Digital Modulation
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The document discusses various forms of digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It provides details on the generation and detection of binary amplitude shift keying (BASK), binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), and binary phase shift keying (BPSK). The document also discusses differential phase shift keying (DPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), including their principles of operation and advantages over other modulation techniques.
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Amplitude shift keying
Amplitude shift keying (ASK) is a digital modulation technique that represents binary data by changing the amplitude of a carrier wave. In binary ASK (BASK), also known as on-off keying (OOK), a high amplitude represents a binary 1 and a low or off amplitude represents a binary 0. The demodulator determines the amplitude of the received signal to recover the original data. ASK transmitters and receivers have a simple design but the transmission is susceptible to noise. ASK is used in early telephone modems and transmitting digital data over optical fibers.
ASk,FSK,PSK
1. Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital information so that it can be transmitted via different mediums. Common digital modulation methods include binary amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
2. FSK conveys information by changing the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. It is less susceptible to errors than ASK but has a larger spectrum bandwidth. PSK varies the phase of the transmitted signal. BPSK uses two phases while QPSK uses four phases.
3. The performance of digital modulation techniques can be compared using the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). Lower Eb/N0 values
Chapter 5
Angle modulation techniques of frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) were discussed. FM and PM vary the carrier frequency or phase according to the message signal. The chapter covered bandwidth of narrowband and wideband angle modulated signals. Methods of generating FM signals include indirect generation using frequency multiplication and direct generation using voltage-controlled oscillators. Demodulation of FM signals can be done using discriminators that produce an output proportional to frequency deviation like slope detectors or using phase-locked loops.
Quadrature phase shift keying
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
Chapter 4
This document provides an overview of amplitude (linear) modulation techniques. It defines key concepts like modulation, baseband communication, and carrier communication. It then describes various amplitude modulation schemes including AM, DSB-SC, QAM, SSB, and VSB. Implementation and demodulation of these techniques is discussed. The document also covers frequency mixing, superheterodyne receivers, frequency division multiplexing, and carrier acquisition using phase-locked loops. Suggested problems are provided at the end.
Baseband Digital Data Transmission
Digital transmission systems transmit data in a baseband (low frequency) signal over a channel like a telephone line or cable. To allow transmission over bandwidth-limited channels, the transmitter filters the infinite bandwidth digital signal to limit its bandwidth before sending it over the channel. The receiver then filters the received signal and samples it to make decisions on the transmitted bit values, in order to minimize bit errors caused by noise in the channel during transmission.
Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)
Single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) modulation improves spectral efficiency by transmitting only one sideband. It requires a bandwidth equal to the signal bandwidth. SSB-SC can be detected coherently using multiplication by the carrier. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transmits two baseband signals over the same bandwidth using in-phase and quadrature carriers that are 90 degrees out of phase. Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is a compromise between DSB and SSB that inherits advantages of both while requiring only slightly greater bandwidth than SSB. It is used for broadcast television transmission.
QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
QAM is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by varying both the amplitude and phase of carrier waves. It can carry higher data rates than schemes using just amplitude or phase. QAM is used widely in applications like digital cable TV, wireless networks, and video broadcasting. Higher order QAM uses more points in its constellation diagram, allowing more bits per symbol but making the signals more susceptible to noise.
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Amplitude shift keying
Amplitude shift keying (ASK) is a digital modulation technique that represents binary data by changing the amplitude of a carrier wave. In binary ASK (BASK), also known as on-off keying (OOK), a high amplitude represents a binary 1 and a low or off amplitude represents a binary 0. The demodulator determines the amplitude of the received signal to recover the original data. ASK transmitters and receivers have a simple design but the transmission is susceptible to noise. ASK is used in early telephone modems and transmitting digital data over optical fibers.
ASk,FSK,PSK
1. Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital information so that it can be transmitted via different mediums. Common digital modulation methods include binary amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
2. FSK conveys information by changing the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. It is less susceptible to errors than ASK but has a larger spectrum bandwidth. PSK varies the phase of the transmitted signal. BPSK uses two phases while QPSK uses four phases.
