A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks can be joined together using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them.[1][2] Bricks are produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are fired and non-fired bricks.
In this slide there is a brief discussion about Types , Making & examples of bricks & also plastering
Quality awareness of concrete cube casting and testing must be done to achieve the desired strength of that particular grade of concrete and for the stability of the structure.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
Quality awareness of concrete cube casting and testing must be done to achieve the desired strength of that particular grade of concrete and for the stability of the structure.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
Ferrocement is a special form of concrete where there is no coarse aggregate but cement mortar is reinforced with wire mesh to obtain higher strength and low weight.
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
plastering contractors near me
interior plastering techniques
plastering walls
how to do plastering
pool plastering companies near me
plastering walls techniques
plastering drywall
plastering ceilings
types of plaster wall construction
types of plastering techniques
types of plaster ceiling finishes
methods of plastering
different kinds of plaster
interior plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
different types of plaster walls
types of plastering techniques
types of interior plaster
plaster types and uses
different kinds of plaster
types of plaster ceiling finishes
different plaster wall finishes
how are plaster walls constructed
cement plaster finish types
different types of plaster finishes
types of interior plaster
types of plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
types of plaster ceiling finishes
types of plaster ceilings
types of plaster of paris
plaster supply stores
How to determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement?Civil Insider
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/initial-and-final-setting-time-of-cement/
During Construction using concrete, cement paste, mortar certain time is required for mixing, transportation, placing, compacting and finishing. During this time concrete, mortar, cement paste should be in plastic condition and should not harden and it is mandatory that one should use the concrete before it starts to loose its plasticity. So How should someone know how long is concrete workable? and How much travel time is permitted for concrete?
Well its Setting time that tells us how long concrete is going to be workable. Now the question is What is Setting Time of Cement?
What is pointing?
Scope of pointing
Method of pointing
What is plastering?
Objective of plastering
Lime plaster
Cement plaster
Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
Water proof plaster of Mortar
Heat resistant plasters
Defects in plastering
1.Stretcher bond
2.Header bond
3.English bond and
4.Flemish bond.
Information on the slides is found on the internet. Any incorrect information is not intended. All credit is given to the source of information, not to the author of this slide.
Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly refers to external applications. Another imprecise term used for the material is stucco, which is also often used for plasterwork that is ...
plastering contractors near me
interior plastering techniques
plastering walls
how to do plastering
pool plastering companies near me
plastering walls techniques
plastering drywall
plastering ceilings
types of plaster wall construction
types of plastering techniques
types of plaster ceiling finishes
methods of plastering
different kinds of plaster
interior plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
different types of plaster walls
types of plastering techniques
types of interior plaster
plaster types and uses
different kinds of plaster
types of plaster ceiling finishes
different plaster wall finishes
how are plaster walls constructed
cement plaster finish types
different types of plaster finishes
types of interior plaster
types of plastering techniques
plaster types and uses
types of plaster ceiling finishes
types of plaster ceilings
types of plaster of paris
plaster supply stores
How to determine Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement?Civil Insider
Get PPT here
https://civilinsider.com/initial-and-final-setting-time-of-cement/
During Construction using concrete, cement paste, mortar certain time is required for mixing, transportation, placing, compacting and finishing. During this time concrete, mortar, cement paste should be in plastic condition and should not harden and it is mandatory that one should use the concrete before it starts to loose its plasticity. So How should someone know how long is concrete workable? and How much travel time is permitted for concrete?
Well its Setting time that tells us how long concrete is going to be workable. Now the question is What is Setting Time of Cement?
What is pointing?
Scope of pointing
Method of pointing
What is plastering?
Objective of plastering
Lime plaster
Cement plaster
Gypsum plaster (plaster of Paris)
Water proof plaster of Mortar
Heat resistant plasters
Defects in plastering
1.Stretcher bond
2.Header bond
3.English bond and
4.Flemish bond.
