A roof protects a building from weather effects like rain. Different roof types include flat, shed, gable, hip, and dome roofs. A green roof is a roof covered with vegetation that provides environmental benefits like stormwater management and insulation. It includes layers like a waterproof membrane, root barrier, drainage, growth medium, and plants.

2. roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather. Structures that require roofs range from a letter box to a cathedral or stadium, dwellings being the most numerous. In most countries a roof protects primarily against rain. Depending upon the nature of the building, the roof may also protect against heat, against sunlight, against cold and against wind. What is The Roof ???

6. until the 12th century that the history of roofing was changed under King John, when he issued a law in London that citizens had to replace their thatch and reed roof-coverings and replace them with clay tiles. Dreadnought clay tiles began production in 1805 and industrial roofing at that time had little insulation but a good slope for rainwater and other debris. One hundred year after that, concrete tile roofing was first utilized. Brief History of Roofing….. While the history of roofing began to evolve In the southern parts of the United States, wood and metal were more widely used. Even to this day, roofing styles are still based around wood and metal, It is hard to predict the future of the roofing industry and what technology can shape for the future, but for certain, the history of roofing has evolved and will continue to evolve forever.

8. Flat A flat roof is not truly flat but angled slightly to allow for water runoff. It is the cheapest to build initially but will cost you much more than other roof types in maintenance costs.

9. Shed A shed roof is basically a flat roof with a slightly greater angle allowing for greater runoff. They are relatively easy to build and inexpensive as compared to most other roof types. They are usually used on home extension rooms and porches

10. Gable Gable Dormers Dormers are room construction extensions from the roof structure. They usually have windows or doors on the front wall structure. Dormers are often used in 1 ½ story construction to provide light and ventilation to the upper story. A gable roof consists of two shed roof structures joined at the peak forming a ridge line.

11. Hip A hip roof is a gable roof with angled ends taking the place of the gable end of the structure.

12. Dutch Hip A Dutch roof design is a hip roof with small gable ends at the ridge allowing for attic ventilation

13. Gambrel Gambrel roof design is similar to gable construction With two angles on each side. Steep lower surfaces and shallow angle top surfaces allow greater floor space in 1 ½ story construction

14. Mansard Mansard roof construction consists of a compound hip roof design with a lower and upper hip format.

15. Butterfly The butterfly roof is an inverted gable roof design creating a central valley for runoff. The design is visually stunning but impractical for water tightness.

16. Dome Geodesic Dome construction is one of the most difficult to build but is often the most interesting visually Geodesic roof construction consists of triangular framing placed together to form a dome. These structures have surprising strength and visual interest.

19. ELEMENTS OF FLAT ROOF Concrete gutter Steel decking parapet Lines indented for expansion caused by heat and easy to flatten the roof in a uniform manner to prevent any pool of water after rain. concrete

20. Water pool formed due to poor workmanship PROBLEMS OF LEAKING ON FLAT ROOF

24. column wall columns walls A mono -pitched roof structure A lean-to roof structure A pitched roof Pitched Roof Types

25. column wall flashing openings SUNSHADING flashing The Components

26. Roof Framing Plan

27. Terminology

28. Roof Terms PITCHED ROOF TIMBER OR STEEL RAFTER Waterproofing layer and insulation Timber batten Finishes: Clay tiles or Cement tiles Metal decking Ceiling

31. rivetted Placement of roof clay tiles as seen from below

32. ROOF FINISHES ATTAP CLAY ROOF TILES PATTERNED CLAY ROOF TILES

33. PATTERNED STEEL DECKING 1 PATTERNED STEEL DECKING 2 ASBESTOS

34. A space frame or space structure is a truss-like, lightweight rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in a geometric pattern. Space frames usually utilize a multidirectional span, and are often used to accomplish long spans with few supports. They derive their strength from the inherent rigidity of the triangular frame; flexing loads (bending moments) are transmitted as tension and compression loads along the length of each strut. 3. Space frame

35. 4.Dome A dome is a structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. Dome structures made of various materials have a long architectural lineage extending into prehistory.

36. A thin shell is defined as a shell with a thickness which is small compared to its other dimensions and in which deformations are not large compared to thickness. A primary difference between a shell structure and a plate structure is that, in the unstressed state, the shell structure has curvature as opposed to plates structures which are flat 4. ROOF SHELL

37. Its an roof which has been moulded to an shape. which is in rcc, steel etc.its for large covering for open spaces 5. FOLDED PLATE ROOF

38. A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending. The term tensile should not be confused with tensegrity, which is a structural form with both tension and compression elements. 6. Tensile structure

40. Green Roofs Look Something Like This

42. Green Roof Types Green Roofs Rooftop Garden Edge Restraint Rooftop Garden Anchor Roof System Components

46. Green Roof Case Study Negotiated with the building owner to retrofit section of roof. Roof needed to be replaced. Environmental benefits – stormwater mitigation, building insulation, urban heat island mitigation, and aesthetic improvement. Conducted structural engineering analysis to make sure building structure could hold weight of saturated soil. The existing ballasted roof (stone) was about the same weight as the green roof. Planted with six types of sedum.

47. 1. Insulation Layer Reused styrofoam insulation that was on roof.

51. 7. Soil Layer Spread soil to consist depth – 3 inches. 8. Wind barrier Cover soil with photo-degradable wind barrier to prevent wind erosion.

53. Planting Complete October 2003 One year after planting September 2004 Green Roof May 2005