This document discusses thermal insulation in buildings. It explains that heat flows from warmer to cooler areas, and that building materials can impact heat transfer. Insulation keeps indoor spaces cooler in summer and warmer in winter, reducing energy costs. Common insulation materials include slabs, blankets, boards and reflective sheets. Proper insulation of roofs, walls, windows and doors according to their orientation can improve a building's thermal performance.

1. INSTITUTE>
RPET(KARNAL)
SUMBITTED BY#
#SAHIL SAINI(AR 1525)
#SUSHMITA(AR 1502)
#GEETIKA KASHYAP(AR
1502)
#PALLVI(AR 1502)
#SAHRAF(AR 1502)

2. OF A BUILDING

3. 3
Thermal Insulation of Building
 Law of Heat Transfer:
 Heat flows from the higher level to lower level.
 In building the heat transfer takes place form the
hotter area to the cooler zones.
 Heat flows as per the capacity of the building
materials or units like floors, walls, roofs, doors,
windows.
 The property is measured in “thermal
transmittance”

4. 4
Cont…..
 In summer the heat transfer is from the out side to
inside and in winters the process is reversed.

5. 5
Advantage of the thermal insulation or
merits of the heat proof…….
 Thermal insulation in building results in living
and working indoor- conditions because it keeps
the room cool in summer and warmer in winter.
 Due to the Thermal insulation, the demand of
heating in winter and cooling in summer is
considerably reduced.
 This results in lot of fuel saving and maintenance
cost.
 The use of thermal insulation material further
reduces the risk of water freezing in case of pipes
and heat loss of hot water system.

6. 6
Advantage of the thermal insulation or
merits of the heat proof…….
 Thermal insulation in building results in living
and working indoor- conditions because it keeps
the room cool in summer and warmer in winter.
 Due to the Thermal insulation, the demand of
heating in winter and cooling in summer is
considerably reduced.
 This results in lot of fuel saving and maintenance
cost.
 The use of thermal insulation material further
reduces the risk of water freezing in case of pipes
and heat loss of hot water system.

7. 7

8. 8
General Principle of Thermal Insulations
1. The materials used in the construction should have a high degree of heat
resistance per unit of thickness i.e. the materials should have adequate heat
insulation value and low heat conductivity.
2. The thermal resistance of the material directly varies with its thickness and
hence depending upon the insulation desired, the material of an adequate heat
insulation values and adequate thickness should be used.
3. The provision of air space in materials for walls roof ,ceiling etc. offers very good
insulation against heat transmission. The presence of air spaces in materials incenses
thermal insulation, where as the presence of the moisture decreases the this value.
4. The thermal insulation of the building in general and of doors and windows in
particular depends on its orientation w.r.t movement of sun. The building should
be so located that there is min transfer of solar heat during the day in summer and the
is max transfer of solar heat during the day in winter.
5. Thermal insulation to some extent can be achieved by adopting general measures
such as –use of sun shading devices like sun breakers, etc., increasing the height
of ceiling (about 1 to 1.3 m abv. The occupants’ height), increase the height of the
parapet walls when the altitude angle of the sun is low etc.

9. 9
Thermal Insulation material are in the following
form:-1.Slab or block insulation:
Blocks or board 2.5mmthk., 60cm x 120cm in area.
2. Blanket Insulation:
These are flexible fibrous rolls made from mineral wool, cotton, animal hair, etc available in
thk. Of 12mm to 80mm.
3.Bat insulating material
These are similar to blanket insulations except that these are small in size of grater thickness-
they are also spared on surface of the wall and ceiling.
4. Insulating Boards. These are used for the interior lining of walls , also for the
partition walls, structural insulation board is manuf. Making pulp of the wood, cane
or other material and then pressing them in form of boards by adding suitable
adhesive.
5. Reflective sheet material: Reflective sheet materials have high reflective and low
emissivity , thus offering high heat resistance.
Solar energy striking reflective surface gets reflected and amount of heat which may get
transmitted is greatly reduced. This may consist of gypsum board steel sheet reflective
materials, alum. Foils , sheet alu. Reflective material.

10. 10
Insulating material should have the
following properties :
1. It should have high thermal resistance
2. It should be reasonably fire proof
3. It should be insect proof
4. It should be durable
5. It should be non- absorbent of moisture
6. It should be cheaper
7. It should be readily available

11. 11
Methods of Heat Insulation or thermal Insulation:
Heat enters in to building through: roofs, terraces,
walls, windows, doors, opening etc:
I. Method of heat insulating the roofs:
i. In case of installing the heat resisting material it can be placed above
but below the waterproof course.
ii. In case of internal application the material may be fixed with
adhesive , on the underside of roofs with in the rooms.
iii. The false ceiling of insulating materials may be as shown in fig. as
false ceiling
Rcc slab.
Suspenders False ceiling

12. 12
Heat insulation with different
methods and materials.
4cm thk.
5cm thk.
50mm
thk, air
Rcc slb Cement
Plaster
Foam
Plaster
Brick tiles
Brick wall
Brick
walls
Foam
Plastic
10cm thk.
115mm
thk,
230mm
thk,
Cement
Plaster

14. Water-proofing
 Building water-proofing is a process which is designed
to prevent water from penetrating a building.
 Usually extensive waterproofing measures are added
to a building at the time of construction, to provide
moisture control from the start
 Waterproofing may also be done after a building is
built, to address problems as they emerge or as part of
a building retrofit.
WATER PROOFING
Water proofing is done in various parts of the building
which include-
1.WC
2.Bathrooms
3.Terrace
4.Roofs and Chejjas
5.Basement, swimming pools, underground ducts.
6. Under ground and overhead water tanks.
Water-proofing maintains the appearance of the
building and increases the life of the structure.