3. The performance of digital modulation techniques can be compared using the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). Lower Eb/N0 values
Chapter 5
Angle modulation techniques of frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation (PM) were discussed. FM and PM vary the carrier frequency or phase according to the message signal. The chapter covered bandwidth of narrowband and wideband angle modulated signals. Methods of generating FM signals include indirect generation using frequency multiplication and direct generation using voltage-controlled oscillators. Demodulation of FM signals can be done using discriminators that produce an output proportional to frequency deviation like slope detectors or using phase-locked loops.
Quadrature phase shift keying
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
Chapter 4
This document provides an overview of amplitude (linear) modulation techniques. It defines key concepts like modulation, baseband communication, and carrier communication. It then describes various amplitude modulation schemes including AM, DSB-SC, QAM, SSB, and VSB. Implementation and demodulation of these techniques is discussed. The document also covers frequency mixing, superheterodyne receivers, frequency division multiplexing, and carrier acquisition using phase-locked loops. Suggested problems are provided at the end.
Baseband Digital Data Transmission
Digital transmission systems transmit data in a baseband (low frequency) signal over a channel like a telephone line or cable. To allow transmission over bandwidth-limited channels, the transmitter filters the infinite bandwidth digital signal to limit its bandwidth before sending it over the channel. The receiver then filters the received signal and samples it to make decisions on the transmitted bit values, in order to minimize bit errors caused by noise in the channel during transmission.
Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)
Single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC) modulation improves spectral efficiency by transmitting only one sideband. It requires a bandwidth equal to the signal bandwidth. SSB-SC can be detected coherently using multiplication by the carrier. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) transmits two baseband signals over the same bandwidth using in-phase and quadrature carriers that are 90 degrees out of phase. Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is a compromise between DSB and SSB that inherits advantages of both while requiring only slightly greater bandwidth than SSB. It is used for broadcast television transmission.
QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION
QAM is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by varying both the amplitude and phase of carrier waves. It can carry higher data rates than schemes using just amplitude or phase. QAM is used widely in applications like digital cable TV, wireless networks, and video broadcasting. Higher order QAM uses more points in its constellation diagram, allowing more bits per symbol but making the signals more susceptible to noise.
Frequency shift keying report
Frequency shift keying (FSK) is a digital modulation technique that encodes digital information by shifting the frequency of a carrier wave. There are different types of FSK including binary FSK, which uses two discrete frequencies to represent binary 1 and 0, and double frequency shift keying (DFSK), which uses four frequencies to transmit two independent data streams simultaneously. FSK modulation can be demodulated using either FM detector demodulators, which treat the FSK signal as an FM signal, or filter-type demodulators, which use optimal filters matched to the FSK signal parameters. The filters are used to detect the mark and space frequencies, and a decision circuit then determines which was transmitted.
Digital modulation basics(nnm)
Digital modulation techniques allow for more efficient transmission of digital data by varying certain properties of the carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency, or phase, based on the digital bit stream. There are tradeoffs between bandwidth efficiency, power efficiency, and implementation complexity for different modulation schemes. Common digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), with higher-order schemes transmitting more than one bit per symbol. Performance metrics like bit error rate (BER) are used to evaluate and compare modulation techniques.
Lecture 11
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
M ary psk and m ary qam ppt
M-ary encoding allows for digital signals with multiple possible conditions or voltage levels through the use of multiple binary variables. The number of conditions possible is represented by M, while the number of bits needed to produce those conditions is given by the logarithmic relationship N = log2M. M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM are two common types of M-ary encoding. M-ary PSK varies the phase of a carrier signal, while M-ary QAM varies both the amplitude and phase, allowing for greater power efficiency but identical bandwidth efficiency as M-ary PSK. Both modulation schemes use a constellation diagram to represent the multiple symbol states.
Digital modulation
Digital communication systems allow transmission of information in digital form from one point to another. They involve source encoding, channel encoding/modulation, transmission over the channel, and decoding/demodulation at the receiver. Key concepts include frequency, bandwidth, sampling, quantization, line coding, multiplexing, channel coding, and digital modulation techniques like PSK, FSK, ASK, and QAM. Multiple access methods like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA are used to enable multiple users to access the channel simultaneously. Duplex systems can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex depending on the direction of transmission.
