- Basic blocks are typically 440mm x 215mm x 75-300mm thick and weigh 9.9-30kg. They are manufactured to compressive strength standards of 2.8-7N/mm2.
- Load bearing blocks are dense and strong, made of cement and aggregates. Non-load bearing blocks are lighter using lightweight aggregates.
- Special blocks include coursing blocks, return blocks, and reveal blocks used at openings to maintain bond and insulation.
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
plastering contractors near me
interior plastering techniques
plastering walls
how to do plastering
pool plastering companies near me
plastering walls techniques
plastering drywall
plastering ceilings
types of plaster wall construction
types of plastering techniques
types of plaster ceiling finishes
methods of plastering
different kinds of plaster
interior plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
different types of plaster walls
types of plastering techniques
types of interior plaster
plaster types and uses
different kinds of plaster
types of plaster ceiling finishes
different plaster wall finishes
how are plaster walls constructed
cement plaster finish types
different types of plaster finishes
types of interior plaster
types of plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
types of plaster ceiling finishes
types of plaster ceilings
types of plaster of paris
plaster supply stores
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
plastering contractors near me
interior plastering techniques
plastering walls
how to do plastering
pool plastering companies near me
plastering walls techniques
plastering drywall
plastering ceilings
types of plaster wall construction
types of plastering techniques
types of plaster ceiling finishes
methods of plastering
different kinds of plaster
interior plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
different types of plaster walls
types of plastering techniques
types of interior plaster
plaster types and uses
different kinds of plaster
types of plaster ceiling finishes
different plaster wall finishes
how are plaster walls constructed
cement plaster finish types
different types of plaster finishes
types of interior plaster
types of plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
types of plaster ceiling finishes
types of plaster ceilings
types of plaster of paris
plaster supply stores
Plastering Defination of plastering : The word “plaster” comes from the Greek language meaning “to daub on”. This is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean & durable surfaces. On the other hand we say that; A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water,...
slideshare ppt download
slideshare presentations
stroke ppt slideshare
download slideshare ppt online
slideshare powerpoint
iot ppt slideshare
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
Plastering Defination of plastering : The word “plaster” comes from the Greek language meaning “to daub on”. This is the process of covering rough surfaces with a plastic material to obtain an even, smooth, regular, clean & durable surfaces. On the other hand we say that; A mixture of lime or gypsum, sand and water,...
slideshare ppt download
slideshare presentations
stroke ppt slideshare
download slideshare ppt online
slideshare powerpoint
iot ppt slideshare
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
formwork for concrete slab
beam formwork
steel formwork
doka h20
types of formwork
formwork for concrete
what is formwork in construction
building formwork
plywood disadvantages
advantage plywood
advantages and disadvantages of wood
best plywood for formwork
plywood formwork for concrete
mdf advantages and disadvantages
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantage steel and construction
advantages of steel
disadvantages of steel structures
examples of advantages and disadvantages
advantages and disadvantages of surveys
wiki advantages and disadvantages
steel formwork design
steel formwork system
This presentation explains the code requirements for active and passive building systems used to protect buildings and their occupants and contents from fire.
Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction. However, the materials used, the quality of the mortar and workmanship, and the pattern in which the units are assembled can significantly affect the durability of the over all masonry construction.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
3. Types of building blocks
The face side of a block usually measures
440mm x 215mm
The thickness can vary from 75mm up to 300mm
The weight from 9.9kg to more than 30kg.
75mm – 300mm
215mm
440mm
4. Blocks are manufactured to meet compressive strength
standards of between 2.8N/mm² and 7N/mm².
Blocks can be solid, hollow or cellular.
Some blocks have insulating material bonded to one
face or inserted in the voids
5. Blocks are available in a range of densities.
Blocks that are light in weight are usually less dense
because they are made from an aerated mix.
The heavier blocks are denser.
Aerated block
6. Load bearing blocks
These blocks are usually made of Portland cement
and a variety of aggregates. The blocks are precast in
moulds and compacted with the aid of vibration, or in
a moulding machine involving the use of compressed
air, or a combination of both.
Block making machine
7. Non-load bearing blocks
These blocks are usually made of Portland cement and a
variety of lightweight aggregates; therefore they are not
as dense or as strong as load-bearing blocks.
These blocks are pre-cast in moulds or they can be
produced in slab form and cut to size when set.
Two well known manufacturers are Thermalite and
Celcon.
Aerated block making
8. Lightweight Blocks
These blocks are made from lightweight or low
density materials such as fuel-ash, clinker, or
lightweight aggregates bonded together with
cement.
They are easy to lift and handle and have good
thermal and sound properties
They can absorb water and are be easily broken
during handling and construction.
9. Lightweight blocks can be cut with a bolster chisel / hammer,
a hand saw or power saw.
It is good working practice to secure blocks when cutting
with hand or powered tools.
12. Special blocks
Many manufacturers provide special blocks that assist in the
bonding and prevent wastage.
These blocks range from coursing blocks to half, quarter and
three-quarter blocks. Other special blocks include return and
reveal blocks which are used to close the cavity at door and
window openings.
13. Special / Coursing Blocks
To maintain bond within a wall it may be necessary to use
either coursing bricks or blocks. These can be cut from a
whole block or special blocks manufactured to those sizes.
