What is Video Compression?, Introduction of Video Compression. Motivation, Working Methodology of Video Compression., Example, Applications, Needs of Video Compression, Advantages & Disadvantages
Introduction to Digital Videos, Motion Estimation: Principles & Compensation. Learn more in IIT Kharagpur's Image and Video Communication online certificate course.
What is Video Compression?, Introduction of Video Compression. Motivation, Working Methodology of Video Compression., Example, Applications, Needs of Video Compression, Advantages & Disadvantages
Introduction to Digital Videos, Motion Estimation: Principles & Compensation. Learn more in IIT Kharagpur's Image and Video Communication online certificate course.
A presentation covering some basic aspects of digital video data and the compression of video images. The ATSC system architecture is shown using the OSI 7-layer model from data communication theory. Video compression techniques are briefly covered.
Audio Compression Techniques
a type of lossy or lossless compression in which the amount of data in a recorded waveform is reduced to differing extents for transmission respectively with or without some loss of quality, used in CD and MP3 encoding, Internet radio.
Dynamic range compression, also called audio level compression, in which the dynamic range, the difference between loud and quiet, of an audio waveform is reduced
A multimedia networking system allows for the data exchange of discrete and continuous media among computers.
This communication requires proper service and protocols for data transmission.
LAYERS: Provide a set of operations to the requesting application. Logically related services are grouped into layers according to the OSI layes.
PROTOCOL: A protocol consists of a set of rules which must be followed by peer layer instances during any communication between these two peers.
This presentation is meant to discuss the basics of video compression like DCT, Color space conversion, Motion Compensation etc. It also discusses the standards like H.264, MPEG2, MPEG4 etc.
This slide gives you the basic understanding of digital image compression.
Please Note: This is a class teaching PPT, more and detail topics were covered in the classroom.
Digital video is, a sequence of images, called frames, displayed at a certain frame rate (so many frames per second, or fps) to create the illusion of animation.
A presentation covering some basic aspects of digital video data and the compression of video images. The ATSC system architecture is shown using the OSI 7-layer model from data communication theory. Video compression techniques are briefly covered.
Audio Compression Techniques
a type of lossy or lossless compression in which the amount of data in a recorded waveform is reduced to differing extents for transmission respectively with or without some loss of quality, used in CD and MP3 encoding, Internet radio.
Dynamic range compression, also called audio level compression, in which the dynamic range, the difference between loud and quiet, of an audio waveform is reduced
A multimedia networking system allows for the data exchange of discrete and continuous media among computers.
This communication requires proper service and protocols for data transmission.
LAYERS: Provide a set of operations to the requesting application. Logically related services are grouped into layers according to the OSI layes.
PROTOCOL: A protocol consists of a set of rules which must be followed by peer layer instances during any communication between these two peers.
This presentation is meant to discuss the basics of video compression like DCT, Color space conversion, Motion Compensation etc. It also discusses the standards like H.264, MPEG2, MPEG4 etc.
This slide gives you the basic understanding of digital image compression.
Please Note: This is a class teaching PPT, more and detail topics were covered in the classroom.
Digital video is, a sequence of images, called frames, displayed at a certain frame rate (so many frames per second, or fps) to create the illusion of animation.
➢ Video is a collection of bit-mapped still images (called frames) that are taken one after the other.
➢ When the file is played, these pictures are shown in quick succession to give the impression of a moving image.
➢ The number of frames is called the frame rate and this is measured in FPS (Frames per Second). The standard rate is 25 FPS.
The surveillance systems are expected to record the videos in 24/7 and obviously it requires a huge storage space. Even though the hard disks are cheaper today, the number of CCTV cameras is also vertically increasing in order to boost up security. The video compression techniques is the only better option to reduce required the storage space; however, the existing video compression techniques are not adequate at all for the modern digital surveillance system monitoring as they require huge video streams. In this paper, a novel video compression technique is presented with a critical analysis of the experimental results.
Discusses IP over satellite and IP via satellite. Satellite IP networks, Protocol-centric viewpoint of satellite IP network.
Satellite-centric viewpoint of global networks and the Internet
Network-centric viewpoint of satellite networks. IP over Satellite (IPoS) Global Standard
IPoS Standard Approvals
TIA Standard 1008, November 2003
ETSI Standard TS102354, TSS-B, January 2005 (ITU Approved) Advantages Optimized transponders Extends DVB-S with alternative uplink architecture
Scalable and economical
Extendable to Ka- and C-band
It utilizes a technology called DVB-S2 and supports data throughputs of up to 120 Mbps.