What is 16 qam modulation
In this video, I will explain what is QAM modulation and what is 16QAM.
QAM Stands for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. QAM is both an analog and a digital modulation method. But here, we are only talking about QAM as a digital modulation.
Quadrature means that two carrier waves are being used, one sine wave and one cosine wave. These two waves are out of phase with each other by 90°, this is called quadrature.
At the receiving end, the sine and cosine wave can be decoded independently, this means that by using both a sine wave and a cosine wave, the communication channel's capacity is doubled comparing to using only one sine or one cosine wave. That is why quadrature is such a popular technique for digital modulation.
QAM modulation is a combination of Amplitude Shift Keying and Phase Shift Keying, both carrier wave is modulated by changing both its amplitude and phase. As shown in this 8QAM waveform, the top is the sine wave carrier, for bit 000, the sin wave has a phase shift of 0°, and an amplitude of 2. While for bit 110, the phase shift is 180°, and the amplitude now is 1. So both phase and amplitude are changed.
In 16QAM, the input binary data is combined into groups of 4 bits called QUADBITS.
As shown in this picture, the I and I' bits are sent to the sine wave modulation path, and the Q and Q' bits are sent to the cosine wave path. Since the bits are split and sent in parallel, so the symbol rate has been reduced to a quarter of the input binary bit rate. If the input binary data rate is 100 Gbps, then the symbol rate is reduced to only 25 Gbaud/second. This is the reason why 16QAM is under hot research for 100Gbps fiber optic communication.
The I and Q bits control the carrier wave's phase shift, if the bit is 0, then the phase shift is 180°, if the bit is 1, then the phase shift is 0°.
The I' and Q' bits control the carrier wave's amplitude, if bit is 0, then the amplitude is 0.22 volt, if the bit is 1, then the amplitude is 0.821 volt.
So each pair of bits has 4 different outputs. Then they are added up at the linear summer. 4X4 is 16, so there is a total of 16 different combinations at the output, that is why this is called 16QAM.
This illustration shows an example of how the QUADBIT 0000 is modulated onto the carrier waves.
Here I and I' is 00, so the output is -0.22 Volt at the 2-to-4-level converter, when timed with the sine wave carrier, we get -0.22sin(2πfct), here fc is the carrier wave's frequency. QQ' is also 00, so the other carrier wave output is -0.22cos(2πfct).
Here is the proof that quadbit 0000 is modulated as a sine wave with an amplitude of 0.311volt and a phase shift of -135°. You can now pause for a moment to study the proof.
This list shows the 16QAM modulation output with different amplitude and phase change for all 16 quadbits. On the right side is the constellation diagram which shows the positions of these quadbits on a I-Q diagram.
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Angle modulation
This document provides an overview of angle modulation techniques, specifically phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM). It defines angle modulation as a non-linear process where the modulated wave does not resemble the message wave but the amplitude remains constant. Basic concepts of PM and FM are explained, showing how the carrier signal's phase or frequency varies with the message signal. Equations are provided to define PM and FM. The bandwidth requirements for both techniques are also summarized, with Carson's rule stated for FM bandwidth.
Digital modulation technique
Modulation involves adding information to a carrier signal. Digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital services, higher security, better quality, and faster availability compared to analog modulation. Common digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK) and their variants. PSK techniques include binary PSK (BPSK), quadrature PSK (QPSK) and differential PSK (DPSK). QPSK transmits twice as much data as BPSK within the same bandwidth. DPSK avoids the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver. Key considerations in modulation include power efficiency, bandwidth efficiency and bit error rate.
Comparsion of M-Ary psk,fsk,qapsk.pptx
The document compares M-ary PSK, FSK, and QAPSK modulation schemes. It finds that M-PSK has the lowest noise immunity while M-FSK has the highest. Bandwidth efficiency increases with M for M-PSK and M-QAPSK but decreases for M-FSK. Implementation complexity increases with M for M-PSK and M-FSK, but remains constant for M-QAPSK. Therefore, M-QAPSK has the best implementation properties in terms of complexity and cost for high values of M. In summary, the document analyzes and compares key characteristics of three modulation schemes.