15. Construction waterproofing
 In building construction, a structure needs waterproofing since concrete itself will not be watertight on its
own (but note concrete is easily waterproofed with additives).
 The conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes'. This relies on the application of one or
more layers of membrane (available in various materials: e.g., bitumen, silicate, PVC, EPDM etc.) that act
as a barrier between the water and the building structure, preventing the passage of water.
A safer foundation
 Exposure to weather conditions like heavy rain and sunlight could cause structural problems. If wooded
decks etc is not properly waterproofed, we can notice discoloration, water stain, rotting and fungi growth.
 Walls not properly waterproofed will give in hydrostatic pressure creating cracks and leaks on walls and
floors.
Why water proof structures?
WATER PROOFING REASON FOR WATER
PROOFING
Healthier environment
• Humidity and moisture is what moulds and mildew want. Mould and mildew
could cause respiratory problems like asthma and also trigger allergic reactions.
There is no way to remove these fungi’s spores inside the house, the only thing that
could remove such growth would be to control moisture.
• Moulds do not only grow on walls or areas where there are moisture issues. It
could grow on anything like wood, carpet and even food. By reducing humidity,
preventing condensation and water seepage, mould and mildew growth could be
decreased.
Eliminate insect growth
• There are various kinds of insects, water bugs, cockroaches, beetles, and critters
that find heaven in damp areas.
Wet basements are ideal for wood boring insects like termites to reproduce.
• These insects could cause damage not only to the foundation but also to
important things stored in the room.

16.  Cement : Ordinary Portland cement is used for all water-
proofing works…type?//pproperties
 Sand : Clean river sand should be used for water-
proofing work. If muddy, the sand should be
washed before use.
 Metal : Hard angular metal of sizes varying from 12mm to
 20mm is used for water-proofing works.
 Brick bat: Brick bats should be well burnt pieces of bricks
having proper thickness. Underburnt or
overburnt brick bats should not be used for
water-proofing work.
 Water-proofing chemical/powder :
A number chemicals and water-proofing
compounds in powder form are available in the
market. Some chemicals include
-tar/bitumen based compounds
-inorganic compounds with little percentage of chlorides and sulphates.
-acrylic based compounds.
-epoxy resins.
-silicones.
-polysulphides and polyurethanes.
Materials used for Water Proofing
WATER PROOFING WATER PROOFING
MATERIALS

17.  Bitumen - Mixed with a filler component such as limestone or sand.
Polymers are added to the bitumen such as APP (atactic
polypropylene) a plastic additive that gives rigidity and tear resistance,
or SBS (styrene butadiene styrene) a rubber additive that gives more
elastic benefits.
 Base Products - Polyester, fiber glass, rag fiber (hessian), and paper.
These products are bought in roll format and are pulled through the
bitumen mixes on huge rollers. The base product becomes saturated in
huge tanks by the tar like bitumen substance, creating rolls of
waterproof material.
Water Proofing Chemicals
WATER PROOFING WATER PROOFING
CHEMICALS

18. Techniques of Water proofing
WATER PROOFING WATER PROOFING
TECHNIQUES
Spray Waterproofing Cavity Wall WaterproofingSheet Membrane Waterproofing
Surface Applied Coating Hot Rubber Waterproofing Blind Side Waterproofing

19. Water Proofing membranes can be classified into four types
Cementitious Systems—These systems contain
Portland cement with and sand combined with an active
waterproofing agent.
These systems include metallic, crystalline, chemical additive and
acrylic modified systems. These systems can be applied as
negative or positive side waterproofing.
Sheet-Membrane Systems—Sheet
membranes used in below grade applications are
similar to the materials used in roofing applications
and include thermoplastics, vulcanized rubbers and
rubberized asphalts. The thickness of these systems
varies from 20 to 120 mils.
Fluid Applied Systems—These systems
include urethanes, rubbers, plastics and modified
asphalts. Fluid membranes are applied as a liquid and
cure to form one monolithic seamless sheet. Fluid
systems can be applied to vertical and horizontal
applications. For foundation wall applications typical
fluid applied systems are 60 mils in thickness.
Bentonite Clays—Natural clay systems,
known as bentonite act as waterproofing by swelling
when exposed to moisture thus becoming impervious
to water. This swelling can be 10 to 15 percent of the
thickness of the base material. Clay panels and sheets
are popular for use in blind-side waterproofing
applications such as on retaining earth systems and
elevator and sump pits

