This document provides information about different types of floor finishes. It discusses terrazzo, stone, timber, brick, plain cement concrete and vinyl flooring. For each type of flooring, it describes the materials used, installation process, advantages, disadvantages and applications. The document is intended to educate group members Afaq, Aiman, Ashhar, Bushra, Shahab, Sundus and Zohra about the various options for floor finishes.

1. FLOOR FINISHES
GROUP MEMBERS
AFAQ, AIMAN, ASHHAR, BUSHRA, SHAHAB,
SUNDUS, ZOHRA

2. FLOOR FINISHES
O A floor finish is a general term for a permanent covering of a floor. It is expected to
protect and extend the life of the floor while providing an attractive appearance
and slip resistant surface.
INGREDIENTS
O There are five basic categories of floor finish
ingredients,
(1) Polymer emulsions,
(2) Film formers,
(3) Modifiers,
(4) Preservatives
(5) Water
TYPES
O Terrazzo Flooring
O Stone Flooring
O Timber Flooring
O Brick Flooring
O PCC Flooring
O PVC Flooring

3. WHAT’S IN A FLOOR FINISH
O As many as twenty-five ingredients. Some evaporate while others remain after
drying.
O Those that evaporate are "volatile" and those that stay on the floor are "nonvolatile" components.
O Ingredients are used to enhance floor finish characteristics like hardness, gloss,
clarity, scuff resistance, slip resistance, water and detergent resistance, buff
ability, removability, recoat ability, and toughness.

5. TERRAZO
FLOORING`
 Terrazzo is a flooring material traditionally made by
exposing marble chips on the surface of concrete and
then polishing until smooth.
 However terrazzo is now available in tile form.
 It’s often used in public buildings because it’s longlasting and can be refinished repeatedly.

6. COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS
Best Use : Flooring, walls,
countertops, backsplashes
The typical thickness for
terrazzo is between 2
1/2" and 3"
Installation Cost : minimum
30 to 50 INR per square feet
to a max 200 INR.
CONCRETE + STONE,
GLASS, PLASTIC
AGGREGATES = TERRAZO

7. INSTALLATION PROCESS

8. DEFECTS
1. Cracks
2. Discoloration
3. Scratches
4. Sealant failure
5. Wear

9. WHY USE TERRAZO
FLOORING?
• Extremely hard wearing
• Easy to clean and maintain
• Attractive in appearance
• Flexible – can be designed to be in keeping
with other architectural features and colour
schemes
• Hygienic – suitable for some areas of food
preparation and in hospitals
• Cost effective – will outlive most other
types of hard flooring

10. DECORATIVE TERRAZO FLOORING

11. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.Terrazzo is quite slippery
2.Expensive
3.Need skills for installation
4.Polishing needed for
maintaining the look.
Unique beauty
Elegance
Longevity
Comfortable under feet
Controls noise

12. STONE
FLOORING

13. STONE FLOORING
Stone flooring is a type of flooring in which the floor is covered with stone slabs or stone tiles
Used in public buildings because of it durability and hardness
There are three basic types of rock from which we carve out stone floors:
Sedimentary rock
Igneous
Metamorphic

14. TYPES OF STONE FLOORING
MARBLE FLOORING
Various colors depending on origin.
fine and prosperous looking floors.
Mainly used in homes for interior flooring reason
expensive flooring.
Available in different sizes
Price : 120-600 Rs per sq.ft.

15. SLATE FLOORING
can be used in homes for outdoor flooring reasons.
very hard in nature.
variety of colors.
extremely durable.
slip-resistant .
Available in different sizes and shapes
Price : 15-80 Rs per sq.ft

16. GRANITE FLOORING
granite is composed of quartz and feldspar mixed with
particles of mica.
coarse-grained, light-colored
long life and easy to install
granite floors are being used in areas which are used
every day.
Available in different sizes
Price : 30-100 Rs per sq.ft

17. INSTALLATION PROCESS
1.
3.
2.
4.

18. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
Disadvantages
Very hard in nature
Formation of cracks
Extremely durable
Regular washing and cleaning
Variety of colours
Weight of material