Information on the slides is found on the internet. Any incorrect information is not intended. All credit is given to the source of information, not to the author of this slide.
Brick masonry, stone masonry and its manufacturingAdarshChatra1
Brick masonry is made of brick units bonded together with
mortar
• Components: i) Bricks ii) Mortar
• Mortar Act as a cementing material and units the individual
brick units together to act as a homogeneous mass
Cement mortar
Mud mortar
Lime mortar
Lime-surkhi mortar
1.Stretcher
• Brick laid with its length parallel to the front or direction of a wall.
• The course containing stretchers is called a stretcher course
2.Header
• Brick laid with its breadth or width parallel to the front or direction of the wall.
• Course containing headers is called a header course
3.Arrises
• Edges formed by the intersection of plane surfaces of brick
4. Bed
• Lower surface of the brick when laid flat
5. Bed joint
• Horizontal layer of mortar upon which the bricks are
laid
6. Perpends
• Vertical joints separating bricks in either length or cross directions
• For good bond, perpends in alternate courses should be vertically one
above the other
7. Lap
• Horizontal distance between the vertical joints in successive courses
• For good bond, lap should not be less than one-fourth of a brick
8. Closer
• Piece of brick with the cut made longitudinally used to close
up the bond at the end of brick courses
• Helps in preventing the joints of successive courses to come
in a vertical line
• Generally closer is not specially moulded but it is
prepared by the mason with the edge of the trowel
9. Queen closer
• Obtained by cutting the brick longitudinally
in 2 equal parts
10. King closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the brick such that half a header
and half a stretcher are obtained on adjoining cut faces
• Used near door and window openings
11. Bevelled closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of half the width but of full length
• Used for splayed brickwork
12. Mitred closer
• Obtained by cutting a triangular portion of the brick through its width and
making an angle of 45-60 degree with the length of brick
• Used at corners, junctions etc.
13. Bat
• It is portion of brick cut across the width
14.Bullnose
• Brick moulded with a rounded angle
• Used for a rounded quoin
external angle on the face side of wall
15.Cownose
• Brick moulded with a double bullnose on end
16. Frog
• Is a mark of depth about 10-20mm which is placed
brick to form a key for holding the mortar
Method of arranging the bricks in courses
• Individual units are tied together and the vertical joints of the successive
courses do not lie in same vertical line
• Bond types are distinguished by their elevation
• Bond types:
i. Stretcher bond v. English cross bond
ii. Header bond vi. Dutch bond
iii. English bond vii. Brick on edge bond
iv. Flemish bond viii. Raking bond
ix. Garden wall bond
1. Stretcher bond
• All bricks are laid with their lengths in the longitudinal direction of the
wall; Thickness = half brick
• Only stretcher is visible in elevation
• Use: partition wall, sleeper walls
2. Header bond
• All bricks are laid as headers towards the face of the wall.
• Suitable for one b
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
▶️ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/JoynulAbadinRasel
☕ Buy me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/JoynulAbadinR
This Presentation about Brick Masonry with a Beautiful Slides. This presentation covers - Brick Masonry Definition, Type of Bricks, General Principals, Bonds of Bricks, Other Bonds, Junction in Walls, Bonds in Pires, Retraining Wall, Design of Retraining Wall, Strength of Brick Masonry, Reinforced Brickwork. Hope You Enjoy!
▶️ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/JoynulAbadinRasel
☕ Buy me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/JoynulAbadinR
BRICK MASONRY INRODUCTION
BRICK MASONRY-UNIQUENESS
CHARACTERISTIC OF BRICKS
ADVANTAGE OF BRICK MASONRY
MANUFACTURE OF BRICKS
TYPES OF BRICKS USED IN MASONARY WORK
TYPES OF BRICK MASONRY BOND
ENGLISH BOND
FLEMISH BOND
HEADER BOND
STRETCHER BOND
TYPES OF BRICKS MASONARY
TOOLS USED IN BRICK MASONRY
BRICKS COURSES & CLOSURES
RULES FOR GOOD BRICKS BONDING
QUALITIES OF GOOD BRICKS
CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS
TEST FOR BRICKS
DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
CONCLUSION
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
3. A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in
masonry construction
BRICK
4. CLASSIFICATION OF BRICKS :
1. BURNT BRICKS
2. MACHINE MADE BRICKS
BURNT BRICKS :
1. FIRST CLASS BRICKS
2. SECOND CLASS BRICKS
3. THIRD CLASS BRICKS
4. FOURTH CLASS BRICKS
5. • Made from good quality raw materials.