8-PSK(Digital Communication Technique)
It contains the introduction, modulation, demodulation, phasor diagram, constellation diagram,time-domain diagram, signal space diagram, power spectral diagram, spectral diagram, bandwidth, spectral efficiency, uses, advantages, and disadvantages.
ASK, FSK, PSK Modulation Techniques in Detail
Noman Khan, a 4th semester Computer Science student at GSSCP College, presented on digital modulation techniques ASK, FSK, and PSK. ASK varies the amplitude of a carrier signal to transmit information, making it susceptible to noise interference. FSK varies the frequency, keeping amplitude and phase constant. PSK varies the phase of the carrier while keeping amplitude and frequency constant. PSK has become more common than ASK or FSK and requires less bandwidth than FSK.
Digital Modulation Unit 3
The document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). It provides details on the basic principles, transmitters, receivers and performance of these modulation schemes. It also covers more advanced topics such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), carrier recovery techniques and differential phase shift keying. The document is presented as lecture slides with explanations and diagrams.
Adaptive delta modulation
Adaptive delta modulation is a technique that makes the step size adaptive to variations in the input signal in order to overcome quantization errors from slope overload and granular noise. It works by increasing the step size in sections of the signal where it is changing rapidly and decreasing it where the signal is changing slowly. The transmitter uses adaptive logic to continuously or discretely change the step size based on the one-bit quantizer output. The receiver reproduces the step size and uses an accumulator and low-pass filter to reconstruct the original signal from the transmitted bit sequence and adaptively changing step sizes. Adaptive delta modulation provides better signal-to-noise ratio, wider dynamic range, and more efficient bandwidth utilization than regular delta modulation.
Digital modulation techniques
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques. It begins by explaining binary amplitude-shift keying (ASK), where one amplitude encodes a 0 and another encodes a 1. It then discusses on-off keying (OOK) and multiple amplitude shift keying (MASK). Next, it covers frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK), differential PSK, and quadrature PSK. It also discusses more advanced modulations like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), continuous phase modulation (CPM), and Gaussian minimum-shift keying. The document provides examples and discusses the pros, cons, and applications of different modulation schemes. It concludes by discussing a student project involving designing and analyzing a digital
Introduction of digital communication
This document provides an overview of digital communications and data transmission. It discusses key concepts such as analog to digital conversion (A/D), source coding, channel encoding, and modulation techniques.
The document begins with defining communication as the reliable transfer of data such as voice, video or codes from one point to another. It then outlines the basic components of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, receiver and information sink.
It further explains the processes of analog to digital conversion including sampling, quantization and coding. It discusses how source coding aims to represent transmitted data more efficiently by removing redundant information. Finally, it provides an introduction to channel encoding which aims to control noise and detect/correct errors, as
signal and channel bandwidth
The bandwidth of a signal is defined as the difference between the upper and lower frequencies of the signal. It represents the range of frequencies occupied by the signal and is measured in Hertz (Hz). Different types of signals have different bandwidths. For example, the bandwidth of a voice signal is 300-3400 Hz, while the bandwidth of a music signal is 20-15000 Hz. Bandwidth is calculated differently for analog and digital signals, with analog bandwidth based on frequency and digital bandwidth on bit rate.
Digital modulation
This slide describe the techniques of digital modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency:
The first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK signals decrease as M increases while Rb is held constant.
Therefore, as the value of M increases, the bandwidth efficiency also increases.
Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal being transmitted. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is modulated by the instantaneous amplitude of the lower frequency modulating signal. This results in a modulated wave whose amplitude varies in accordance with the modulating signal. The carrier frequency remains unchanged in AM. Demodulation of AM signals can be done using envelope detection or synchronous detection methods. Envelope detection is simpler but introduces more distortion, while synchronous detection is more complex but introduces less distortion.
Digital modulation techniques
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques used in digital communications. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) including binary PSK (BPSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK). It provides block diagrams and explanations of modulators and demodulators for ASK, FSK, BPSK and QPSK. It also discusses M-ary encoding techniques that can transmit more than two bits simultaneously to reduce bandwidth.