19. TIMBER
FLOORING

20. INTRODUCTION
 Timber flooring is any product
manufactured from timber that is
designed for use as flooring, either
structural or aesthetic.
 common choice as a flooring material due


1.
2.
to its environmental profile, durability, and
restorability.
Used in interiors as well as exteriors.
Divided into two categories:
SOLID
ENGINEERED

21. SOLID/HARDWOOD
 One of easiest ways to add value to a





home.
Cost effective, durable and classy, solid
wood floors are one of the few long-lasting
home fixtures
Made of planks milled from a single piece
of timber.
Many genuine timber floors are
immediately distinctive by the width of the
planking, weathered patina and distinctive
grain.
Can be self installed without calling the
professional.
Sizes:125x600x15mm,150x700x16mm

22. ENGINEERED
 most common type of wood flooring used
globally.
 composed of two or more layers of wood in
the form of a plank where
TOP LAYER :Aluminum oxide and is specially
treated to achieve high wear resistance.
SECOND LAYER :Real hardwood veneer.
CORE LAYER : stacked layers of plywood, HDF
(high density fiberboard) or MDF (medium density
fiberboard) lay at 90 degree angles to each other.
 This gives the flooring better structural
stability and bonded together under heat and
pressure.
 More suitable in high moisture areas or in
areas of frequent temperature changes.
 It does not warp or cup during climatic
changes.
 Sizes:24{T}X180{W}X1830{L},24{T}X190{W}X1
200-2400{L}

23. LAYING
Over the finished floor,wooden planks with tongue and groove are placed.
The tongue and groove are jotted into each othersimilarly the whole flooring is laid.

24. APPLICATIONS
 Usually layed in interiors(bedroom, living
area, dining area, kitchen)and bathroom
excluding the wet areas.
 Used in skirting.
 Nowadays, Timber planks are widely used
in exteriors.
COST
 Ranges from Rs 60-Rs 600 per
square feet.

25. FINISHES
 Wood Floor Finishes are very popular as they are


1.
2.

1.
2.
3.
durable, water-resistant, and require minimal
maintenance. These are blends of synthetic resins.
Most popular modern finishes for wood flooring are
oil-modified Urethane and water-based
polyurethane.
WATER BASED:Appear clear and will resist turning
yellow over time.
They have a mild odor when applied, and will dry in
two to three hours.
Water-based finishes are very durable.
OIL BASED:
appear amber in color.
They have a moderate odor when applied, and will
dry in about eight hours.
Produces sheen appearance of the floor.

26. MANUFACTURERS
O Major distributers of wooden flooring includes
China,germany,malaysia.
O The cheapest of them all is from china naming SPAN
dealing in oak and Merbau.

27. ADVANTAGES
EASY MAINTAINENCE:
 If taken care of,it lasts for many years,despite of much traffic and use.
 Easier to clean & get harder as they age, which makes them even easier to clean.
 Does’nt dust mites
DURABILITY
 Solid hardwood is among the longest lasting of all flooring types. With today’s flooring
finishes, these floors are also water resistant.
VARIETY:
 These are also easy to match to nearly any home style and design. There are a lot of
styles, colours and species of timber flooring available than ever before.
 Hardwood timber floors will always look good both in contemporary and traditional
interior design.

28. DISADVANTAGES
MAY SCRATCH
 A hardwood floor's finish is susceptible to scratching from
traffic or pet nails.
FULL BATH INSTALLATION NOT RECOMMENDED
 it is sensitive to humidity and the potential for pooling
water.
 Water from tubs and showers can cause hardwood floors to
buckle or warp.
LIMITED BELOW GRADE INSTALLATION
 not recommended for below grade installation due to
sensitive to humidity. These floors perform better in
humidity controlled environments.

29. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING

30. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
•The mixture of cement, sand and
aggregate is called plain cement concrete
(PCC)
•Plain cement concrete composition 1:2:4 (cement : sand : stone )
by volume
Types of cement concrete floors:
Non-Monolithic or bonded floor finish floor
Monolithic floor finish floor

31. COMPONENTS/INGREDIENTS
CEMENT
SAND
AGGREGATE

32. WHY USE PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING?
They are economical as they require
negligible maintenance cost
They can be finished with a pleasing
appearance.
Provide a smooth & non absorbent surface

33. INSTALLATION PROCESS
Preparation of sub base:•filling of earth is done
•10-15 cm thick coarse sand
Laying of base concrete:•Usually of cement concrete or
lime concrete
Laying the topping:•Thickness is 7.5-10 cm
•Area is divided into rectangular or square
sections
•Finally a layer of cement concrete is
applied on the top

34. STEPS OF CONSTRUCTION

35. Freeze-Thaw Effect
•Concrete is very strong in compression but
relatively weak in tension.
• It can and often does crack.
DEFECTS
Chemical Attack
Chemical attack can occur because concrete
is alkaline and chemically reactive.
Crazing
This is a network of very small surface cracks
usually spreading out over large areas or the
entire surface.
Scaling
thin flakes of concrete come loose and flake
or peel off the surface

36. ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
They are hard & Durable
Defect once developed cannot be
easily rectified
Provide a smooth & non absorbent
surface
Does not provide heat and sound
insulation
They are more fire resistant
It cannot be satisfactorily repaired by
patch work
They provide more sanitary surface as
they can be cleaned & washed easily.
They are economical as they require
negligible maintenance cost

37. BRICK FLOORING
Floor that has brick /brick tile as its covering.
The flooring is done with laying bricks down in a
bed of mortar and arranged in a pattern.
Commonly used in alluvial places, where stone is
scarce and well burnt bricks of good quality are
readily available
•
Warehouses
•
Stores
•
Godowns
•
Places where heavy articles are stored

38. PATTERNS IN BRICK FLOORING
O The brick flooring may be done with bricks laid flat, or on
edge arranged in hearing-bone pattern, or set at right
angles to the walls.
O Brick-on edge is preferred to bricks laid flat, because the
former being less liable to crack under pressure than the
latter and also having the higher depth gives a greater
thickness in the former case to resist the moisture
penetration.

39. CHARACTERISTICS
The low maintenance requirements of brick flooring make it
very popular in kitchens.
Durability: Brick is one of the hardest and most durable
flooring materials available. It requires little to no
maintenance, and an installation can last for years
The tile is set in such a way that when it is installed it is very
difficult to detect a repeating pattern in the surface.
This picture makes it clear that brick flooring is not confined to
squares and rectangles.

40. Promenade Brick Flooring Pattern on a Porch
Other
properties
Color
Texture
Heat
Slip
Resistant
 Hardness
 Replacem
ent
 Weight




Brick Kitchen Flooring With Inlaid Pine Beams
SIZES
Thin brick veneer as flooring
• Bricks are available in a range of
thicknesses,40mm to 100mm.
• For domestic use ,the 50mm -60mm
units are suitable.
• Road construction -80 mm thick units.
• Airports, ports and freight yard-100mm
thick units.

41. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
 The earth fillling is properly consolidated.
 10cm thick layer of dry clean sand is evenly laid.
 10cm thick layer of LIME CONCRETE (1:4:8) or LEAN CEMENT
CONCRETE (1:8:16) is laid, compacted and cured to form a base
concrete.
 Well soaked bricks are laid in CEMENT MORTAR (1:4) in any
desired bond pattern e.g. Herring Bond, Diagonal Bond or any
other suitable bond.
 In case the pointing is not to be done , the thickness of joints
should not exceed 2mm and the mortar in joints is struck off flush
with a trowel.
 In case the pointing is to be done, the minimum thickness of
joints is kept 6mm and the pointing may be done as specified.

42. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

43. APPLICATIONS
O Primarily used for architectural
purposes. But, now used in commercial
complexes, parking area and
community centres. These pavers are
offered in various designs and sizes.
DEFECTS
Cracks can occur as defect in brickwork, that can occur in due to:
Ground movement
Accident
Thermal movement
Brick Rot

44. MERITS AND DEMERITS
MERITS
O Cheaper than Cement
concrete, wooden, mosaic
flooring.
O Provides a non slippery and
fire resistant surface.
O Easily repairable.
O Tough ,durable and
sufficiently hard.
O Easy in maintenance.
O Easy to construct.
DEMERITS
• Slightly Uneven when
laid.
• The resulting surface
is not smooth and is
rough.
• Water absorbent.
• Installation requires
use of toxic materials.