These blocks are built into the
walling at junctions and over
openings in the wall. Ordinary
facing or common bricks
should NEVER be used for this
purpose.
14. Delivery and storage
Blocks are delivered on site as banded packs or on
pallets.
The blocks must be stacked on a hard level base, or on
battens on drained even ground.
Loose blocks should be stacked
as they are used, i.e. on edge,
and the height of the stack
should be limited to two metres.
15. Delivery and storage
Blocks may be delivered with or without a shrink-wrap
covering, but all blocks should be covered from the elements
until required for use.
The packs should be placed on pallets if possible for ease of
handling and delivery around the site by a forklift truck.
17. Different finishes to Blockwork.
• Rendering
• External cladding
• Plaster dab method
• Timber batten method
• Metal firring systems
18. Plug and screw
This is a common type of fixing specially designed for fixing
to all blocks. It consists of a plastic plug which is driven into
a pre-drilled hole. A screw can then be driven into the
hollow centre of the fixing.
Fixings and finishes
19. Blockwork below ground level
Trench Blocks
These blocks are bigger in size than normal blocks with a face
dimension size of 440mm x 215mm and are available
in a range of thicknesses ranging from 255mm to 355mm.
One trench block is equivalent in size to 2 aggregate blocks,
or 12 bricks, plus wall ties and infill.
20. Blockwork below ground level
The following typical details illustrate the proper use
of blocks below DPC level.
Render Coating
Painted wall
DPC
Trench block
Plaster
Ground floor
Foundation
Typical solid
foundation in
blockwork
21. Blocks used below ground level
Blocks are available in a weight less than 20kg with handholds and will
comply with CDM Regulations which cover health and safety issues on site
for repetitive handling.
22. Solid Blockwork Foundation with
an Insulated Cavity Wall
This form of construction incorporates a blockwork
foundation below ground level with a traditional brick and
block cavity wall above. The cavity can be partially filled or
full filled as required.
This type of construction offers a structure with good sound
and thermal insulation qualities.
23. Solid Blockwork foundation with
an insulated cavity wall
Facing
Brickwork
DPC
Plaster
Partial fill cavity insulation
Ground floor
Foundation
Trench Blockwork
24. Block cavity wall foundation
This is an alternative solid block
foundation construction. The blocks
below ground level are laid to form a
cavity which is then filled up to ground
level with a cement / aggregate mix.
The cavity can be partially filled or
fully filled as required.
25. Block cavity wall foundation
Facing
Brickwork
DPC
Plaster
Partial fill cavity insulation
Ground floor
Foundation
Cavity blockwork
Cement aggregate
mix
26. Apart from the size of the blocks the building operations
used to erect walls are the same as for brickwork.
There are 10 blocks per square metre as opposed to 60
bricks per square metre
27. Never mix different types of blocks in the same run of walling,
and do not use common or facing bricks as closers as they
will reduce the thermal and sound insulation qualities of the
blockwork.
28. Always set out the first course dry so that the position of cut
blocks can be found.
Any adjustment to the width of joints should be made to
achieve and maintain a bond within the wall.
This is called “Dry Bonding”
Blocks should be laid to a regular bond, usually half bond
where possible.
Never lay blocks to a bond of less than quarter bond.
29. It is not always convenient to
build a junction wall at the same
time as the main wall.
Tee junctions are normally
bonded, or ties can be use with a
straight joint.
Indents may be left to allow
bonding to occur at a later stage.
Indents are gaps where blocks
will be inserted at a later date.
Wall ties
Bonded
Junctions to walls
30. Junctions to walls
The diagram shows a typical method of constructing
junction walls.
Brick outer leaf Inner leaf walls 100mm
Separating wall 100mm
Nominal 8mm internal render scratch finish
Partial fill
cavity wall 12.5mm gypsum board
mounted on dabs
Tied junction
100mm partition
75mm / 275mm min
31. Bonding should be set out so that lintels bear preferably
on a whole block. If this is not possible, a minimum two-
thirds length block is acceptable but definitely not less.
(normally by at least 150mm.)
32. Some types of hollow and cellular blocks may need to be
filled under lintel ends to provide sufficient bearing
strength.
In windy weather, block walls should be restrained by
temporary propping.
In windy weather, the day work lift height may be reduced
as an alternative to propping.
Blocks should be kept dry before use.
33. Use only specified mortar mixes and ensure that bed and cross
joints are solidly filled.
Maintain gauge to correspond with brickwork gauge.
Building with blocks is quick and the weight of the blocks could
cause fresh soft mortar bed to be squeezed out. This could
result in collapse / loss of gauge / loss of plumb.
34. Internal Blockwork External Brickwork
Cavity
insulation
and wall
ties
Typical cavity wall construction
using facing bricks and blocks
35. Closing cavities of external walling
built with blocks
With all cavity walls it is essential that the cavity be closed at
reveals, such as door and window openings. This can be
achieved by using cut blocks or by using special reveal blocks
manufactured for the purpose.
36. Cavity wall closers
Another way of sealing the cavity at openings is to use
ready made cavity closers. These are usually made from
tough plastic and internally insulated to prevent cold
bridging. They also have provision for fixing clips to be
attached and built in as the brick / block work proceeds.
37. For bonding purposes, three courses of brickwork are equal
to one course of blockwork.
This makes bonding simple as long as both bricks and blocks
are kept accurately gauged.