2. Why Digital Modulation ?
More information capacity
Compatibility with digital data services
Higher data security
Better quality communications
Digital modulation schemes have greater
capacity to convey large amounts of
information than analog modulation
schemes
4. Trading off
There is a fundamental tradeoff in communication
systems
This tradeoff exists whether communication is
over air or wire, analog or digital
Spectrally efficient transmission techniques
require more and more complex hardware
7. Classification of Communication
System
Most communication systems can be classified into
one of three different categories:
– Bandwidth efficient
Ability of system to accommodate data
within a prescribed bandwidth
– Power efficient
Reliable sending of data with minimal power
requirements
– Cost efficient
System needs to be affordable in the context
of its use
8. Types of Digital Modulation System
COHERENT
NON- COHERENT
Coherent (synchronous) detection: process receives
signal with a local carrier of same frequency and
phase
Non coherent (envelope) detection: requires no
reference wave
9. TYPES OF DIGITAL MODULATION
SYSTEM……
Coherent detection
Receiver uses the carrier phase to detect signal
Cross correlate with replica signals at receiver
Match within threshold to make decision
Non coherent detection
Does not exploit phase reference information
Less complex receiver, but worse performance
12. Metrics for Digital Modulation
Power Efficiency
Power efficiency is a measure of how much
signal power should be increased to achieve a
particular BER for a given modulation scheme
Ability of a modulation technique to preserve
the fidelity of the digital message at low power
levels
Designer can increase noise immunity by
increasing signal power
Signal energy per bit / noise power spectral
density: Eb / N0
13. Metrics for Digital Modulation…
Bandwidth Efficiency
Ability to accommodate data within a limited
bandwidth
Tradeoff between data rate and pulse width
Data rate per hertz: R/B bps per Hz
Shannon Limit: Channel capacity /
bandwidth
C = B log2(1 + S/N) OR
C/B = log2(1 + S/N)
14. Considerations in Choice of
Modulation Scheme
High spectral efficiency
High power efficiency
Robust to multipath effects
Low cost and ease of implementation
Low carrier-to-cochannel interference
ratio
Low out-of-band radiation
Constant or near constant envelope
Constant: only phase is modulated
Non-constant: phase and amplitude modulated
16. ASK Generation
Lower Side band Upper Side band
Band width=2 X Modulating freq.
00
1)2cos(
)(
tfA
ts cc
17. 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
t
t
tf
tASK
tf tASK
tA cc sin
n
nn awhere
T
nTt
rectatf
0
1
tAtft ccASK sin
0
sin tA
t cc
ASK
(logic 1)
(logic 0)
ASK Generation…
30. QPSK
The only way to achieve high data rates with a
narrowband channel is to increase the number of
bits/symbol
The most reliable way to do this is with a combination
of amplitude and phase modulation called quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM)
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is effectively two
independent BPSK
QPSK systems (I and Q), exhibits the same
performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency of
that of BPSK.
Large envelope variations occur during phase
transitions, thus requiring linear amplification.
35. Types of QPSK
Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero
(i.e. 180 phase transition). Highly linear amplifier
required.
In Offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q
channels are staggered.
Phase transitions are therefore limited to
90degrees.
In /4-QPSK the set of constellation points are
toggled each symbol, so transitions through zero
cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest
envelope variations.
All QPSK schemes require linear power amplifiers.
38. Multi-level (M-ary) Phase and
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined
to transmit several bits per symbol
These modulation schemes are often referred to
as linear, as they require linear amplification
Amplitude modulation on both quadrature carriers
2^n discrete levels, n = 2 same as QPSK
16-QAM has the largest distance between points,
but requires very linear amplification. 16-PSK has
less stringent linearity requirements, but has less
spacing between constellation points, and is
therefore more affected by noise
M-ary schemes are more bandwidth efficient, but
more susceptible to noise.
46. Actual example
Here is a 16-level constellation which is
reconstructed in the presence of noise
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Eb/No=5 dB
47. Defining decision regions
An easy detection method, is to compute “decision
regions” offline. Here are a few examples
decide s1
decide s2
s1s2
measurement
decide s1
decide s2
decide s3 decide s4
s1s2
s3 s4
decide s1
s1
48. On-off keying (OOK)
Simplest/oldest form of modulation
Morse code (1837) – developed for telegraphy