20. Preparation of WC water-proofing
 The pre-work should be completed before starting the water-proofing :
Completion of internal plaster of walls leaving a margin of 18” from the final floor
level of WC unit.
 Completion of grooving or chasing for concealed G.I. piping or electric conduit piping in WC.
 Removing of all debries from WC and chiselling the extra mortar to expose the rare slab completely.
 Completion of making holes in external walls for connecting nahini trap, p-trap, floor trap, etc to
the external drainage line.
 Thorough cleaning of WC with sufficient quantity of water.
 Level marking in red color on wall with respect to floor level to setup trap level.
WC Water-proofing
WATER PROOFING WC WATER
PROOFING
•Fill up the WC slab with 7cm of water(after plugging trap hole)
•Keep the slab filled with water over-night for at least 12 hours.
•Check for leakages in base slab or underneath.
•If a major leakage is observed, locate the spot with porous concrete and provide a socket for
grouting. In addition provide 4 sockets at each corner of the slab.
•Grout the socket with cement slurry with consumption rate of 1 bag of cement to 75 to 100lts of
water. To spread the slurry in the porous portion of the concrete, it is required to flow the slurry with
velocity.
•It is further understood that the process of socketing and grouting is to be continued until the
leakage in base slab is totally stopped.
•After completion of cement grouting and testing for leakages, remove the sockets.
Socketing of WC water-proofing

21.  Provide 25-40mm thick cement mortar base coat in proportion 1:4
with a slope of 1:100 from the entrance door towards the water
escape pipe (drain pipe).
 Carry out this base coat on all walls upto a height of 45cm above
toilet finished floor level
 Keep this base coat full with water upto the slab drop top, for
minimum 4 days for curing and testing purposes.
WATER PROOFING WC WATER
PROOFING
Coating for WC water-proofing
•Select well burnt brick bats. Before laying brick
bats, sock thoroughly in water for atleast half an
hour.
•Lay the brick bat on the edge and not on the flat
surface.
•Any gaps between the bats should be filled with
mortar. Complete the brick bat coat with joints
filled with cement mortar in 1:6. Also use water-
proofing compound as per the specified dose per
bag of cement while filling the joint.
•Give a slope of 1:100 in brick bat coat from the
entrance door to the water escape pipe.
•Cure the coat by ponding water for four days and
check for any leakages.
Brick coat for WC water-proofing

22.  After curing of the brick bat coat, complete
the topping coat with 1:4 cement mortar
mixed with water-proofing compound.
Finish this coat properly with neat cement
slurry by metal float.
 Roughen the surface with a wire brush, for
bonding of the horizontal filler coat.
Continue this coat on the side walls, upto
45cms above WC floor level. This coat
should not project out beyond the
plastering coat of the WC walls, so as to
avoid unnecessary thickness of the glazed
tile dado.
 Cure this final coat for a minimum of 7
days, with water upto minimum 7.5cms
depth.
WATER PROOFING WC WATER
PROOFING
Topping coat for WC water-proofing

23. WC pan fixing and finishing of water-proofing
• Fix WC pan at the required level, considering 15mm sunk from the floor level.
• Block the p-trap outlet hole with gunny bags and fill the WC pan with sand to prevent any
damage by the water-proofing workmen.
• Check the WC pan for its centre.
• Fill the extra gap around WC pan over the topping coat with brick bat and mortar in layer
upto a minimum of 7.5cm below the top of WC.
• Allow curing for a minimum of 3 days.
• The final topping coat should be done upto 50mm below top of WC with a slight slope
towards the WC pan.
• Roughen the top coat surface with a wire brush to receive the mortar with the required
bonding.
• Continuous curing should be done for a minimum of 7 days with wet gunny bags.
WATER PROOFING WC WATER
PROOFING

24.  After completion of the internal plastering of walls, keep a margin of 450mm from the final
floor level of the bathroom. Roughening of the plaster should be done with a wire brush for
fixing the glazed tiles cladding dado.
 Complete grooving, chiseling for concealed G.I and electrical conduit piping in bathroom.
 Remove all debris from the bathroom after chiseling the extra mortar, if any, to expose the slab
completely.
 Make the holes in the external walls for connecting nahini trap to external drainage line and
water leakage drain pipe.
 Clean the bathroom thoroughly with water. Mark the level in red on the walls, with respect to
the floor level, to set up the trap level.
Preparation of Bathroom water-proofing
Bathroom Water-proofing
WATER PROOFING WC WATER
PROOFING

25.  After curing the brick bat coats, complete the topping coat using 1:4 cement mortar
mixed with water-proofing compound, with a proper slope from the entrance door to the
nahini trap. Finish this coat with cement slurry using a metal float. Roughen the top coat
using a wire brush to receive tile mortar bonding.
 Ensure that this coat on walls does not project beyond the bathroom wall plastering coat.
 Cure this final coat for a minimum of 7 days with standing water (depth 7.5cm)
Topping coat for Bathroom water-proofing
WATER PROOFING BATH ROOM WATER
PROOFING
Base Coat for bath water-proofing
• After stopping any leakages in the base slab,
provide 15-25mm thick cement mortar base coat in
proportion 1:4 with a slope of 25mm in 3m from
entrance door towards nahini trap.
• This base coat should cover all the walls around
upto the outer face wall line at the entrance door
and the bottom portion of the nahini trap
connection hole made in the wall.
• Flood this base coat with water, upto the slab drop,
for a minimum of 4 days, for curing and testing.
• Fix the nahini trap and drain pipe over this base
coat.
• The brick bat coat is done similar to WC water-
proofing.

