This document provides information about chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), including:
1) CIDP is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system, specifically targeting the myelin insulation around nerves.
2) Symptoms include numbness, tingling, muscle weakness, loss of reflexes, and abnormal sensations that typically start distally and progress proximally.
3) Diagnosis involves nerve conduction studies showing signs of demyelination in multiple nerves as well as EMG findings such as prolonged latencies and conduction blocks. Nerve biopsy may also show signs of inflammation and demyelination.
references:
1-European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a joint Task Force—Second revision.
2-Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy and Its Variants By Kelly Gwathmey, MD
3-Patient Journey in CIDP: Burden, Symptoms, and Diagnosis Jeffrey A. Allen, MD; Richard A. Lewis, MD
references:
1-European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a joint Task Force—Second revision.
2-Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy and Its Variants By Kelly Gwathmey, MD
3-Patient Journey in CIDP: Burden, Symptoms, and Diagnosis Jeffrey A. Allen, MD; Richard A. Lewis, MD
This presentation looks at abnormal EEG patterns with examples for each. Benign variants, artifacts and focal ictal patterns are not part of this presentation.
This presentation consist information about unspoken and less well known variants of GBS as well as CIDP. Also it includes information about diagnosis and management.
This presentation looks at generalised periodic epileptiform discharges and the various disorders like Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD), SSPE and metabolic encephalopathies in which it is seen. SIRPID is also discussed. Triphasic waves are described. Radermacker complexes in SSPE are described.
This presentation looks at abnormal EEG patterns with examples for each. Benign variants, artifacts and focal ictal patterns are not part of this presentation.
This presentation consist information about unspoken and less well known variants of GBS as well as CIDP. Also it includes information about diagnosis and management.
This presentation looks at generalised periodic epileptiform discharges and the various disorders like Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (CJD), SSPE and metabolic encephalopathies in which it is seen. SIRPID is also discussed. Triphasic waves are described. Radermacker complexes in SSPE are described.
Global Intravenous Immunoglobulin Market (By Application, Types and Geography...Allied Market Research
IVIG is a sterile solution of antibodies collected from healthy donors, which is administered through the veins into the body. Currently, the immunoglobulin industry is growing on account of increasing FDA/EMA approvals and government support. IVIG usage against the conditions within the criteria (i.e. FDA/EMA approved indications) have increased greatly and the largest increase found in Chronic Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), Hypogammaglobulinemia and immunodeficiency diseases.
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Competitive Intelligence to Decision Pattern (CIDP) is a method of rating Corporate Competitive Intelligence Operations through patterns of systemic flow from Competitive Intelligence to Decision, thereby providing appropriate classification ranging from AAAAAAAA to DDDDDDDD.
Immunoglobulins market to 2019 demand in primary immunodeficiency (pi) and ...Reports Corner
GBI Research's report "Immunoglobulins Market to 2019 - Demand in Primary Immunodeficiency (PI) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) Potentially Supplemented by Approvals for Alzheimer's Disease" provides in-depth analysis of the global immunoglobulin market. The report analyzes the markets for immunoglobulin products in the US, the top five European countries (the UK, Germany, France, Italy and Spain) and Japan.
https://www.reportscorner.com/reports/20855/Immunoglobulins-Market-to-2019---Demand-in-Primary-Immunodeficiency-(PI)-and-Chronic-Inflammatory-Demyelinating-Polyneuropathy-(CIDP)-Potentially-Supplemented-by-Approvals-for-Alzheimers-Disease/
More than 10 million people suffer from epilepsy in India.Seizures impact the lives of people with epilepsy and their family in many ways including creating barriers to employment and education and facing a sense of discrimination and isolation from their peers who donʼt understand what happens when they see a seizure occur. In India, epilepsy is still thought of as mental illness mainly due to lack of information on the condition among the general public.
This presentation touches every aspect of epilepsy
1. Overview of Epilepsy;
2. Type of Seizures;
3. Diagnosis and Management;
4. Psychological Issues; and
5. Social Perspectives.
Complex regional pain syndrome Petrus IitulaPetrus Iitula
complex regional pain syndrome is most commonly misdiagnosed, leading to improper medical treatment that is ineffective for the disease causing devastating morbidity and eventually mortality. remember pain is what the patient says it is and its subjective from patient to patient. Thus any history of trauma to a particular region of the body can be a sufficient enough for you to suspect CRPS. Early detection of complex regional pain syndrome with good medical management and physiotherapy reduces progression of the disease.
Central Nervous System, Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine.Dr. Kiran Dhamak
Central Nervous System is one of the unit in Pharmacotherapeutics Subject which is for Second Year Diploma in Pharmacy. The unit covers diseases like Epilepsy, Parkinson, Alzheimer, Stroke and Migraine. The presentation includes the point as per diploma in pharmacy students may understand very easily. The syllabus is framed by Pharmacy Council of India which is implemented by MSBTE ER 2020-2021
This lecture is all about the recognition of an abnormal EEG, its characteristics, its appearance and all about how to differentiate the abnormal activity with normal EEG background.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
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There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. What is CIDP???
• Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP)
is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the
peripheral nervous system.
• CIDP is an autoimmune diseases where the body's immune
system attacks its own nerves.
• normally the body learns not to attack itself; It also knows
when a foreign object like a virus or a bacteria has entered
the body which needs to be destroyed. In autoimmune
diseases, the recognition of self is lost and the body attacks
itself. The nerves of the body are seen as a foreign object
and attacked. If this occurs acutely then the illness is called
Guillain-Barré and if it becomes chronic then it is
called Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
or CIDP.