45. VINYL FLOORING

46. SOME BASIC VINYL FLOORING
1. THEROTILE
•
THIS IS A TYPE OF VINYL TILE.
THIS CAN BE FIXED ON ANY AREA OF YOUR HOME.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 60/SQ. FT.
2. BASIC VINYL SHEET
•
THIS IS A PLAIN VINYL SHEET, MOSTLY USED IN HOSPITALS
AND INDUSTRIES.
•ONE CAN SELECT THE BASIC COLOUR OF SHEET AND
CHOOSE SOME PRINTING IMAGES OF ONE’S OWN
CHOICE.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 30/SQ. FT.

47. EMBOSSED
EMBOSSED VINYL FLOORING CAN BE USED IN THE
LIVING ROOM.
• UNLIKE OTHER EMBOSSED DESIGNS, THIS IS EASY
TO CLEAN AND MAINTAIN.
THIS COSTS AROUND RS. 52 – RS. 120 / SQ. FT.
PRINTED
PRINTED VINYL FLOORING WILL BE AWESOME TO
LOOK. THE DESIGNS YOU GET IN VINYL WILL NOT
EVEN BE AVAILABLE IN TILES, MARBLES AND
GRANITES.
THIS WILL COST YOU AROUND RS. 20 – RS. 40/SQ.
FT.
.

48. 3. PVC VINYL FLOORING
•
CHOOSE PVC VINYL FLOORING FOR A CLASSIC LOOK.
THIS WILL COST YOU AROUND RS. 80 – RS. 100/SQ. FT.
4. ANTI – SKIP
THIS FLOORING IS USED IN BATHROOMS
THOUGH IT IS CHEAP AND GOOD TO LOOK
IT IS VINYL IT TENDS TO PEEL WHEN IT IS PRONE TO WET.
5. TRANSPORT FLOORING
ONE CAN USE TRANSPORT VINYL FLOORING IN YOUR PARKING
AREA AS IT IS MANUFACTURED SPECIALLY FOR BARING THE
WEIGHT OF THE VEHICLE.

49. AVAILABILITY:
VINYL SHEETS ARE AVAILABLE IN ROLLS ,HAVING WIDTH 6’ TO 12’ WIDTH.
TYPICAL VINYL TILES ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZES OF 1 SQ FT.
VINYL PLANKS ARE AVAILABLE IN SIZES RANGING FROM 0.25’ BY 3’ OR LONGER
THEY GENERALLY HAVE THICKNESS OF 1MM, 1.3MM, 2MM AND 3MM.
PRICE RANGE VARIES FROM RS20 TO RS120 /SQ FT.
USES:
GENERALLY USED IN HOSPITALS WHERE MUCH OF CLEANLINESS IS REQUIRED.
IT IS INSTALLED IN CHILDREN ROOMS TO AVOID ACCIDENTS.
IT IS INSTALLED IN BLOOD BANKS.
IT IS ALSO INSTALLED IN HOTELS OF HOMES ,WHERE EVER DESIRED.

50. ADVANTAGES
•FREEDOM OF AESTHETIC EFFECTS –
AVAILABLE IN A WIDE RANGE OF COLOURS
AND PATTERNS
•EASE OF INSTALLATION, EASY TO CLEAN
•EASILY RECYCLABLE
•VARIABLE THICKNESS
•LIGHT WEIGHT.
•DURABLE
•PROVIDES US WITH RANGE OF CHOICE.
DISADVANTAGES
•VINYLL FLOORING WITH NON WAX COATING HAS
AN EASY TENDENCY OF WEARING OUT .
•VINYL FLOORING CANNOT WITHSTAND MUCH OF
WATER OF CHEMICAL CLEANSERS
•VINYL FLOORING TEND TO DIS COLOUR OR FADE
AWAY WHEN EXPOSED TO TOO MUCH OF SUNLIGHT.
•TYPICAL VINYL FLOORING CANNOT WITHSTAND
MUCH PULLING OR PUSHING OF OBJECTS OR SHARP
OBJECTS.

51. THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION FOR VINYL FLOORS.
ROTOGRAVURE VINYL:
THE COLOR AND PATTERN ARE PRINTED ON THE SURFACE LEVEL OF THE VINYL ONLY.
THIS IS A LOWER COST AND MORE POPULAR METHOD OF PRODUCTION THAT LEAVES THE COLOR
AND PATTERN SUSCEPTIBLE TO WEARING AWAY OVER TIME.
INLAID VINYL:
THE COLOR AND PATTERN GO ALL THE WAY THROUGH THE VINYL.
THIS MAKES THE COLOR AND PATTERN VERY WEAR–RESISTANT.
INLAID VINYL
ROTOGRAVURE

52. VINYL FLOORING CONSTRUCTION
VINYL FLOORING IS CREATED IN ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
HOMOGENOUS OR SOLID:
HOMOGENOUS (SOLID) VINYL IS UNIFORM IN STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION THROUGHOUT, WITH NO
ADDED BACKING.
INLAID:
• INLAID VINYL IS MADE BY ADDING GRANULES OF VINYL TO A VINYL BACKING. HEATING THEM WITH THE
WEAR (SURFACE) LAYER.
• THIS CREATES COLORS PATTERNS THAT WILL LAST EVEN IF THE SURFACE LAYER BEGINS TO WEAR DOWN

53. LAYERED COMPOSITE
• LAYERED COMPOSITE VINYL IS THE MOST
COMMON TYPE OF VINYL FLOORING.
• IT CONSISTS OF FOUR DISTINCT LAYERS.
•THE BACKING (BOTTOM) LAYER IS VINYL,
FIBERGLASS OR FELT.
•THIS LAYER IS COVERED WITH A CORE LAYER
OF LIQUID POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) AND
FILLER,
• WHICH IS TOPPED WITH A DECORATIVE
LAYER
•A WEAR LAYER OF PROTECTIVE, CLEAR VINYL

54. VINYL FLOORING WEAR LAYERS
VINYL NO–WAX:
THE LEAST DURABLE OF THE THREE, YOUR FLOOR WILL NONETHELESS RESIST
SCRAPES, SCUFFS, AND SOME STAINS.
REQUIRED MAINTENANCE INCLUDES REGULAR WASHING
A GOOD POLISHING FROM TIME TO TIME TO RESTORE SHINE.
URETHANE (PVC):
URETHANE SURFACES WILL KEEP THEIR "LIKE NEW" APPEARANCE LONGER THAN
MOST VINYL NO–WAX SURFACES, AS WELL AS RESIST STAINS, SCRAPES, SCUFFS,
AND HEEL MARKS.
IT HAS A MORE TEXTURED SURFACE, WHICH SOMETIMES SIMULATES TILE OR
STONE PATTERNS.
ENHANCED URETHANE:
THIS MOST DURABLE OF WEAR LAYERS RESISTS STAINING FROM MANY
COMMON HOUSEHOLD ELEMENTS.
SINCE GRIME AND DIRT WILL NOT STICK TO THIS TYPE OF SURFACE.
THE ONLY MAINTENANCE NEEDED IS AN OCCASIONAL SWEEP OR MOPPING.

55. INSTALLATION OF VINLY
FLOORING

56. APPLICATION ON THE FLOOR

57. MAINTAINANCE
•THE VINYL FLOORS SHOULD FIRST BE DUSTED AND THEN
DAMP-MOPPED.
• MICROFIBER CLOTHS AND MOPS ARE ABLE TO SOAK 7 TO 10
TIMES THEIR WEIGHT IN LIQUID AND ARE EXCELLENT AT
TRAPPING DEBRIS AND DUST
•ONE SHOULD NOT "DRENCH" THE VINYL. WATER CAN WORK
ITS WAY INTO CRACKS AND SEAMS WHEN A MOP IS TOO WET,
DESTROYING THE GLUE.
• THIS CAUSES THE VINYL TO COME LOOSE AND/OR CORNERS
TO CURL UP.
•OVER-USE OF CLEANING CHEMICALS ON NO-WAX VINYL WILL
CAUSE A FILM OVER THE SURFACE.
"IT GETS STICKY AND ACTUALLY ATTRACTS THE DIRT,"