26.  For basements, swimming pools and underground ducts such as lift pits, the
water-proofing has to withstand the water pressure in addition to its basic
stress.
Basement/Swimming pool and
underground duct water proofing
WATER PROOFING BASEMENT, DUCT AND SWIMMING POOL WATER
PROOFING
• Carry out the work of PCC bed and provide a cement mix 1:4 base coat with
water-proofing compound and above this fix rough shahabad tiles.
• Maintain the break joint pattern while fixing the tile for base.
• After fixing the tiles, grout the joints with cement slurry completely.
• Apply a jointless layer of cement mortar 1:3 25mm thick and cure it for 7 days.
• For basement, provision of gutter and sump is made in PCC itself and
shahabad base is also prepared in the same fashion. Gutter is given proper
slope towards the sump. This is done as a preventive measure against
occasional entry of rain water into basement.
• After curing, provide the final jointless water-proof plaster coat in cement
mortar 1:4 over the rough shahabad tiles.
Work procedure

27.  Fix in a slope of 1:150, starting from the lowest point of rainwater down
take and by keeping a minimum thickness of 65mm below the
rainwater outlet.
 Fix brick bats in cement mortar layer of 1:6 proportion in a slope of
1:150 with the water proofing compound.
Brick Bat Coba For Terrace
WATER PROOFING BRICK BAT COBA FOR
TERRACE

28.  Fill the cement mortar 1:4 with the brick bat joints.
 Fix small pieces of brick bats along with 20mm metal for coving of
watta(rounding) at the bottom of the parapet wall
 Special care should be taken for achieving the round shape near the
rain water pipe.
 Block the rain water outlet with gunny bags, to avoid cement slurry
from entering it.
 Cure the brick bat coba coat for at least seven days.
WATER PROOFING BRICK BAT COBA FOR
TERRACE

29. Details of glazed china mosaic water-proofing
WATER PROOFING BRICK BAT COBA FOR
TERRACE

30. Final coat for terrace water-proofing
 Spread cement mortar in 1:4 along with water-proofing compound over the
brick bat coba.
 Press the cement mortar with a ruler of length of 2m.
 Level the surface with a wooden float, keeping 25mm thickness.
 Apply thick cement slurry over the levelled surface, along with the water-
proofing compound for a smooth finish.
 Polish the surface with metal float
 Make vertical and horizontal lines at an intervel of 300mmX300mm, using a
cotton line dori of minimum 3mm thick; so as to avoid cracking of the top
layer.
 Clean and cure the final coat for 21days with atleast 150mm water standing on
the water proofing.
WATER PROOFING BRICK BAT COBA FOR
TERRACE

31.  Clean the top of the chhajja and chisel extra
mortar, if any.
 Apply a thick cement slurry over the top of
the chhajja.
 Apply 1:1.5:3screen coat.
 Make rounding at the junction of chhajja
and wall of the building.
 Cure this coat for seven days.
 Apply a finishing coat with C.M 1:4 with
water-proofing compound.
 Cure the water-proofing for atleast 7 days.
Chejja water proofing
WATER PROOFING CHEJJA WATER
PROOFING

32.  Clean the surface of the sloping terrace.
 Apply a thick cement slurry over the surface of the slab.
 Apply 1:1.5:3 screen coat.
 Cure this coat for 7 days by putting wet gunny bags on it.
 Over this coat, apply a finishing coat with cement sand mortar 1:4 and
water-proofing compound as per design.
 Make an edge between the parapet and the sloping roof on the second
day.
 Cure this water-proofing for 15 days with gunny bags spread over it.
 Constant watering is required on a sloping slab.
Sloping Terrace Water Proofing
WATER PROOFING SLOPING TERRACE WATER
PROOFING

33.  Chisel the extra concrete in the tank, particularly in the corners around the
chambers.
 Clean the entire tank, along with the bottom slab and side walls and throw
away the debris.
 Allow the cement slurry to penetrate all holes, cracks of bottom slab.
 Check the hacking of vertical walls from inside for better bonding with
water-proofing.
Over head tank water proofing
WATER PROOFING OVER HEAD TANK WATER
PROOFING

