This document provides information on block walling, including its advantages, standard dimensions, weights, terminology, classifications, bonding arrangements, structural stability, damp proof courses, expansion joints, compressive strength, tolerances, uniform beds and joints, and brick identification, dimensions, classifications, building to gauge, racking back, return corners, toothing, bonds, and construction steps. Block walling is a versatile, durable, and cost-effective building method that provides fire resistance, sound insulation, and inherent thermal mass.
Bricks
Introduction
Types of Bricks
Types of Blocks
Bricks and its Constituent
Manufacture of Clay Bricks
Classification of Burnt Clay Bricks
Properties of Burnt Clay Bricks
Testing of Bricks and Blocks
Special Bricks
Burnt Clay Facing Bricks
Heavy Duty Bricks
Perforated Building Bricks
Burnt Clay Hollow Bricks
Sand Lime Bricks
Sewer Bricks
Acid Resistant Bricks
Refractory Bricks
Building Tiles Earthenware
house foundation types
foundation types for building
raised foundation types
small building foundation types
types of building foundations pdf
commercial building foundation types
home building foundation types
how to build a house foundation
types of foundations in construction
types of house foundations
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This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
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Plastering Defination of plastering : The word “plaster” comes from the Greek language meaning “to daub on”. This is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean & durable surfaces. On the other hand we say that; A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water,...
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Bricks
Introduction
Types of Bricks
Types of Blocks
Bricks and its Constituent
Manufacture of Clay Bricks
Classification of Burnt Clay Bricks
Properties of Burnt Clay Bricks
Testing of Bricks and Blocks
Special Bricks
Burnt Clay Facing Bricks
Heavy Duty Bricks
Perforated Building Bricks
Burnt Clay Hollow Bricks
Sand Lime Bricks
Sewer Bricks
Acid Resistant Bricks
Refractory Bricks
Building Tiles Earthenware
house foundation types
foundation types for building
raised foundation types
small building foundation types
types of building foundations pdf
commercial building foundation types
home building foundation types
how to build a house foundation
types of foundations in construction
types of house foundations
how to build a foundation
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
▶️ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/JoynulAbadinRasel
☕ Buy me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/JoynulAbadinR
Plastering Defination of plastering : The word “plaster” comes from the Greek language meaning “to daub on”. This is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean & durable surfaces. On the other hand we say that; A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water,...
slideshare ppt download
slideshare presentations
stroke ppt slideshare
download slideshare ppt online
slideshare powerpoint
iot ppt slideshare
Tilt up concrete Construction advancec & ApplicationsMECandPMV
• Worldwide applications of tilt‐up concrete
construction
• Advancements in tilt‐up concrete construction &
building market diversity
• Overview of tilt‐up concrete construction benefits
• Tilt‐Up Villa case study
With unparalleled good looks and design versatility, brick, stone, tile, and other masonry materials are among the top choices of architects and designers for projects of both traditional and contemporary design aesthetics. But beyond its beauty, masonry provides many benefits that may not be as immediately apparent. This program looks at masonry's ease of construction, its adaptability to site conditions, and its ability to meet an ambitious construction schedule. It addresses masonry's simultaneous performance as a structural system, high performance building envelope component, and attractive exterior cladding. The seminar also talks about masonry's fire resistance, durability, and low maintenance characteristics, as well as the sustainable attributes it provides in the areas of indoor environmental quality, materials and resources, and energy efficiency. Finally, the program addresses in detail the life cycle cost benefits of masonry, and what goes into training an abundant skilled workforce of qualified bricklayers and contractors.
Method Machine Works is the manufacturer and exporter of cement brick making machines, sand brick machines, flyash brick machines, concrete block machines, hollow block machines, interlocking paver machines, curbing block machines, concrete batching plants and concrete mixers that are used to produce various sizes and designs of cement bricks, sand bricks, flyash bricks, coloured bricks, concrete blocks, hollow blocks, interlocking pavers and curbing blocks, either by manual, semi automatic or automatic operations.
Method Machine Works is the manufacturer and exporter of cement brick making machines, sand brick machines, flyash brick machines, concrete block machines, hollow block machines, interlocking paver machines and curbing block machines that are used to produce various sizes and designs of cement bricks, sand bricks, flyash bricks, coloured bricks, concrete blocks, hollow blocks, interlocking pavers and curbing blocks, either by manual, semi automatic or auto matic operations.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON BEHAVIOR OF SHEAR WALL ASSEMBLED WITH INTERLOCK...IAEME Publication
This study describes the development of a new type of interlocking concrete
masonry block to reduce weight based on topological optimization and new design
pattern of experiments. The Concrete block wall is easily stacked and placed.