QUANTIZATION ERROR AND NOISE
This document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) and quantization noise. It explains that quantizing an analog signal introduces quantization error or noise. The quantization noise is modeled as a random variable with a uniform probability distribution between +/- step size/2. The step size depends on the number of quantization levels. A higher number of quantization levels reduces the step size and quantization noise, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The document also discusses different types of quantizers like uniform, midtread and midrise quantizers.
Phase Shift Keying & π/4 -Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
Digital modulation
1. This document discusses various analog modulation techniques used to transmit digital data, including ASK, FSK, PSK, and QAM.
2. It provides examples and explanations of how each technique works, such as varying the amplitude (ASK), frequency (FSK), or phase (PSK) of a carrier signal to represent the 1s and 0s of digital data.
3. QAM is described as a technique that modulates signals onto both the cosine (in-phase) and sine (quadrature-phase) components of a carrier, allowing it to encode multiple bits per symbol.
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Frequency shift keying report
Frequency shift keying (FSK) is a digital modulation technique that encodes digital information by shifting the frequency of a carrier wave. There are different types of FSK including binary FSK, which uses two discrete frequencies to represent binary 1 and 0, and double frequency shift keying (DFSK), which uses four frequencies to transmit two independent data streams simultaneously. FSK modulation can be demodulated using either FM detector demodulators, which treat the FSK signal as an FM signal, or filter-type demodulators, which use optimal filters matched to the FSK signal parameters. The filters are used to detect the mark and space frequencies, and a decision circuit then determines which was transmitted.
Digital modulation basics(nnm)
Digital modulation techniques allow for more efficient transmission of digital data by varying certain properties of the carrier signal, such as amplitude, frequency, or phase, based on the digital bit stream. There are tradeoffs between bandwidth efficiency, power efficiency, and implementation complexity for different modulation schemes. Common digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), with higher-order schemes transmitting more than one bit per symbol. Performance metrics like bit error rate (BER) are used to evaluate and compare modulation techniques.
Lecture 11
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
M ary psk and m ary qam ppt
M-ary encoding allows for digital signals with multiple possible conditions or voltage levels through the use of multiple binary variables. The number of conditions possible is represented by M, while the number of bits needed to produce those conditions is given by the logarithmic relationship N = log2M. M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM are two common types of M-ary encoding. M-ary PSK varies the phase of a carrier signal, while M-ary QAM varies both the amplitude and phase, allowing for greater power efficiency but identical bandwidth efficiency as M-ary PSK. Both modulation schemes use a constellation diagram to represent the multiple symbol states.
Digital modulation
Digital communication systems allow transmission of information in digital form from one point to another. They involve source encoding, channel encoding/modulation, transmission over the channel, and decoding/demodulation at the receiver. Key concepts include frequency, bandwidth, sampling, quantization, line coding, multiplexing, channel coding, and digital modulation techniques like PSK, FSK, ASK, and QAM. Multiple access methods like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA are used to enable multiple users to access the channel simultaneously. Duplex systems can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex depending on the direction of transmission.
What is 16 qam modulation
In this video, I will explain what is QAM modulation and what is 16QAM.
QAM Stands for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. QAM is both an analog and a digital modulation method. But here, we are only talking about QAM as a digital modulation.
Quadrature means that two carrier waves are being used, one sine wave and one cosine wave. These two waves are out of phase with each other by 90°, this is called quadrature.
At the receiving end, the sine and cosine wave can be decoded independently, this means that by using both a sine wave and a cosine wave, the communication channel's capacity is doubled comparing to using only one sine or one cosine wave. That is why quadrature is such a popular technique for digital modulation.
QAM modulation is a combination of Amplitude Shift Keying and Phase Shift Keying, both carrier wave is modulated by changing both its amplitude and phase. As shown in this 8QAM waveform, the top is the sine wave carrier, for bit 000, the sin wave has a phase shift of 0°, and an amplitude of 2. While for bit 110, the phase shift is 180°, and the amplitude now is 1. So both phase and amplitude are changed.
In 16QAM, the input binary data is combined into groups of 4 bits called QUADBITS.
