This document discusses different types of stone masonry and brick masonry. It describes various stone masonry techniques including rubble masonry (uncoursed, coursed random, coursed squared, polygonal, flint) and ashlar masonry (fine, rough, rock-faced, chamfered, block). It also outlines key principles for stone and brick masonry work and compares their properties and construction methods. Supervision tips are provided to ensure proper brickwork.

1. STONE
MASONRY

2. CONTENTS
 GENERAL PRINCIPALS
 TYPES OF STONE MASONRY
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STONE &
BRICK MASONRY
 SUPERVISION OF BRICK MASONRY

3. GENERAL PRINCIPALS
 The stones to be used for stone masonry
should be hard, tough and durable.
 The stones should be perfectly dressed
as per the requirements.
 The mortar to be used should be good
quality.
 As per as possible broken stones or
small stones chips should not used.
 The properly wetted stones should be
used to avoid mortar moisture being
sucked.
Cont…..

4.  Joints must be maintained of uniform
thickness to it’s minimum norm & proper
bond should be maintained throughout
for alternate courses.
 Large flat stones should be used below
the seat of girders, trusses for
distribution of point loads on wider c/s
area of wall.

5. TYPES OF STONE MASONRY
 Rubble Masonry:-
 The stones which are used in this
category are either rough or
undressed.
The masonry has wider joints, since
stones of irregular sizes are used.
Cont……

6.  Ashlar Masonry:-
 The stones which are used in this
category are accurately dressed.
The blocks may be either square or
rectangular.
The masonry has very fine joints of
the order of 3mm thick.
It is the highest grade of masonry
work & is very costly.

7. RUBBLE MASONRY
1) Uncoursed Rubble Masonry
2) Coursed Random Rubble Masonry
3) Coursed Squared Rubble Masonry
4) Polygonal Rubble Masonry
5) Flint Rubble Masonry
6) Dry Rubble Masonry

8. UNCOURSED RUBBLE
MASONRY
 Cheapest, roughest and poorest form
of stone masonry.
 Stones are used in this type are of
widely different sizes.
 Stones of irregular shape & size
directly obtained quarry by removing
the weak corners & edges by hammer.

9. UNCOURSED RUBBLE
MASONRY

10. COURSED RANDOM RUBBLE
MASONRY
 This type of masonry is commonly used
in the construction of low height walls of
public buildings, residential buildings.
 The method of construction is same as
previous except that course is levelled
having thickness 30 to 45 cm thick.
 All the courses are not of same height.
 The stones of 5 to 20cm size are used
in each course.
 Header stones are allowed about regular
internal in each course.

11. COURSED RANDOM RUBBLE
MASONRY

12. COURSED SQUARED
RUBBLE MASONRY
 This type of masonry is made up of hammer
squared stones.
 The stones employed in each course are of
equal height.
 In order to avoid thick mortar joints, small
chips may be used.
 Good appearance can be achieved by using
risers ( large stones), leveller (thinner
stones), sneck or check (small stones) in a
pattern having their depths in the ratio of
3:2:1.
 It is sometimes known as Square-snecked
rubble.

13. COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE
MASONRY

14. POLYGONAL RUBBLE
MASONRY
 In this type of masonry the stones are
roughly dressed to an irregular
polygonal shape.
 The stones should be so arranged as
to avoid long vertical joints in face
work and to break joints as much as
possible.
 Small stone chips should not be used
to support the stones on the facing.

15. POLYGONAL RUBBLE
MASONRY

16. FLINT RUBBLE MASONRY
 This type of masonry is used in the areas
where the flint is available in plenty.
 These are the irregularly shaped nodules of
silica.
 The flint stones varying in
thickness from 8 to 15cm and in length from
15 to 30cm are arranged in the facing in the
form of coursed or uncoursed masonry.
 These stones are brittle & therefore break
easily.
 Strength of flint wall may be increased by
introducing lacing courses of either thin long
stones or bricks at vertical interval of 1 to 2
meters.

17. FLINT RUBBLE MASONRY

18. DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
 This type of masonry is used in the
construction of retaining walls in
agriculture land, pitching earthen
dams and canal slopes in the form of
random rubble masonry without any
mortar.
 This type of construction is the
cheapest & requires more skills in
construction.
 The hallow spaces left around stones
should be tightly packed with smaller
stone pieces.

19. DRY RUBBLE MASONRY

20. ASHLAR MASONRY
1) Ashlar fine
2) Ashlar rough
3) Ashlar rock or quarry faced
4) Ashlar facing
5) Ashlar chamfered
6) Ashlar block in course

21. ASHLAR FINE
 This is the finest type of masonry
perfectly dressed stones are used.
 The height of the courses is never less
than 30cm & generally all the courses
are kept of same height.
 The stones are generally laid as
header & stretcher alternately.
 The bed & side joints in this type of
work should never exceed 5mm in
thickness.

22. ASHLAR FINE

23. ASHLAR ROUGH
 In this type, the exposed faces should
have a fine chisel drafting.
 The Thickness of mortar joints does
not exceeds 6mm.
 The size, angle, edges etc are
maintained in order similar to that for
dressed ashlar.
 It is also known as bastard ashlar.

24. ASHLAR CHAMFERED

25. ASHLAR FACING
 Ashlar facing masonry is provided
along with brick or concrete block
masonry, to give better appearance.
 Face stones are rough tooled.
 Height of stone should not be less
than 20 cm.
 Backing is made up of brick, concrete
etc.

26. ASHLAR FACING
ASHLAR FACING

27. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
STONE & BRICK MASONARY
Properties Stone Masonry Brick Masonry
Strength High Strength Less strength
Durability Excellent Less
Appearance No external treatment
required
Plastering required
Mortar Joints Thick Thin
Danger from
dampness
No Yes
Fire Resistance Less More
Handling Requiring Lifting
Devices
Easy to handle
Method of
Construction
Quarrying, Dressing Preparation of Clay,
Moulding, Drying,
Burning
Cost More Less
Use Pier, Dam, Residential Residential & Public

28. SUPERVISION OF THE
BRICKWORK
 The bricks to be used should confirm
with the requirements of the
specification of the work.
 The bricks should be saturated with
water so as to prevent absorption of
moisture from mortar.
 The brickwork should be carried out
in proper bond.
 The bricks should be laid on their
beds.
Cont…

29.  Bricks should be laid with the frog
uppermost.
 The mortar to be used should be of
quality and proportion as specified.
 The single scaffolding should be adopted
to carry out brickwork at a higher level.
 The brickwork should be carried out as
per line and level.
 After construction of brickwork should be
well-watered for a period about two to
three weeks, if lime mortar is used &
about one to two weeks, if cement
mortar is used.