Interlocking mortar less concrete block wall system was developed as a new structural
component for masonry building construction. The interlocking mortar less block
system will reduce the time and cost of construction. A new pattern was designed for
Interlocking concrete block acting as the load bearing wall system is different from the
block units are interconnected through the interlocking block. Hollow concrete blocks
are produced to achieve the reduction in weight and to improve strength. The concrete
blocks were shaped by certain design pattern which can align horizontally and
vertically. Experimental done results obtained structural behaving well under
compressive load.
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
bonding in brick work is arranging of bricks into either columns or wall. the individual brick units are tied to together and vertical joints of the the successive courses do not lie on the same vertical line.to obtain maximum strength throughout the wall column or pier
Purpose of brick bonds
Types of bonds in Brick Masonry in Civil Engineering
Types of bonds in brick masonry with Application
Advantages and Disadvantages of each type
Retaining walls are used to retain earth (or other material) in a vertical position at locations where an abrupt change in ground level occurs.
The walls therefore prevents the retained earth from assuming its natural angle of repose.
Brick Masonry, Advantages of Masonry, Principle In Brick Masonry Construction, Technical Terms In Brick Masonry, Bonds In Brick Masonry, Method of bonding New Brick work with old, Expansion and Contraction joint, Reinforced Masonry Walls
Masonry is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
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Concrete Block Walling
1. Block Walling: Advantages
Versatile, durable and strong
Fire resistant
Excellent sound insulation
Ideal background for dry lining wet
finishes and fixings
Inherent thermal mass acts as heat
store
Recyclable
Proven building method and
longevity
Widely and readily available
Cost effective
2. Block Walling: Standard Dimensions
The standard size of a concrete block is 440mm x 100mm x 215mm.
3. Block Walling: Nominal Weights
The weight of a concrete block is dependant upon the type of block (e.g. solid, hollow, cellular,
special), the classification of the block (e.g. dense, lightweight, super-lightweight) and the
manufacturer. The table above shows examples of block weights. It is recommended that you
consult the product data sheet to establish the weight of a specific block.
Description of Block Weight of Block
Solid dense block (standard) 18.5kg
Solid lightweight block 13.2kg
Hollow dense block 18.7kg
4. Block Walling – Terminology
Back
Face
Joint
Joint
Top bed
Bottom bed
5. Block Walling: Comparable Dimensions
A standard sized concrete block has the equivalent surface area of six bricks. This is purposely
designed to enable blocks and bricks to be built together with minimal need for cutting material.
6. Block Walling: Block Classifications
There are various classifications of concrete block. Each type of block is designed for a specific
purpose. Care must be taken to ensure that you specify and/or order the correct block for each
job. The next two slides show four of the most common classifications.
Hollow Blocks
Blocks which contain one or more formed
voids which fully penetrate the block
Solid Blocks
Blocks which contain no formed voids
7. Block Walling: Block Classifications
Special Blocks
Blocks which are designed and manufactured
for a specific purpose and which have a shape
and size which varies from standard
Cellular Blocks
Blocks which contain one or more formed
voids which do not fully penetrate the block
8. Block Walling: Bonding Arrangement
Block walling is generally build with a half-bond as this provides the most stable bond. There
should be no less than a quarter bond used at any point on the block wall. The wall shown
above is a standard build utilising full, half and quarter blocks. The quarter blocks are known as
closers and their purpose is to maintain the half bond at a return corner.
Half block
External return
Internal return
Foundation
Closer
Full block
Stop end
9. Block Walling: Structural Stability
When masonry units are bonded incorrectly there is an increased likelihood that the structure
will fail when subjected to an additional load (e.g. the load of the structure, wind loads etc).
Stacking blocks one atop the other is known as risbond. In the animation above you can see
what happens when a load is placed onto the block at the top of the structure. It is for this
reason that we bond blocks together as a bonded structure will evenly distribute the combined
loads to foundation level.
10. Block Walling: Damp Proof Course
The damp proof course is installed a minimum of 150mm above ground level on a block wall.
The purpose of the damp proof course is to stop moisture being drawn up through the wall from
the ground in a process known as rising damp. Materials suitable for use as a damp proof course
include sheet lead and copper, bitumen, polyethylene, bitumen, rich polymer, mastic asphalt,
dense (engineering) bricks and slates.