As shown in this picture, the I and I' bits are sent to the sine wave modulation path, and the Q and Q' bits are sent to the cosine wave path. Since the bits are split and sent in parallel, so the symbol rate has been reduced to a quarter of the input binary bit rate. If the input binary data rate is 100 Gbps, then the symbol rate is reduced to only 25 Gbaud/second. This is the reason why 16QAM is under hot research for 100Gbps fiber optic communication.
The I and Q bits control the carrier wave's phase shift, if the bit is 0, then the phase shift is 180°, if the bit is 1, then the phase shift is 0°.
The I' and Q' bits control the carrier wave's amplitude, if bit is 0, then the amplitude is 0.22 volt, if the bit is 1, then the amplitude is 0.821 volt.
So each pair of bits has 4 different outputs. Then they are added up at the linear summer. 4X4 is 16, so there is a total of 16 different combinations at the output, that is why this is called 16QAM.
This illustration shows an example of how the QUADBIT 0000 is modulated onto the carrier waves.
Here I and I' is 00, so the output is -0.22 Volt at the 2-to-4-level converter, when timed with the sine wave carrier, we get -0.22sin(2πfct), here fc is the carrier wave's frequency. QQ' is also 00, so the other carrier wave output is -0.22cos(2πfct).
Here is the proof that quadbit 0000 is modulated as a sine wave with an amplitude of 0.311volt and a phase shift of -135°. You can now pause for a moment to study the proof.
This list shows the 16QAM modulation output with different amplitude and phase change for all 16 quadbits. On the right side is the constellation diagram which shows the positions of these quadbits on a I-Q diagram.
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Angle modulation
This document provides an overview of angle modulation techniques, specifically phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM). It defines angle modulation as a non-linear process where the modulated wave does not resemble the message wave but the amplitude remains constant. Basic concepts of PM and FM are explained, showing how the carrier signal's phase or frequency varies with the message signal. Equations are provided to define PM and FM. The bandwidth requirements for both techniques are also summarized, with Carson's rule stated for FM bandwidth.
Digital modulation technique
Modulation involves adding information to a carrier signal. Digital modulation provides more information capacity, compatibility with digital services, higher security, better quality, and faster availability compared to analog modulation. Common digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK) and their variants. PSK techniques include binary PSK (BPSK), quadrature PSK (QPSK) and differential PSK (DPSK). QPSK transmits twice as much data as BPSK within the same bandwidth. DPSK avoids the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver. Key considerations in modulation include power efficiency, bandwidth efficiency and bit error rate.
Comparsion of M-Ary psk,fsk,qapsk.pptx
The document compares M-ary PSK, FSK, and QAPSK modulation schemes. It finds that M-PSK has the lowest noise immunity while M-FSK has the highest. Bandwidth efficiency increases with M for M-PSK and M-QAPSK but decreases for M-FSK. Implementation complexity increases with M for M-PSK and M-FSK, but remains constant for M-QAPSK. Therefore, M-QAPSK has the best implementation properties in terms of complexity and cost for high values of M. In summary, the document analyzes and compares key characteristics of three modulation schemes.
8-PSK(Digital Communication Technique)
It contains the introduction, modulation, demodulation, phasor diagram, constellation diagram,time-domain diagram, signal space diagram, power spectral diagram, spectral diagram, bandwidth, spectral efficiency, uses, advantages, and disadvantages.
ASK, FSK, PSK Modulation Techniques in Detail
Noman Khan, a 4th semester Computer Science student at GSSCP College, presented on digital modulation techniques ASK, FSK, and PSK. ASK varies the amplitude of a carrier signal to transmit information, making it susceptible to noise interference. FSK varies the frequency, keeping amplitude and phase constant. PSK varies the phase of the carrier while keeping amplitude and frequency constant. PSK has become more common than ASK or FSK and requires less bandwidth than FSK.
Digital Modulation Unit 3
The document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). It provides details on the basic principles, transmitters, receivers and performance of these modulation schemes. It also covers more advanced topics such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), carrier recovery techniques and differential phase shift keying. The document is presented as lecture slides with explanations and diagrams.
