic characterization
of pathogens and in the study of genetic regulation of immune responses
and disease susceptibility has been revolutionized. Recently, MAbs have
been widely applied in the field of clinical medicine.2

9. 2. Monoclonal Antibodies: A tool in clinical
research
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are an old immunological tool with
applications in the fields of immunology, biotechnology, biochemistry, and
applied biology. Modern-day research on MAbs from laboratories
worldwide is revealing additional applications in diverse branches of
sciences. Recently, MAbs have been widely applied in the field of clinical
medicine. Currently, MAbs account for one-third of all the new therapeutic
treatments for breast cancer, leukemia, arthritis, transplant rejection,
asthma, and psoriasis, with many more late-stage clinical trials being
conducted. The future prospect lies in the applicability of monoclonal
antibodies as a molecule for understanding and monitoring the biology of
disease and its role in research, clinical, diagnostic, analytical, and
pharmaceutical applications.3

10. 3. Application of Radionuclides and Antibody-Drug
Conjugates to Target Cancer
Radionuclide therapy and antibody-drug conjugates are used to locate and
kill cancer cells by the utilization of monoclonal antibodies. These bio-
vectors are able to transport a cytotoxic drug payload and/or radiation in the
form of alpha or beta particles to bind onto antigen specific cancer cells
initiating apoptosis.4

11. 4. Monoclonal antibodies: An emerging
immunotherapy technology
Antibodies of a single idiotype produced by immortalized B cells
are called monoclonal antibodies which are mono-specific in nature.
Its specificity serves as a detector for purify almost any given
substance. The Y shaped structure of antibodies consist of 2 heavy
chains and 2 light chains with one variable region which gives
antibody its specificity for binding antigen and 3 constant regions
determines the mechanism used to destroy antigen.5

12. 5. Production of Monoclonal Antibodies specific for
Progesterone
Progesterone levels in milk and serum are indicators of pregnancy in cattle.
The progesterone level reaches a peak on the 21st and 22nd days of
pregnancy. Monoclonal antibodies specific to progesterone could be used
for the immunodetection of milk and serum progesterone levels. 6

13. DRUG CONTAINING MONOCLONAL
ANTIBODY
SL NO NAME OF THE
DRUGS
USE
1 Abituzomab Cancer
2 Abiciximab Platelet aggregation inhibitor
3 concizumab Bleeding
4 codrituzumab Cancer
5 Crotedumab Diabetes
6 Erenumab Migraine
7 Ibalizumab HIV infection
8 Omalizumab Allergic asthma
9 Sarelumab Rheumatoid arthritis
10 Nesvacumab Cancer

14. CONCLUSION
The study of monoclonal antibodies on this literature review gives a brief idea about
production and application of this very important class of antibody. Monoclonal
antibodies is widely applied in different diagnostic and therapeutic purpose. Regular
research is going on for development of new classes of drug involving monoclonal
antibodies which are widely applied for different acute and chronic diseases, apart
from clinical diagnostic application even diseases like cancer and other fatal
disorders are now a days treated with monoclonal antibodies.

15. REFERENCES
[1]Satyanarayana U, Biotechnology, Uppala author-publisher interlinks, 2011, 213-226.
[2]Shah Jignesh, Panchal Jignasha, ,Monoclonal antibodies present new opportunities in
disease diagnosis and treatment, Asian journal of pharmaceutical technology and
innovation, 04(19), 2016, 51-68.
[3]Ansar Waliza, Ghosh Shyamasree, Monoclonal antibodies a tool in clinical research.
Indian journal of clinical medicine, 4, 2013, 9-21
[4]Kitson I Sean, Application of radionuclide's and antibody drug conjugates to targets
cancer, Cancer studies and molecular medicine, 1(1), 2014, 1-7
[5]Mahroof Shafras, Pant Greetika and Rafeek Rukshan, Monoclonal antibodies an
emerging immunotherapy technology, European journal of biomedical and
pharmaceutical sciences, 3(4), 2016, 134-143
[6]Yucel Fatima, Cirakoglu Beyazit, Production of monoclonal antibodies specific for
progesterone, Tr.j.of biology, 23, 1999, 393-399

16. THANK YOU