Minimum 150mm
above ground level
11. Block Walling: Expansion Joints
The purpose of expansion joints, or vertical movement joints, is to allow blockwork to expand
and contract without cracking. These joints should be located at areas in the wall that are
susceptible to cracking or are under continuous stresses. In lightweight blocks the maximum
distance between expansion joints is 6m. This increases to 9m when dense blocks are used. The
continuous vertical joint is normally between 10mm-15mm and is filled with a compressive
foam and sealed with a mastic sealant.
Compressible material
Mastic sealant
12. Block Walling: Compressive Strength
Dense Lightweight
Super
Lightweight
Concrete blocks are classified by their compressive strength. This is their ability to
withstand compression before showing signs of fatigue.
Dense: Compressive strength between 1850kg/m² and 2100kg/m²
Lightweight: Compressive strength between 1000kg/m² and 1500kg/m²
Super Lightweight: Compressive strength between 850kg/m² and 1000kg/m²
Commonly available unit strengths of aggregate concrete and aircrete units include (all
units in N/mm2) 2.9, 3.6, 7.3, 8.7, 10.4, 17.5, 22.5, 30.0 and 40.0.
Compressive strengths: Source BS 6073-2:2008
13. Block Walling: Tolerances
D1 D2 D3 D4
Concrete blocks are also classified by the tolerances to which they are manufactured.
The table shows what each of the categories mean:
Tolerance
Category
D1 D2 D3 D4
Length +3
-5
+1
-3
+1
-3
+1
-3
Width +3
-5
+1
-3
+1
-3
+1
-3
Height +3
-5
+/- 2 +/- 1.5 +/- 1
Limit deviations in millimetres: Source BS EN 771-3:2003
14. Brick and Block Walling: Uniform Beds and
Joints
The mortar between the blocks is designed to allow for small differences between the adjoining
beds and joints. Mortar beds and joints are uniform (the same size) in block walling. The width
of beds and joints is normally 10mm.
17. Brick Classification
Common Bricks are of low quality and low compressive
strength but are useful for internal walls which will not be
seen. They have no uniform colour, texture or appearance.
Facing Bricks are of high quality and uniform appearance.
They are generally used externally in areas of “seen”
brickwork.
Engineering Bricks are high in compressive strength and have
low water absorption. They are particularly suited to use
below ground level and in areas with exposure to water.
18. Brick Classification
Handmade Bricks are produced individually by an operative
pressing clay into a mould. This means that they are more
time consuming and expensive to produce.
Imperial Bricks are made to the dimensions used prior to
decimalisation. Although larger and no longer used as
standard, they are particularly useful for work that is to match
original brickwork in an older building.
Reclaimed bricks are bricks which have been removed from a
demolished building to be reused in a new project. Because
it is usually older buildings which are demolished, the
majority of reclaimed bricks are imperial sizes.
19. Building to Gauge
It is essential to consider the height of the wall when building. Bricklayers use a gauge rod to
ensure that the beds of mortar between each brick are uniform and to monitor the overall
height of the wall as each course is laid. Gauge rods are generally made by the bricklayer using
timber but they can also be bought in stainless steel.
20. Racking Back and Stopped Ends
The image on this slide shows a half brick wall with a stop end and racking back. This method of
construction is commonly used by bricklayers to build plumbings which allow them to plumb
either end of the wall and build to a line in the middle of the wall. This process is much quicker
than building the wall one course at a time.
21. Return Corners
The image on this slide shows a half brick wall built with a return corner. This means that the
wall turns (usually 90°) and continues in another direction. The bond remains unchanged and
that the course height remains constant on the return.
22. Toothing
The image on this slide shows a half brick wall which has a stop end and is toothed. The
purpose of toothing the brickwork is to allow for plumbings to be taking higher than a racking
would normally allow. You should however try to avoid toothing brickwork to a significant
height.
23. Brick Bonds: Stretcher Bond
Stretcher bond consists of bricks laid with the stretcher face exposed with a half bond. This
means that the centre of each brick is directly above the joint separating the two bricks on the
course below.
24. Brick Bonds: English Bond
English bond consists of alternating course of stretchers and headers. A quarter bond is
maintained by incorporating queen closers in every second course. English bond is generally
used in one brick walling.
25. Brick Bonds: Flemish Bond
Flemish bond consists of courses of alternating stretchers and headers. A minimum of a
quarter bond is maintained at all times. This bond is generally used on one brick walling.
26. Brick Bonds: Header Bond
Header bond consists of courses of headers maintained with a quarter bond. This bond is
generally used in one brick walling.