• Color of first class brick is uniform.
• These are regular in size and shape
• Doesn't absorb more than 20% water of its
own dry weight when immersed in fresh
water for 24 hours.
• The crushing strength of this type of brick
should be 105 kg/cm2.
FIRST CLASS BRICKS
6. • The quality of bricks of this type is little bit
less from first class brick.
• Such as it can be slightly over burned.
• The size and shape can be slightly differ from
standard.
• The crushing strength of this brick-type
should be above 70 kg/cm2.
• These bricks don't absorb more than 22%
water of its own weight after 24 hours
immersion in fresh water.
SECOND CLASS BRICKS
7. • This type of brick isn't uniform in size and
shape.
• It can be over burnt or under burnt.
• It doesn't absorb more than 25% water
of its own weight when immersed 24
hours in fresh water.
• Crushing strength of this type is more
than 30 kg/cm2.
THIRD CLASS BRICKS
8. • These bricks are over burnt.
• Brittle in nature.
• These bricks have irregular surface and dark
color.
• These bricks are very hard.
• These bricks are used as aggregates for
concrete foundation, floors, roads
FOURTH CLASS BRICKS
9. MACHINE
MADE
BRICK
• This kind of brick is made with machine,
• Has uniform size and shape
• Extra color can be added for attractive and unique looks.
10. A standard metric
brick has coordinating
dimensions of 225 x
112.5 x 75 mm (9” x
4.5” x 3”)
NOMINAL SIZE
Working dimensions
(actual
dimensions)of 215 x
102.5 x 65 mm (8.5”
x 4” x 2.5”)
ARCHITECTURAL SIZE
12. PREPARATION OF BRICK CLAY
Removal of loose soil
The top layer of the loose soil about 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning
The earth is then dug out from the ground. This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
Blending and tempering
The clay is then mixed with suitable ingredients . It is carried out by taking a
small portion of clay every time and by turning it up and down in vertical
direction
18. BRICK MOULDING
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally
used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
• The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening
under pressure.
• It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
• These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
21. DRYING OF BRICKS
• If damp bricks or green bricks are directly taken to burning then, they are likely to
be cracked and distorted
• To remove maximum moisture from the brick so as to save time and fuel during
burning
• To increase the strength of raw bricks
• The bricks are allowed to dry till they are left with 5 to 7 percent moisture
content.
• The drying period usually varies from 7 to 14days.
24. BURNING OF BRICKS
• Bricks are burned at high temperature to gain the strength, durability, density and red color
appearance.
• All the water is removed at the temperature of 650 degrees but they are burnt at an
temperature of about 1100 degrees because the fusing of sand and lime takes place at this
temperature .
• Chemical bonding takes between these materials after the temperature is cooled down
resulting in the hard and dense mass.
27. TESTS FOR BRICKS
Absorption : The brick should not absorb water more than 20% of dry weight.
Crushing strength : The minimum crushing strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2
Hardness : Brick is treated to be sufficient hard if no impression could be made on the
surface of the brick by finger nail.
Soundness : Two bricks when struck with each other should emit metallic ringing
sound.
30. BRICK
MASONRY
The art of laying bricks in mortar in a proper systematic
manner gives homogeneous mass which can withstand forces
without disintegration, called Brick masonry.