34.  Check the inlet, outlet and washout pipes for their rigidity. If the pipes are not
rigid, grout them to achieve the desired fixity. Before grouting, check the levels
of these pipes and if necessary correct them by shifting the pipes accordingly.
 Apply water-proofing plaster in C.M 1:4, by adding water-proofing compound.
Apply 15-20mm thick over this plaster, particularly on the corners and base for
avoiding shrinkage and to achieve better strength.
 The bottom of the top slab does not require water-proofing.
 The top of the overhead water tank is to be finished with brick bat, as
mentioned for terrace water-proofing.
 Allow the water-proofing to set foe atleast 12 hours
 Cure this water-proofing for a minimum of 15 days.
WATER PROOFING OVER HEAD TANK WATER
PROOFING

35. Surface Preparation For Expansion Joint Water
Proofing
• Clean the joint surface of dust, cement mortar etc.
• Remove oil and grease(if any) from the surface.
• Protect the edges of the joint with masking tape.
• Keep the tools like suspended scaffolding, ladder,
spatula, putty knife, hand held gun equipment etc.
ready.
Work procedure for vertical expansion joint water proofing.
•Primer is applied in the joint in accordance with the type of joint. For
surfaces like concrete, masonry etc.
•After the primer dries completely, sealant is prepared by mixing base
and accelerator. Mixing should continue till a uniform color is obtained.
•The base and accelerator are mixed in equal proportions by weight.
•This mixed compound is then applied with a spatula or hand held gun
equipment wherever required. Extra material is cut off with putty knife
and a smooth vertical joint is created.
•The masking tape is then removed and the surface is cleaned with
suitable solvents.
WATER PROOFING EXPANSION JOINT WATER
PROOFING
Expansion Joint Water-proofing

36. DAMP PROOFING

37. WATER PROOFING DAMP
PROOFING
Damp proofing
Dampness is the seepage of water through the members of the building.
There is very little difference between leakage and dampness.
If the water comes out of slab of the bathroom/toilet, it is termed as
leakage and if it is observed on external walls of the building directly
exposed to rains and floors, then this percolation is termed as dampness.

38. WATER PROOFING DPC IN
PLINTH
Damp proof course in plinth
•Foundation masonry is always in contact with the sub
soil,which sometimes may contain water.
•The subsoil water tries to enter the building through the
walls/floore.
•Due to capillary action, the subsoil water sometimes
rises into the walls of the building against gravity and
indicates dampness.
•Generally , foundation masonry is done with UCR
masonry and at the plinth level,DPC is provided to
prevent capillary water of the sub soil water.
•The rich cement concrete, generally of M20 grade with
water proofing compound added to it can be used as
DPC in buildings.
•Tar isalso applied below DPC to prevent the entry
through capillary action.
•Above the DPC, regular masonry for super structure is
done.

39. WATER PROOFING WALL
DAMPNESS
Causes and Precautions for wall dampness
•If the foundation masonry is directly exposed to subsoil, water
may enter the building through the walls.
•For this it is ensured that pointing or plastering the exposed
walls is done to restrict the direct contact of sub soil water with
masonry.
•No hollow spaces should remain in the masonry as these are
the routes for water to enter.
•For the junctions of RCC and masonry, chicken mesh should be
used for plastering.
•Dampness is also observed on the ceiling in the form of
patches. This is due to stagnant water on the terrace or some
organic matter dumped on the terrace.
•During execution of the terrace, a proper slope should be given
so that water doesnt accumulate in any place.
•The terrace must be kept clean during rainy seasons to prevent
continuous dampness.
•The terrace slab must be cast carefully so that it attains density
and impermeability.

40. WHAT IS DAMP PROOFING?
 Dampness a common
problem in buildings.
 It refers to access and
penetration of moisture
content
into buildings through its
walls,
floors, roof etc.
 It is important to take measures to prevent dampness.
 Such measures is called damp proofing.
 Water proofing is a treatment of the surface or structure in
a building to prevent leakage.

41. CAUSES OF DAMPNESS :-
 Moisture fromground:-The materials usedfor thefoundation and floorsabsorbmoisturefromthe soil
and it risesup the surface of the building,
 Splashing of rain:-Whenrain splasheson external wallsdampnessmayenterthe interior.
 Exposedtopwall:-dampness entersfromthetopif the topsof parapet wallsare not givensufficient
dampproofingcourse.
 Condensation: dampness is causeddue to condensation of atmosphericmoisture,depositedon walls
and ceilings.
 Construction defects:-
Improper planning,
lackof proper slopein roof,
defective pipe fittings,
improperlysealedconstructionjoints
are constructive defects.

42. Effects of dampness:- Ugly patches on walls and ceilings.
 Plaster softens and crumbles.
 Materials used for wall decorations are damaged.
 Stones ,bricks and tiles disintegrate due to efflorescence.
 Floor finish may be damaged
 Woodworks decays due to dry rot.
 Metal components of building corrodes.
 Electrical fittings are damaged,
 Dampness leads to
breeding of mosquitoes, growth of
termites and germs carrying
diseases such as tuberculosis,
it also aggravates asthma.

