The document compares M-ary PSK, FSK, and QAPSK modulation schemes. It finds that M-PSK has the lowest noise immunity while M-FSK has the highest. Bandwidth efficiency increases with M for M-PSK and M-QAPSK but decreases for M-FSK. Implementation complexity increases with M for M-PSK and M-FSK, but remains constant for M-QAPSK. Therefore, M-QAPSK has the best implementation properties in terms of complexity and cost for high values of M. In summary, the document analyzes and compares key characteristics of three modulation schemes.
Frequency-Shift Keying, also known as FSK is a type of digital frequency modulation. It is also often called as binary frequency shift keying or BFSK
Similar to analog FM, it is a constant-amplitude angle modulation.
This presentation will discuss the concepts behind FSK
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
Frequency-Shift Keying, also known as FSK is a type of digital frequency modulation. It is also often called as binary frequency shift keying or BFSK
Similar to analog FM, it is a constant-amplitude angle modulation.
This presentation will discuss the concepts behind FSK
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) is type of phase shift keying. Unlike BPSK which is a DSBCS modulation scheme with digital information for the message, QPSK is also a DSBCS modulation scheme but it sends two bits of digital information a time (without the use of another carrier frequency).
The amount of radio frequency spectrum required to transmit QPSK reliably is half that required for BPSK signals, which in turn makes room for more users on the channel.
This presentation covers:
Some basic definitions & concepts of digital communication
What is Phase Shift Keying(PSK) ?
Binary Phase Shift Keying – BPSK
BPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages & Disadvantages of BPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK
Pi/4 – QPSK transmitter & receiver
Advantages of Pi/4- QPSK
Salient Features:
The magnitude response is nearly constant(equal to 1) at lower frequencies
There are no ripples in passband and stop band
The maximum gain occurs at Ω=0 and it is H(Ω)=1
The magnitude response is monotonically decreasing
As the order of the filter ‘N’ increases, the response of the filter is more close to the ideal response
Digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave in amplitude-shift keying (ASK), a type of modulation.
In an ASK system, a symbol, representing one or more bits, is sent by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a fixed frequency for a specific time duration.
A simple form of ASK modulation is considered that amplitude modulates a carrier based on a direct mapping of the source data bits to the waveform symbol. The most rudimentary form of ASK is given the special name On–Off Keying (OOK) modulation.
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying(MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s.
Similar to OQPSK(Offset quadrature phase-shift keying),
Introduction to digital communication, base band system, formatting of textual data, MESSAGES, CHARACTERS, AND SYMBOLS, Example of Messages, Characters, and Symbols, Baseband Modulation, Intersymbol Interference
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
Details: https://electronicsembeddedworld.blogspot.com/2018/06/performance-management-mcq.html
FM demodulation involves changing the frequency variations in a signal into amplitude variations at baseband, e.g. audio. There are several techniques and circuits that can be used each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
In any radio that is designed to receive frequency modulated signals there is some form of FM demodulator or detector. This circuit takes in frequency modulated RF signals and takes the modulation from the signal to output only the modulation that had been applied at the transmitter.
There are several types of FM detector / demodulator that can be used. Some types were more popular in the days when radios were made from discrete devices, but nowadays the PLL based detector and quadrature / coincidence detectors are the most widely used as they lend themselves to being incorporated into integrated circuits very easily...
This slide describe the techniques of digital modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency:
The first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK signals decrease as M increases while Rb is held constant.
Therefore, as the value of M increases, the bandwidth efficiency also increases.
The following resources come from the 2009/10 BEng (Hons) in Digital Communications & Electronics (course number 2ELE0064) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes.
The objective of this module is to have built communication links using existing AM modulation, PSK modulation and demodulation blocks, constructed AM modulators and constructed PSK modulators using operational function blocks based on their mathematical expressions, and conducted simulations of the links and modulators, all in Simulink®.
Salient Features:
The magnitude response is nearly constant(equal to 1) at lower frequencies
There are no ripples in passband and stop band
The maximum gain occurs at Ω=0 and it is H(Ω)=1
The magnitude response is monotonically decreasing
As the order of the filter ‘N’ increases, the response of the filter is more close to the ideal response
Digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave in amplitude-shift keying (ASK), a type of modulation.
In an ASK system, a symbol, representing one or more bits, is sent by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave at a fixed frequency for a specific time duration.