32. I N S T R U M E N T S U S E D F O R B R I C K M A S O N R Y
TROWEL BRICK HAMMER STEEL TAPE SPIRIT LEVEL
33. Header
Brick which is laid with its length perpendicular to the face of the wall.
Stretcher
Full brick which is laid with its length parallel to the face of the wall.
Course
Horizontal layer of brick.
Header course
Course of brick work fully composed of header
Stretcher course
Course of brick work fully composed of stretchers.
34. King closer
Brick is cut in such a way that the width of its end is half of full brick.
Queen closer
Brick is half as wide as a full brick.
Half Bat
Portion of brick cut half across the width.
Bevelled closer
It is similar to king closer with the only difference that the whole length of he
brick is beveled .
36. BRICK BOND TYPES
Bond is an arrangement of bricks in a course by which formation of continuous
vertical joints both in the face and body of the wall can be prevented and the
individual units are tied together.
BRICK BONDS
Stretcher bond
Header bond
English bond
Flemish bond
Facing bond
English cross bond
Brick on edge bond
Dutch bond
Raking bond
Zigzag bond
Garden wall bond
37. STRECHER BOND
• Stretcher bond or stretching
bond is one in which all the
bricks are laid as stretchers on
the faces of walls.
• This pattern is used only for
those walls which have
thickness half brick i.e. 5 inch.
38. HEADER BOND
• Header bond or heading bond is
the one in which all the bricks are
laid as headers on the faces of
walls.
• This pattern is used only when the
thickness of the wall is equal to
one brick i.e. 10 inch.
39. ENGLISH
BOND
• This is most commonly used bond for all wall thickness.
• This bond is considered to be the strongest.
• The bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers.
40. QUEEN CLOSER AT
ENGLISH BOND
In order to break vertical joints
in successive joints it is
essential to place queen closer
in each heading course.
41. FLEMISH BOND
Each course is
comprised of alternate
headers and stretchers
and header are
centered of stretchers
Every alternate course
starts with a header at
corner then queen
closer are placed
QUEEN CLOSER AT
FLEMISH BOND
42. SINGLE FLEMISH BOND
• Single Flemish bond is comprised of Flemish bond on facing side and English bond
on backing.
• Not suitable for wall thickness < 1.5 brick.
DOUBLE FLEMISH BOND
• In the double Flemish bond, each course presents the same appearance both in
the front face as well as in the back face. Alternate headers and stretchers are
laid in each course.
• Suitable for 1 brick wall
43. • This bond is similar to herring bone
bond except that the bricks are laid
in zig zag fashion.
• It is most commonly used for
making ornamental panels in brick
flooring.
ZIG-ZAG BOND
44. EXAMPLE OF BRICK MASONRY :
CREATING A BRICK WALL
PREPARATION OF CEMENT MORTAR
• Consists of mixture of cement, sand & water
in suitable proportion
• Stronger than any other mortar
Commonly used in the construction of load
• Bearing wall, columns etc.
• The proportion of cement to sand (volume
basis) varies from 1:2 to 1:6 or even more
45.
46. DELIMATING THE AREA OF BUILDING THE WALL
Using set square and pencil, draw two perfectly parallel lines
along the floor, then along the walls: in this way you will delimit
the area where you will build the wall.
& CREATING A HORIZONTAL LINE USING ROPE OR STRING IS A
MUST!
47. APPLYING MORTAR & BUILDING THE FIRST LAYER OF BRICK WALL
• Using a trowel, past a cement mortar layer about five centimetres wide and just over
bricks.
• Starting from the track along the wall, place the first row of bricks on the first layer of
cement mortar.
• Put the mortar also on the side of the brick that will be in contact with the wall.
• Completed the first layer of bricks, check with the level: it must be perfectly straight .
• If you need to seat it, take lightly tapping with the mallet, before the mortar to solidify.
48. • Completed the first row, proceed in the same way with the second, however, remembering to
stagger the bricks in order to make the whole more solid and resistant structure.