27. Brick Construction: Step 1
Step 1: On a short length of wall the bricks are laid out in a dry bond (without mortar) to ensure
that the correct length is achieved and that the correct number of bricks are used. On longer
walls it becomes more effective to calculate the number of bricks required.
28. Brick Construction: Step 2
Step 2: A bed of mortar is laid down using a bricklayers trowel. The mortar bed should be
roughly the same height, width and length of the first course of the wall. It is often useful to
chalk or pencil a mark on the foundation to guide the positioning of the first course.
29. Brick Construction: Step 3
Step 3: A single brick is positioned at either end of the length of the wall. Each brick is checked
for position, plumb and level. Minor adjustments are made to ensure the bricks are perfectly in
alignment.
30. Brick Construction: Step 4
Step 4: A string line is fitted in alignment with the top arris of each of the end bricks. This
enables the mid section to be built without having to plumb and level each individual brick. It is
essential that the line is pulled tight to avoid sagging in the middle.
31. Brick Construction: Step 5
Step 5: The mid section is filled with bricks to form the first course. Each course is checked for
level and the mortar joints should be filled. When a joint has not been properly filled it is known
as having been tip jointed. This is very poor practice and can reduce the future integrity of the
wall.
32. Brick Construction: Step 6
Step 6: A racking is build at either side of the wall. The racking is checked for plumb at the stop
end and for gauge on each course. Checking for gauge ensures that the wall is built to the
correct height. Each course is also checked for level.
33. Brick Construction: Step 7
Step 7: A string line is set in alignment with the top arris of the second course and used as a
guide for the bricks in the mid-section of the second course.
34. Brick Construction: Step 9
Step 9: The string line is moved in alignment with the arris of the top course and used as a guide
to complete the wall. In longer and higher walls the process of racking and working to a line is
repeated as often as is necessary.
35. Block Walling: Mortars
When setting out a job it is important to have the bricks or blocks and the mortar close at hand.
The image above shows a typical set-up that would be repeated along the length of any wall to
be built. Note that the bricks have been stacked in alternating directions to reduce the likelihood
of them falling over.
36. Brick and Block Walling: Joint Finishes
Mortar application styles vary and can alter the appearance and longevity of the wall. The next
selection of slides show common pointing and jointing styles used in brick and block walling. It is
important to be able to recognise and replicate them if you are working to a specification.
37. Joint Finishes: Flush
The flush finish is achieved with a mastic or flat pointing key. The mortar is left flush with the
arrises of the brickwork or blockwork to provide a good seal and minimise rain penetration.
38. Joint Finishes: Recessed
The recessed finish is achieved with a brick jointer or flat pointing key. The mortar is kept 5-
10mm from the arrises of the brickwork or blockwork to make the arrises more pronounced
(stand out). This style of pointing is aesthetically pleasing when a high quality of workmanship is
achieved but does not provide the same level of water protection as flush pointing.
39. Joint Finishes: Rounded
The rounded finish is produced with a rounded jointer to leave a half round concave mortar
bed/joint. This style of finish acts to shed water from the wall and provides an aesthetically
pleasing finish. It is the most common of brick mortar finishes in Scotland.
40. Joint Finishes: Weather Struck
This finish is designed to shed water running down the wall and protect the brickwork. It is
carried out using a flat pointing key and the beds are angled from the top arris of the lower
course to a recessed point from the bottom arris of the brick above. The joints are filled flush to
the arrises of the brick.
41. Joint Finishes: Reverse Struck
This finish is carried out using a flat pointing key and the beds are angled from the bottom arris
of the upper course to a recessed point from the top arris of the brick below. The joints are filled
flush to the arrises of the brick. The finish is normally avoided as it exposes the top arris of each
brick to weathering and can lead to accelerated decay.
Editor's Notes
Developer assistance: When the model rotates it would be valuable for the faces to be colour coded. E.g. the joints ar blue, the beds are red, the face is yellow etc.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
This slide to be turned into an animation where an arrow (representing load) is placed upon the top central block and causes the middle column of blocks to collapse.
Developer assistance request: This slide to be a 2D animation showing moisture travelling from the ground, up through the first course of block and being stopped at the line of the damp proof course.
Animation: The horizontal beds should flash one colour then the vertical joints should flash another (to be done on a continuous loop).
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
Images on this slide sourced from www.ibstock.com
Images on this slide sourced from www.ibstock.com
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The image on this slide should be capable of being rotated 360 degrees.
The images on this slide should cycle through to show the different activities described in this step.
The images on this slide should cycle through to show the different activities described in this step.
Developer Assistance: It would be beneficial to have a lump of mortar on the wood of the mortar board.