43. Materials for damp proofing
Requirementsofidealmaterialsfordampproofing:-
Theyshouldbe :-
 impervious.
 Durable
 Capable of bearing the load
 Dimensionally stable
 Flexible
 Free from sulphates, chlorides and
nitrates.
 inexpensive

44. Materials used for damping:-
 Hot bitumen :-hot bitumen,3mm thick may be applied on bedding of
mortar or concrete.
 Mastic asphalt:-semi rigid material obtained by heating asphalt with
sand and mineral fillers. It is laid on mortar or concrete bed.
 Bituminous felt:-flexible material available in rolls. It is laid on flat
mortar finished surfaces.
 Metal sheets:-sheets of lead, copper and aluminum may be used
membranes in damp proofing. Lead is the most ideally suited
material.

45.  Combination of sheets and felts:-economical and drable damp
proofing sheet is obtained by sandwiching a lead sheet and
bituminous felt.
 plastic sheets:-a relatively cheap method
of damp proofing is by laying 0.5-1.0mm
thick plastic sheets made of black
polythene. This is not a permanent method.
 Bricks:-quality bricks absorbing water less than 4.5% of their
weight may be used for damp proofing. These bricks are laid in 2-4
courses in cement mortar.
 Mortar:-cement mortar in the ratio 1:3 is used for bedding layers
over damp proofing course. It may be mixed with slaked lime to
improve its workability.
 Cement concrete course:-a cement concrete course of proportion

46. Principles of damp proofing:-
General principles to be followed in damp proofing
are:-
 Mortarbed preparedto receivedamp-proof courseshould be leveled.
 The horizontal dampproofing courseshould cover thefull widthof wall excluding
rendering.
 If sheetsor mastic asphalt are used, the gapshouldnot be less than100mmat any point.
 At jointsand corners. Dampproof course shouldbe continuous.
 Dampproofingcourse shouldnot be kept exposedon the wall surface.
 At vertical andhorizontaljunctions, dampproof courses shouldbe continuous anda
cementmortar fillet of about 75mmshouldcover joints.

47. METHODS OF DAMP PROOFING:-
Different types of treatments are used for preventing dampness in diff parts
of the building:-
 Foundations:-this is method of protecting foundations of
outer walls. An air drain is constructed parallel to the
wall.
The drain is covered with
RCC slab, and gratings are
provided at regular intervals,
horizontal and vertical damp
proof courses are also provided.

48.  Treatment for floors:-
if there is no damp soil, a layer of coarse sand,75-100mm thick
is provided over entire area under the flooring. Then 1:4:8
concrete of 100mm thickness is laid. This layer serves as DPC.
the usual flooring is provided over this,
If soil is wet, a membrane DPC is provided over the floor
area, over
which
a layer of flat bricks
is laid.
The usual flooring is
then provided.

49.  Treatment for walls:
 the plinth level should preferably be 450mm above ground
level.DPC should be provided over a concrete bed of thickness
100-200mm.the top of the parapet should be provided with
capping over the DPC. the wall also needs DPC at the edge of
the roof slab.

50.  Providing RCC raft and wall slab:-
 if thewaterpressureishigh,providinga drainagesystemwillnot solvetheproblemeffectively. Insuchcasesthe
floorslabandwallmaybepreparedrightthroughtheRCCstructureandDPCisappliedonit.

51. Asphalt tanking:-
also known as membrane waterproofing.
Construction of horizontal layers :a leveled course of mass
concrete is laid for the flooring area ,over which a 30 mm
thick DPC in form of asphaltic layer is provided a protective
layer of cement screed, concrete or a layer of brick work is
laid over the asphaltic
layer, after which the
flooring is prepared.

52. constructionof vertical face:-
A vertical DPC is provided on the external face of the
wall. The DPC consist of an asphalt layer of about 20mm built in three
coats. This is then protected with a wall of ½ brick thickness.

53. Waterproofing of flat
roofs:-
Lime concrete terracing:-
The RCC roof is cleaned thoroughly and a bitumen primer is
applied ,3 coats of hot blown asphalt is then applied over which a specially prepared lime concrete
bed of 100mmthickness is provided. The surface of bedding is covered with flat tiles. a convex
corner
joint is made at the junction
with the parapet wall.

54.  Membrane water proofing:-
 water proofing membrane may be prepared with mastic asphalt or plastic
sheet. It is provided in a number of layers from 2-7.in this method a layer of
hot mastic asphalt is applied on the clean roof surface. This is covered by
jute cloth and another layer of mastic asphalt is laid.
In case of plastic membranes, hot coating is applied with blown bitumen
between each layer. The top is usually finished with a course of flat tiles.
At the junction is properly sealed with the parapet. The membrane should
extend up to parapet or lead sheets should be inserted.

55. compounds:-
Water proofing compounds may be grouped to
2:-
 Waterproofing admixtures:-these admixtures are in powder or liquid
form. About 2% of powders are mixed while making cement mortar. when
the finishing coat of mortar is provided, these compounds seal the pores
in the slab and make
them watertight.