3. Cont…
• The nerve itself acts like the copper wire, and
there is an insulation around the wire that is
called myelin. In CIDP, it is the myelin that is
affected first and in later stages of the disease
the nerve itself is attacked
4. Clinical:
• CIDP is an acquired, demyelinating, motor and sensory
neuropathy that is presumed to be immune mediated.
All ages can be affected, but most patients present in
their fifth to sixth decade. Both proximal and distal
muscles are affected.
• The time course in CIDP is longer than AIDP (>6 six
weeks)
and may follow a monophasic progression, a stepwise
progression or a relapsing and remitting course.
• Early in the illness, it may be impossible to differentiate
AIDP from the initial presentation of CIDP.
5.
6.
7. Symptoms:
• The symptoms of Chronic Inflammatory
Demyelinating Polyneuropathy include numbing,
tingling, pain, progressive muscle weakness, loss of
deep tendon reflexes (areflexia), fatigue, and
abnormal sensations. One of the first signs that could
develop is a foot drop, where patients developed
weakness in their ankles and as a result tend to trip
over their feet, or they could develop numbness and
tingling in the feet and toes which gradually spreads
to the other parts of the body.
8. CLINICAL MENIFESTATION
• Demyelination
– May be detected on nerve conduction studies or
nerve biopsy
– Multifocal demyelination is a diagnostic hallmark of
CIDP, but distribution of demyelinative lesions varies
among patients
• Weakness
– Characteristically, involves both proximal and distal
muscles
– Typically symmetric, but can begin asymmetrically
• Sensory symptoms are common but motor symptoms
usually predominate
• Autonomic system dysfunction can occur
9. Cont…
• Slow progressive course is seen in approximately 2/3 of cases
• Children usually have a more precipitous onset of symptoms
• Relapsing course with partial or complete recovery between
recurrences is seen in approximately 1/3 of cases
– Periods of worsening and improvement usually last weeks or
months
– Patients with a younger age of onset are said to have a
higher frequency of relapsing course
• CIDP typically is a very slowly progressive, predominantly sensory
polyneuropathy and is more common in older patients, especially men.
Patients usually present with gait ataxia and marked large-fiber
sensory loss. Some patients have a prominent action tremor.
10. American Association of Neurology
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC
CIDP DIAGNOSIS CRITERIA
• AAN has developed Electrophysiologic criteria for the identification
of patients with CIDP ;
• Electrophysiologic Criteria:
According to AAN to diagnose the CIDP patients following NCV’s
and EMG findings should be fulfilled;
– Require 3 demyelinating range abnormalities
• Prolonged distal latencies (two or more nerves)
• Slow conduction velocity in two or more nerves (not across
the entrapment sites).
• Prolonged F wave latencies & H reflexes in one or more
nerves.
• Conduction block/ temporal dispersion in one or more
nerves.
11. Nerve Conduction Study Protocol
• Motor Nerve Conduction Studies:
– Bilateral Median (APB) & Ulnar (ADQ) motor nerves
Bilateral Posterior Tibial (AH) & Peroneal (EDB) motor
nerves (If low amplitudes in Peroneal (EDB) then we have
to record the peroneal motor nerve from Tibialis anterior
muscle).
• Late Reponses Studies:
– Bilateral f-wave responses in all motor nerves performed
in upper and lower limbs.
– Bilateral H-reflex studies at the same distances
• Sensory Nerve Conduction Studies:
– Bilateral Median (F2) ,Ulnar (F5) & Radial in upper limbs
– Bilateral sural in lower limbs
12. Nerve Conduction Study Protocol….cont’d
• Cranial segment
Motor:
o Bilateral Facial Motor Nerve
o Bilateral Phrenic Nerve (In respiratory compromised patients)
Blink Study:
o Trigeminal & facial nerve sensory studies
13. EMG Recommended Protocol
• These are the muscles which should be sampled routinely for
polyneuropathy:
• Upper limb muscles:
– First dorsal interosseous
– Extensor indicis proprius
– Forearm muscles (pronator teres or flexor carpi radialis)
– Biceps brachii
– Cervical Paraspinal muscles
• Lower Limb Muscles:
– Extensor Hallucis Longus
– Tibialis anterior
– Soleus/medial gastrocnemius
– Quadriceps
– Gluteal muscles or tensor fascia latae
– Lumber Paraspinal muscles
Weaker muscles should be sampled first for better yield & to
increase the sensitivity of the EMG study
14. CIDP Electrodiagnostic Findings
• NCS Findings:
– Similar findings with GBS except:
• Secondary axonal changes
– Abnormalities can be asymmetric.
– “Conduction block is an important parameter to
differentiate acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies
from congenital ones”
15. EMG PARAMETERS & FINDINGS
• Parameters assessed (on EMG)
– Insertional activity
– Spontaneous activity
– Motor unit potentials (MUPs)
• Morphology (duration, amplitude and complexity)
• Recruitment and firing rate
• Interference pattern
• EMG Findings:
– Neuropathic pattern
• Positive sharp waves
• Fibrillations potentials
• Large MUAPs
• Reduced recruitment
• Paraspinal muscles also involved showing the abnormal
spontaneous activity
16. Nerve Biopsy Findings
• Nerve Biopsy
– Teased Fiber: Segmental demyelination
– Onion Bulb formation
– Inflammation: Epineurial & endoneurial
Nerve biopsy is not essential for the diagnosis of
CIDP; however, if there remains a question of
the diagnosis, nerve biopsy remains a useful
diagnostic tool.