• We can use a spirit level to indicate whether a surface is horizontal (level) or vertical (plumb)
49.
50. DEFECTS IN BRICK MASONRY
• Sulphate attack : Sulphate salts present in bricks work react with
alumina content of cement . It occur in boundary walls.
• Crystallization of salts from bricks : Occur in masonry made out of
brick which contain excessive soluble salts . This phenomenon is also
known as efflorescence.
• Corrosion of embedded iron or steel : Iron or steel embedded in
brick work gets corroded in the presence of dampness .On corrosion
the metal expands in volume and tends to crack the brick work.
53. WHAT IS PLASTERING
Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the
construction of houses and other structures with a plastic material, called plaster or
mortar.
OBJECTIVE OF PLASTERING
• To provide an even, smooth, regular, clean and durable finished surface with improved
appearance.
• To preserve and protect the surface.
• To cover up the use of inferior quality and porous materials of the masonry work.
54. SAND FINAL MORTAR MIXCEMENT
M A T E R I A L S N E E D E D F O R P L A S T E R I N G
55. TYPES OF PLASTERS
• Cement Plastering
• Mud Plastering
• Lime Plastering
• Lime cement plaster
• Gypsum plaster/plaster of paris
• Water proof plaster
• Heat resistant plaster
• Stucco plastering
• Plaster of lath
56. LIME PLASTER
• Lime plaster is a mixture of calcium hydroxide and sand (or other inert fillers) in
1: 1 ratio.
• Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes the plaster to set by transforming the
calcium hydroxide into calcium carbonate (limestone).
• In order to improve building properties of lime plaster , gugal (a kind of fragrant
gum) @ 1.6 kg/m3 of mortar , is added when the mortar is being ground.
• In order to improve adhesive and tensile properties of lime mortar, sometimes,
small quantities of chopped hemp (i.e., vegetable fibres) @ 1kg/m3 are added to
the lime mortar.
• The lime mortar thus prepared is usually kept for 2 days before use.
57. CEMENT PLASTER
• Cement and sand in required proportions ( 1:3 or 4) are first
thoroughly mixed in dry conditions and then water is added to
form a paste of required consistency.
• Generally it is mixture sand, portland cement and water mixed
in a suitable proportion.
• This prepared mortar for plastering should be consumed within
30 minutes after the addition of water.
58. MUD PLASTER
• The surface to be plastered is prepared exactly in the
same manner as that for lime or cement plaster.
• Mud plaster is generally applied in two coats, the first
coat being 18mm thick while the thickness of the
second coat is kept 6mm.
59. I N S T R U M E N T S U S E D F O R P L A S T E R I N G
TROWEL FLOAT FINISHING
TROWEL
SPIRIT LEVEL
60.
61. PROCEDURE OF CEMENT PLASTERING
• Average thickness of cement plastering is 12-15mm
• Clean the surface with water and is kept wet till applying plaster
• Preliminary coat is applied on the surface to fill up hollow portion of
masonry
• First coat is applied with a thickness of 9-10mm
• Second coat is applied after 6hrs and thickness of second coat is 10mm.
• Surface is polished with a trowel
• Third coat if required is applied with maximum thickness 3mm
• Completed plaster is allowed to rest for 24hrs and well watered for at
least one week
• Slow setting under higher humidity improves the strength of plaster
62.
63. DEFECTS IN PLASTER WORK
• Cracking
• Efflorescence
• Falling out of plaster
• Blowing of plaster
• Flaking
• Peeling
• Popping
64. From atmosphere and go in to
solution which appears on the surface
in the form of whitish substance as the
moisture dries out and the salts
crystallize .
EFFLOROSCENCE
The adhesion of the plaster to the
back ground may not be perfect . The
suction of the backing materials may
not be uniform Excessive thermal
changes in plaster .
FALLING OUT
Its due to old surface is not properly
dressed and due to expansion and
shrinkage in plaster coat during
drying .
CRACKING