A simple form of ASK modulation is considered that amplitude modulates a carrier based on a direct mapping of the source data bits to the waveform symbol. The most rudimentary form of ASK is given the special name On–Off Keying (OOK) modulation.
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying(MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s.
Similar to OQPSK(Offset quadrature phase-shift keying),
Introduction to digital communication, base band system, formatting of textual data, MESSAGES, CHARACTERS, AND SYMBOLS, Example of Messages, Characters, and Symbols, Baseband Modulation, Intersymbol Interference
The Presentation includes Basics of Non - Uniform Quantization, Companding and different Pulse Code Modulation Techniques. Comparison of Various PCM techniques is done considering various Parameters in Communication Systems.
Details: https://electronicsembeddedworld.blogspot.com/2018/06/performance-management-mcq.html
FM demodulation involves changing the frequency variations in a signal into amplitude variations at baseband, e.g. audio. There are several techniques and circuits that can be used each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
In any radio that is designed to receive frequency modulated signals there is some form of FM demodulator or detector. This circuit takes in frequency modulated RF signals and takes the modulation from the signal to output only the modulation that had been applied at the transmitter.
There are several types of FM detector / demodulator that can be used. Some types were more popular in the days when radios were made from discrete devices, but nowadays the PLL based detector and quadrature / coincidence detectors are the most widely used as they lend themselves to being incorporated into integrated circuits very easily...
This slide describe the techniques of digital modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency:
The first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK signals decrease as M increases while Rb is held constant.
Therefore, as the value of M increases, the bandwidth efficiency also increases.
The following resources come from the 2009/10 BEng (Hons) in Digital Communications & Electronics (course number 2ELE0064) from the University of Hertfordshire. All the mini projects are designed as level two modules of the undergraduate programmes.
The objective of this module is to have built communication links using existing AM modulation, PSK modulation and demodulation blocks, constructed AM modulators and constructed PSK modulators using operational function blocks based on their mathematical expressions, and conducted simulations of the links and modulators, all in Simulink®.
Comparative Study and Performance Analysis of different Modulation Techniques...Souvik Das
A comparative study and performance analysis of different modulation
techniques which shows graphically and comparative results Channel Noise
with Bit Error Rate of ASK, FSK, PSK and QPSK.
A Threshold Enhancement Technique for Chaotic On-Off Keying SchemeCSCJournals
In this paper, an improvement for Chaotic ON-OFF (COOK) Keying scheme is proposed. The scheme enhances Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of standard COOK by keeping the signal elements at fixed distance from the threshold irrespective of noise power. Each transmitted chaotic segment is added to its flipped version before transmission. This reduces the effect of noise contribution at correlator of the receiver. The proposed system is tested in Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel and compared with the standard COOK under different Eb/No levels. A theoretical estimate of BER is derived and compared with the simulation results. Effect of spreading factor increment in the proposed system is studied. Results show that the proposed scheme has a considerable advantage over the standard COOK at similar average bit energy and with higher values of spreading factors.
MIMO Channel Estimation Using the LS and MMSE AlgorithmIOSRJECE
Wireless Communication Technology has developed over the past few yearsfor other objectives.The Multiple InputMultiple Output (MIMO) is one of techniques that is used to enhancethe data rates, in which multiple antennas are employed both the transmitter and receiver. Multiple signals are transmitted from different antennas at the transmitter using the same frequency and separated space. Various channel estimation techniques are employed in order to judge the physical effects of the medium present. In this paper, we analyze and implementvarious estimation techniques for MIMO Systems such as Least Squares (LS), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE),these techniques are therefore compared to effectively estimate the channel in MIMO System. The results demonstrate that SNR required to support different values of bit error rate varies depending on different low correlation between the transmitting and the receiving antennas .In addition, it is illustrated that when the number of transmitter and receiver antennas increases, the performance of TBCE schemes significantly improves. The Same behavior isalso observed for MIMO system. Performance of both MMSE and LSestimation are the same for allkinds of modulation at small value of SNR but the more we increase the SNR value the more performance gap goes on increasing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis Predicted Location of Harmonic Distortion in RF Upconverter StructureTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A new mathematical analysis to predict the magnitude size of the distortion products from the
signal up-conversion process output is presented. The signal up-conversion process converts the digital
baseband from the analog baseband into a radio frequency signal. When the signal baseband involves
frequency offsetting then occurring a number of distortion products which can reduce the dynamic range
so it is difficult to meet the spectrum mask requirements within the operating band. This paper will focus on
methods of new mathematical analysis using a continuous frequency range and only applies to a single
side band tone, with constant amplitude into any value of frequency offsets. The novel contribution to the
analysis starts at generating the gate signal and convolution of the gate signal into the reference carrier
signal. The results show very close between the simulation results and the calculation of the predicted
location of the distortions.