Discusses basic television broadcasting system and standards. Explains TV transmission principles used in Broadcasting. Modulation type and advantage of negative modulation. Explains VSB modulation in TV transmitters.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
3. The need for compression
Raw video contains an immense amount of
data
Communication and storage capabilities are
limited and expensive
Example HDTV video signal:
1280X720 pixels/frame, progressive
scanning at 60 frames/s:
20 Mb/s HDTV channel bandwidth
Requires compression by a factor of 70:1
5. Spectral Redundancy
The RGB signals from video cameras are highly
correlated and take large bandwidth of 15 MHz
To decrease the amount of video sample data
based on human perception, the RGB color space is
converted to Y, Cr & Cb color space
The Y has the full bandwidth as it is very sensitive
to human perception
The Cr and Cb components have a narrower
bandwidth because these are less sensitive to
human eye. The chrominance components are
usually decimated by two, both horizontally and
vertically resulting in a reduced number of
samples.
6. Spatial Redundancy
(Intra – frame compression)
Within a single picture many blocks
have same value.
Redundant
DCT
8. Temporal redundancy…
(Inter – frame compression)
How do we exploit this ?
Send image differences
Consecutive images are very similar.
Difference images are spatially much more redundant
than real images.
Exploit spatial redundancy of difference images!
Motion vectors
What if the camera moves?
What if objects move?
Use motion estimation before calculating the
difference image!
9. Entropy Redundancy
(Lossless compression)
In picture sequence some values
occur very often
Frequently appearing signal values
may be assigned a smaller length of
bits, thus eliminating considerable
amount of redundancy
10. Psycho-visual redundancy
Human visual system
Different sensitivity to different
information
Human processing
We only see some parts of the image
Our brain completes the rest
11. Psycho-visual redundancy…
Human sensitivity
We notice errors in homogenous regions
Low frequencies
We notice errors in edges
High frequencies
We don’t notice noise in textured areas
Medium frequencies
12. Image compression
Lossy
We do not obtain an exact copy of our
compressed data after decompression
Very high compression rates
Increased degradation with successive
compression / decompression
Lossless
We obtain an exact copy of our compressed
data after decompression
Lower compression rates
Freely compress / decompress images
13. Lossy Image Compression
Acceptable for most real images and
situations.
Very popular: JPEG
We can control the level of
compression vs. Quality of the
resulting image.
How do we do this?
18. Video compression
Exploiting temporal redundancy
Using all other redundancies for JPEG:
Compression factor - 10:1
Exploiting temporal redundancy for
MPEG-2:
Compression factor – 100:1
Temporal redundancy is of vital
importance to video compression!
19. Video compression…
Goal: Exploit the temporal redundancy
Predict current frame based on previously coded
frames
Three types of coded frames:
I-frame: Intra-coded frame, coded independently of all
other frames
P-frame: Predicatively coded frame, coded based on
previously coded frame
B-frame: Bi-directionally predicted frame, coded based on
both previous and future coded frames
20. Video compression…
Simple frame differencing fails when there is
motion
Must account for motion
Motion-compensated (MC) prediction
MC-prediction generally provides significant
improvements
Questions:
How can we estimate motion?
How can we form MC-prediction?
21. Video compression…Motion Estimation
Ideal situation:
Partition video into moving objects
Describe object motion
Generally very difficult
Practical approach: Block-Matching Motion Estimation
Partition each frame into blocks, e.g. 16x16 pixels
Describe motion of each block
No object identification required
Good, robust performance
22. Example Use of I-,P-,B-frames:
MPEG Group of Pictures (GOP)
Arrows show prediction dependencies
between frames
23. MPEG: Motion Picture Experts Group
MPEG-1 (1992)
Compression for Storage
1.5Mbps
Frame-based Compression
MPEG-2 (1994)
Digital TV
6.0 Mbps
Frame-based Compression
MPEG-4 (1998)
Multimedia Applications, digital TV, synthetic graphics
Lower bit rate
Object based compression
MPEG-7
Multimedia Content Description Interface, XML-based
MPEG-21
Digital identification, IP rights management