56.  Waterproofing membrane system:-these
materials are available in the form of paints,
they may epoxy or elastomeric and may be
applied to roof slabs with rollers ,brush or
spray. a minimum of 2 coats are applied to get
desired waterproofing.

57. Water proofing of sloped concrete roofs:-
 Sloped RCC roofs are provided with tiles for
purpose of weather proofing. It is preferable to
use flat tiles fixed to roof.
If Mangalore tiles are used care should be
taken. continuous motor bands should not be
provided as reapers because in case rainwater
entering through broken tiles stagnates on the
mortar bands, leakage will occur. Hence mortar
bands supporting Mangalore tiles should be
discontinuous. before laying the tiles, the

58. K

59. DEFINITION
concrete which uses lightweight
aggregates
May consist of lightweight aggregates are
used in ordinary concrete of coarse
aggregate and sand, clay, foamed slag,
clinker, crushed stone, aggregates of
organic and inorganic.

60. ethods of preparation of
htweight concrete
3.Providing lightweight
aggregate concrete
1.Preparation of porous
concrete
2.Without providing
concrete smoother
(rough concrete)

61. 1.PREPARATION OF POROUS
CONCRETE
a) Lightweight concrete obtained by
inserting gas bubbles or air into the mixture
of plastic cement (mixed with fine sand)
b) Lightweight concrete did not contain
stones included as porous mortar.

62. Characteristics of
Lightweight Concrete
Rain
penetration
Water
absorptio
n
Durabilit
y
Fire
insulatio
n
Thermal
insulatio
n
Acoustic
properties

63. Thermal insulation
Thermal insulation efficiency is defined as resistance
to heat flow either through conduction, or radiation.
Lightweight concrete has a high heat insulation
resistance.
such as porous concrete walls 150mm to provide four
times better insulation than 225mm thick brick wall.

64. Fire insulation
 Fire prevention is associated with thermal insulation.
two types
of fire
protection
b) a non-
combustible
materials - such as
non-organic
materials such as
stone, bricks, rocks
and other.
a) combustible
materials -
such as
organic wood

65. Durability
It is defined as the ability to bear the effects of environment
such as the effects of chemical, physical stress and
mechanical effects. The intended effect of the chemical,
including ground water containing sulfate, air pollution and
reactive liquid spills.
Physical stress is the shrinkage, the stresses of temperature,
cooled, and others. If all the physical stress will cause cracks
in the structure of lightweight concrete.
Mechanical effect is the impact and costs are excessive. The
situation in the steel structure unit should be protected
from rusting.

66. Water absorption
Absorption water by the concrete is high and
more than that found in solid concrete. This
is because the lightweight concrete has holes
in it.

67. Acoustic properties
The key factor is the density of
the sound insulation material.
Therefore, for sound insulation,
lightweight concrete can not
show the desired characteristics.

68. 5.Light weight concrete
• Structural lightweight concrete is similar to normal weight
concrete except that it has a lower density.
• Made with lightweight aggregates.
• Air-dry density in the range of 1350 to 1850 kg/m3
• 28-day compressive strength in excess of 17 Mpa.
• Structural lightweight concrete is used primarily to reduce
the dead-load weight in concrete members, such as floors
in high-rise buildings.
• Structural Lightweight Aggregates:
 Rotary kiln expanded clays, shales, and slates
 Sintering grate expanded shales and slates
 Pelletized or extruded fly ash
 Expanded slags

69. • Compressive Strength:
 The compressive strength of structural lightweight
concrete is usually related to the cement content at a given slump and air content,
rather than to a water-to-cement ratio. This is due to the difficulty in determining
how much of the total mix water is absorbed into the aggregate and thus not available
for reaction with the cement.
• Slump:
1. Due to lower aggregate density, structural lightweight concrete does not slump as
much as normal-weight concrete with the same workability.
2. A lightweight air-entrained mixture with a slump of 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in.) can be
placed under conditions that would require a slump of 75 to 125 mm (3 to 5 in.)
3. With higher slumps, the large aggregate particles tend to float to the surface,
making finishing difficult.

70. Placing, Finishing, and Curing
1. Structural lightweight concrete is generally easier to
handle and place than normal-weight concrete.
2. A slump of 50 to 100 mm (2 to 4 in.) produces the best
results for finishing.
3. If pumped concrete is being considered, the specified
suppliers and contractor should all be consulted about
performing a field trial using the pump and mixture
planned for the project.
4. Adjustments to the mixture maybe necessary.
5. pumping pressure causes the aggregate to absorb more
water, thus reducing the slump and increasing the density
of the concrete.