Comparative Study and Performance Analysis of different Modulation Techniques...Souvik Das
Make a comparative study and performance analysis of different modulation
techniques which shows graphically and comparatively results like Bandwidth,
Energy and Power Efficiency of AM, DSB-SC, SSB and SSB-SC
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
5. Introduction
What is M- Ary Modulation?
In a M array modulation two or more bits are grouped together to form a symbol and an
assigned signal is transmitted during the symbol period Ts by changing one of the parameter
of the carrier (Amplitude, Frequency or Phase).
Number of possible symbols given by M= 2𝑁
.
Then the symbol period is given by 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑁𝑇𝑏.
If phase of the carrier is modulated it is known as MPSK.
𝜙𝑚 = 2𝑚 + 1
𝜋
𝑀
where m=0, 1, 2, ……., M-1
If frequency is modulated it is known as MFSK.
𝑓 = (𝑘 + 2𝑚)𝑓0 where m=0, 1, 2, ……., M-1
Modulation of amplitude as well as phase is know as MQAPSK.
6. 6
M-ary signaling scheme:
• In this signaling scheme 2 or more bits are grouped
together to form a symbol.
• One of the M possible signals
s1(t) ,s2(t),s3(t),……sM(t)
is transmitted during each symbol period
of duration Ts.
• The number of possible signals = M = 2n,
where n is an integer.
7. 7
n M = 2n Symbol
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
3 8 000, 001, 010,011,...
4 16 0000, 0001, 0010,0011,….
…. …… ……….
The symbol values of M for a given value of n:
8. 8
In M-ary PSK, the carrier phase takes on one of the M
possible values, namely i = 2 * (i - 1) / M
where i = 1, 2, 3, …..M.
The modulated waveform can be expressed as
where Es is energy per symbol = (log2 M) Eb
Ts is symbol period = (log2 M) Tb.
9. 9
The above equation in the Quadrature form is
By choosing orthogonal basis signals
defined over the interval 0 t Ts
10. 1
0
M-ary signal set can be expressed as
Since there are only two basis signals, the constellation of
M-ary PSK is two dimensional.
The M-ary message points are equally spaced on a circle
of radius Es, centered at the origin.
The constellation diagram of an 8-ary PSK signal set is
shown in fig.
13. 1
3
Noise Immunity:
Increasing M implies that the constellation is more densely
packed, and hence the distance between the two points
reduces, which leads to poor noise immunity.
Bandwidth Efficiency:
The first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK signals decrease as
M increases while Rb is held constant.
Therefore, as the value of M increases, the bandwidth
efficiency also increases.
14. 1
4
In M-ary FSK modulation the transmitted signals are
defined by:
where fc = nc/2Ts, for some fixed integer n.
The M transmitted signals are of equal energy and
equal duration, and the signal frequencies are
separated by 1/2Ts Hertz, making the signals
orthogonal to one another.
15. 1
5
The channel bandwidth of a noncohorent MFSK is :
This implies that the bandwidth efficiency of an M-ary
FSK signal decreases with increasing M. Therefore, unlike
M-PSK signals, M-FSK signals are bandwidth inefficient.
However, Noise Immunity of M-FSK is better as
compared to both M-PSK and M-QAPSK
16. 1
6
It’s a Hybrid modulation
As we allow the amplitude to also vary with the phase, a
new modulation scheme called quadrature amplitude
modulation (QAM) is obtained.
The constellation diagram of 16-ary QAM consists of a
square lattice of signal points.
17. Change both amplitude and phase
s(t)=Acos(2πfct+𝜙)
64-QAM: 64 constellation points, each with 8 bits
I
Q
‘1000’
‘1100’
‘0100’
‘0000’
‘1001’
‘1101’
‘0101’
‘0001’
‘1011’
‘1111’
‘0111’
‘0011’
‘1010’
‘1110’
‘0110’
‘0010’
Bits Symbols
‘1000’ s1=3a+3ai
’1001’ s2=3a+ai
‘1100’ s3=a+3ai
‘1101’ s4=a+ai
a 3a
16-QAM
18. 1
8
Noise Immunity and Bandwidth :
Noise Immunity of M-QAM is superior to M-ary
PSK.