Adaptive delta modulation
Adaptive delta modulation is a technique that makes the step size adaptive to variations in the input signal in order to overcome quantization errors from slope overload and granular noise. It works by increasing the step size in sections of the signal where it is changing rapidly and decreasing it where the signal is changing slowly. The transmitter uses adaptive logic to continuously or discretely change the step size based on the one-bit quantizer output. The receiver reproduces the step size and uses an accumulator and low-pass filter to reconstruct the original signal from the transmitted bit sequence and adaptively changing step sizes. Adaptive delta modulation provides better signal-to-noise ratio, wider dynamic range, and more efficient bandwidth utilization than regular delta modulation.
Digital modulation techniques
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques. It begins by explaining binary amplitude-shift keying (ASK), where one amplitude encodes a 0 and another encodes a 1. It then discusses on-off keying (OOK) and multiple amplitude shift keying (MASK). Next, it covers frequency-shift keying (FSK), phase-shift keying (PSK), differential PSK, and quadrature PSK. It also discusses more advanced modulations like quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), continuous phase modulation (CPM), and Gaussian minimum-shift keying. The document provides examples and discusses the pros, cons, and applications of different modulation schemes. It concludes by discussing a student project involving designing and analyzing a digital
Introduction of digital communication
This document provides an overview of digital communications and data transmission. It discusses key concepts such as analog to digital conversion (A/D), source coding, channel encoding, and modulation techniques.
The document begins with defining communication as the reliable transfer of data such as voice, video or codes from one point to another. It then outlines the basic components of a communication system including the information source, transmitter, channel, receiver and information sink.
It further explains the processes of analog to digital conversion including sampling, quantization and coding. It discusses how source coding aims to represent transmitted data more efficiently by removing redundant information. Finally, it provides an introduction to channel encoding which aims to control noise and detect/correct errors, as
signal and channel bandwidth
The bandwidth of a signal is defined as the difference between the upper and lower frequencies of the signal. It represents the range of frequencies occupied by the signal and is measured in Hertz (Hz). Different types of signals have different bandwidths. For example, the bandwidth of a voice signal is 300-3400 Hz, while the bandwidth of a music signal is 20-15000 Hz. Bandwidth is calculated differently for analog and digital signals, with analog bandwidth based on frequency and digital bandwidth on bit rate.
Digital modulation
This slide describe the techniques of digital modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency:
The first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK signals decrease as M increases while Rb is held constant.
Therefore, as the value of M increases, the bandwidth efficiency also increases.
Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique where the amplitude of a carrier wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal being transmitted. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier wave is modulated by the instantaneous amplitude of the lower frequency modulating signal. This results in a modulated wave whose amplitude varies in accordance with the modulating signal. The carrier frequency remains unchanged in AM. Demodulation of AM signals can be done using envelope detection or synchronous detection methods. Envelope detection is simpler but introduces more distortion, while synchronous detection is more complex but introduces less distortion.
Digital modulation techniques
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques used in digital communications. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) including binary PSK (BPSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK). It provides block diagrams and explanations of modulators and demodulators for ASK, FSK, BPSK and QPSK. It also discusses M-ary encoding techniques that can transmit more than two bits simultaneously to reduce bandwidth.
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This document discusses pulse code modulation (PCM) and quantization noise. It explains that quantizing an analog signal introduces quantization error or noise. The quantization noise is modeled as a random variable with a uniform probability distribution between +/- step size/2. The step size depends on the number of quantization levels. A higher number of quantization levels reduces the step size and quantization noise, increasing the signal-to-noise ratio. The document also discusses different types of quantizers like uniform, midtread and midrise quantizers.
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Modulation
Digital modulation techniques change aspects of a carrier signal to transmit information. This document discusses various digital modulation methods including:
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The document discusses phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation techniques. It begins with an introduction to PSK and how it uses phases to encode digital data. It then discusses binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) which uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to encode one bit per symbol. BPSK is robust but has a low data rate. Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is then introduced, which uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to encode two bits per symbol, doubling the data rate of BPSK. Implementations of BPSK and QPSK modulators and demodulators are provided along with diagrams of their constellation plots.