71. Placing and finishing of concrete.

72. iv) Most of lightweight
concrete have
better nailing and sawing
properties
than heavier and stronger
convensional concrete
iii) Significant reduction
of overall
weight results in saving
structural
frames, footing or piles
ii) Economical in
terms of
transportation as
well as reduction
in manpower
i) rapid and
relatively
simple
construction
Advantage
s

73. Disadvantages
iii) Mixing time is
longer than
conventional
concrete to assure
proper mixing
ii) Difficult to place and finish
because of the porosity and
angularity of the aggregate. In
some mixes the cement mortar
may
separate the aggregate and float
towards the surface
i) Very sensitive with
water content
in the mixtures

74. New innovative Lightweight Foam Concrete
Technology

75. HOLLOW BLOCK
CONSTRUCTION

76. HOLLOW BLOCK
 Hollow blockmoulded from clay ,terracotta or concrete
 Are now commanly used for the construction of
partition walls such walls are rigid,lightstrong and fire
resitant
 THE THICKNESS OF THIS TYPE WAALS VARIES
B/W 6 TO 15 CM

77. DISCRIPTION OF CONCRETE
HOLLOW BLOCK
• Have one or more hollow cores.
• In general, a hollow-core concrete block is more
than 50 % solid.
• Standard hollow concrete blocks come in full
and half sizes.
• Full-size blocks are rectangular and have two
cores.
• Half size blocks are cubical and have one core.

78. ADVANTAGE
 IT IS LIGHT,ECONOMICAL,STRONG AND FIRE
RESISTANT
 THEY HAVE GOOD SOUND INSULATING
PROPERTIES
 THESE WALLS ARE CONSTRUCKRD IN SIMILAR
MANNER AS STRUCTURAL LOAD BEARINGS
WALLS

79. CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK
 Special properties;
 (Strong, light walls; rapid construction)
 Economical aspects
 (Medium to high costs)
 Stability
 (Very good)
 Skills required
 (Masonry skills)
 Equipment required
 (Blockmaking equipment, masonry tools)
 Resistance to earthquake
 (Very good)
 Resistance to hurricane
 (Very good)
 Resistance to rain
 (Very good)
 Resistance to insects
 (Very good)
 Climatic stability
 (All climates)

80. SHORT DESCRIPTION
 Concrete hollow block wall
 • The use of concrete hollow blocks has several advantages:
 • they can be made much larger than solid bricks, and if lightweight
aggregate is used, can be very light, without forfeiting much of their
load-bearing capacity;
 • they can be made to any shape and size, and remain dimensionally
stable;
 • they require far less mortar than solid bricks (because of the cavities
and less proportion of joints, due to the large size), and construction of
walls is easier and quicker;
 • the cavities can be filled with reinforcement and concrete, achieving
high earthquake resistance;
 • the air-space provides good thermal insulation, which is of advantage
in highland and cooler regions (alternatively, the cavities can be filled
with thermal insulation material);
 • the cavities can also be used as ducts for electrical installation and
plumbing.
 • The concrete hollow blocks can be made in simple hand moulds and
vibrator (for production on the building site) OR BY machine

81. construction
 • This system is based on a special type of hollow block (53
x 25 x 14 cm), which can be used for different types of walls,
as well as for ceiling and roof construction.
 • For wall constructions, the blocks are assembled vertically
with a little mortar. The gaps between these vertical units
are filled with concrete 1: 3: 6 (1 cement: 3 sand: 6
aggregate). Reinforcing steel is placed in the vertical
cavities and also filled with concrete. In most cases, it is
sufficient to fill only one cavity. Door and window frames
are eliminated, as the shape of the block provides the
necessary jamb for fixing shutters.
 • For ceilings and roofs, inverted T-beams of required
length are precast and placed on the walls at 60 cm centres
and propped at mid-span. The concrete hollow blocks are
placed to span two beams (as illustrated). On top of this a
welded steel mat is provided (for temperature stresses) and
screed is cast in-situ.

82. construction

83. GLASS BLOCK

84. Glass sheet partitions
 These may be made from sheet glass or hollow glass
block
 Wooden frame work is used in which glass sheets are
fixed.
 It consists of a number of horizontal and vertical posts
spaced to divide the entire area into number of panels.
 Glass sheets are kept in position in the panel either by
using timber beadings or by putty.(linseed oil and
whiting chalk)
 Such partitions are light weight, vermin proof and
sound proof.

85. Types Of Glass Used
 Annealed glass
 Flat Glass
 Laminated Glass
 Alarm Glass
 Reflective Glass
 Anti-reflective Glass
 Fire-resistant Glass
 Tempered (toughened) Glass
 Low-emission Glass
 Acid-etched Glass

86. 2

87. Hollow block
 Hollow glass blocks are translucent units of glass, light in weight
and are available in different sizes and shapes and thicknesses.
 They are usually square with thickness of 10cm.(14x14cm or
19x19cm)
 Jointing edges are painted internally and sanded externally to
form key for mortar.
 Front or back faces may be either decorative or plain and are
sometimes fluted.
 Glass blocks are usually laid in cement-lime mortar (1:1:4) using
fine sand.
 For blocks upto 15cm in height, expanded metal strip
reinforcement is placed in every 3rd or 4th course.
 If height of block is more than 25cm, reinforcement placed in
every course.

88.  Another type of glass blocks are in the form of glass
bricks with joggles and end grooves. ( sketch)
 Glass blocks or glass bricks walls provide good
architectural effect and also admit light.
 They are sound proof, fire proof and heat-proof

89. Glass Block Partition Detail