Bandwidth efficiency of M-QAM is identical to
M-ary PSK.
19. Comparison of 𝒅𝒎𝒊𝒏.
1. 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 decreases in case of MPSK and MQAPSK with increase of M. Hence,
Noise Immunity also decreases.
2. Decrease in 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 is more rapid in MPSK as compared to that of MQAPSK.
3. 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 in MFSK increases with increase in M and hence the
Noise Immunity for M-ary FSK increases as M increases.
4. MFSK is most immune to noise or symbol probability error.
Theory Details
Table.1
20. Comparison of Spectral Efficiency of Modulation Schemes
M-PSK and QAPSK
image shows the average particle size of ~ 180 nm.
M-FSK
Theory Details
From the above table we notice that in M ary PSK as the values of M increases the
spectral efficiency also increases, a similar data is there in M ary QAPSK. In M ary FSK
spectral efficiency is constant for M=2 and M=4 and after that it decreases continuously.
Table.2
hs =
Data rate
BW
=
1
2
log2 M bits/sec/Hz
[ ]
hs =
Data rate
BW
=
2log2 M
M
bits/sec/Hz
[ ]
24. Implementation Complexity and Cost
While assuming the complexity and cost same for transmitter of the three schemes we
compared them only based on receiver complexity and cost.
M Ary PSK In this scheme we require N square law device, 2 multiplier, 1 bandpass filter, 2
integrator, 1 analog to digital converter and 1 parallel to serial converter.
M Ary FSK In this scheme for receiver we require M bandpass filter, M envelop detector, 1
decision device, 1 N bit analog to digital converter and 1 parallel to serial converter.
M Ary QAPSK In this scheme we require 2 square law device, 2 multiplier, 1 bandpass filter, 2
integrator, 2 analog to digital converter and 1 parallel to serial converter.
MODEL PRICES FOR COMPONENTS
MUX/ Switch = Rs 10
Integrator= Rs 20
Multiplier= Rs 200
Bandpass filter= Rs 15
25. Decision device= Rs 20
Analog to digital converter= Rs 10
Parallel to Serial converter = Rs 5× 𝑁 (where N is the no. of bits per symbol)
Envelop detector= Rs 15
Table.3
Implementation Complexity and Cost
Thus, from above table we see that complexity of M-Ary PSK and FSK increases with increase
in value of M whereas for QAPSK it remains same. Among PSK and FSK the latter shows rapid
increase in complexity and hence becomes costly as M increase. Therefore, in terms of
implementation QASK is best in terms of less complexity and cost.
M
Ary
No. of Components Price (Rs)
M=4 M=
8
M=1
6
M=3
2
M=6
4
M=4 M=
8
M=1
6
M=3
2
M=6
4
PSK 9 10 11 12 13 475 680 885 109
0
129
5
FSK 11 19 35 67 131 170 290 520 100
0
196
0
QAPS
K
10 10 10 10 10 885 890 895 900 905
26. SUMMARY
Table.4
S.NO
.
Parameter MPSK MFSK QAPSK
1 Modulation Phase Frequency Quadrature
amplitude and
Phase
2 Location of
Signal Points
On circle On M signal axis Signal points are
placed
symmetrically
about origin
3 Distance
between signal
points
4𝐸𝑆 sin(
𝜋
𝑀
) 2𝑁𝐸𝑏
6𝐸𝑏𝑁
𝑀 − 1
4 Error
probability
Highest Least Less than MPSK
but more than
MFSK for high
value of M
5 Noise immunity least Highest Better than MPSK
6 Bandwidth
required
Same as QAPSK Highest among
three
Same as MPSK
7 Complexity Shows increase
but less rapid
than MFSK
Increases with M Remains almost
same
8 Cost Increases with
M but less
rapid than
MFSK
Increases with M Least for high
value of M
27. References
Principle of Communication Systems by Taub and Schilling.
Channel Capacity Calculations For M–ary N-dimensional Signal sets
Philip Edward McIllree, B.Eng.
Communication Systems by S. Haykin.
Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems by B.P Lathi.