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Digital Modulation
- 1. 1 Digital Modulation Various Forms: A. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) / On-Off Keying (OOK): BASK, MASK B. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK): BFSK, MSK, MFSK C. Phase Shift Keying (PSK): BPSK, MPSK, DPSK, QPSK, OQPSK D. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) = ASK+PSK: MQAM Can also be categorized as: 1. Binary modulation: BASK, BFSK, BPSK 2. M-ary modulation: MASK, MFSK, MPSK, MQAM Digital bit stream is transmitted using analog carrier (bandpass channel) – Digital-to- analog conversion
- 3. 3 BASK / OOK (1) Generation: Detection: - Both envelope detection and coherent detection (same as AM) For OOK, A0 = 0 OOK Envelope detector
- 4. s(t) 4 BASK / OOK (2) Advantage: Simplicity Disadvantage: ASK is very susceptible to noise interference Amplitude Spectrum: OOK
- 5. 5 BFSK (1) Advantage: FSK is less susceptible to noise than ASK Disadvantage: Bandwidth twice that of ASK Generation: Amplitude Spectrum: 0for,2cos 1for,2cos 0 1 tfA tfA ts C C
- 6. s(t) s(t) 6 BFSK (2) Envelope (noncoherent) detection Detection: - Both envelope detection and coherent detection Coherent detection
- 7. 7 BPSK (1) Generation: Amplitude Spectrum: 0for,2cos2cos 1for,2cos tfAtfA tfA ts CCCC CC (Polar NRZ) tfA CC 2cos
- 8. 8 BPSK (2) Detection: - Only coherent detection Advantage: Less susceptible to errors than ASK requiring the same bandwidth Less bandwidth requirement than that of FSK Disadvantage: More complex signal detection / recovery process than in ASK and FSK tfA CC 2cos
- 9. 9 DPSK (1) Generation: (For this example: 0 means transition: Logic network performs XNOR operation) Detection by Envelope Detector: Advantage: Envelope detection can be used tfA CC 2cos
- 10. 10 DPSK (2) Q. Design a DPSK system (transmitter and receiver) assuming ‘1’ means transition in phase.
- 11. 11 QPSK: Principle (1) 11binary,2/32cos 10binary,2cos 01binary,2/2cos 00binary,2cos tfA tfA tfA tfA ts CC CC CC CC Bits Phase 00 0 01 π/2 10 π 11 3π/2 10binary,4/72cos 00binary,4/52cos 10binary,4/32cos 11binary,4/2cos tfA tfA tfA tfA ts CC CC CC CC Bits Phase 11 π/4 01 3π/4 00 5π/4 10 7π/4 11 00 10 01 QPSK uses phase shifts of 90o ⇒ 4 different signals, each representing 2 bits That is 2 bits are mapped onto one signal element (i.e., symbol) Scheme 1: Scheme 2: Constellation diagram
- 12. 12 QPSK : Principle In QPSK, every two incoming bits are split up into two streams and each stream generates own PSK signal by modulating own carrier frequency Phase difference between the two carriers is 90o (in quadrature) The two PSK signals are then added (or subtracted) to produce one of 4 QPSK signal elements ta2 ta1 tcsin tccos 5π/4 7π/4 3π/4 π/4 For Scheme 1
- 13. 13 QPSK Transmitter In QPSK, every two incoming bits are split up into two streams and each stream generates own PSK signal by modulating own carrier frequency Phase difference between the two carriers is 90o (in quadrature) The two PSK signals are then added to produce one of 4 signal elements, i.e., QPSK signal tfA CC 2cos tfA CC 2sin For Scheme 1
- 14. 14 QPSK Receiver: Coherent Detection tfA CC 2cos tfA CC 2sin
- 15. 15 QPSK Advantage: Higher data rate than in PSK (2 bits per symbol interval), while bandwidth occupancy remains the same • Drawback: Higher rate PSK schemes are limited by the ability of equipment to distinguish small differences in phase
- 16. 16 Noise in Communications (1) Eb = Energy per bit N0 = Noise spectral density
- 17. 17 Noise in Communications (2) Acceptable BER: Vocoded speech: 10-2 - 10-3 Data transmission over wireless channels: 10-5 - 10-6 Video transmission: 10-7 - 10-12 Financial data: 10-11