This lecture is all about the recognition of an abnormal EEG, its characteristics, its appearance and all about how to differentiate the abnormal activity with normal EEG background.
Artifacts in EEG - Recognition and differentiationRahul Kumar
This Presentation discusses the variously commonly seen artifacts in EEG, and how to recognize them. In EEG interpretation, it is often more important to identify an artifact than to identify true pathology. Once all the artifacts are ruled out, one is sure that what one is dealing with represents disease/abnormality
This lecture is all about the recognition of an abnormal EEG, its characteristics, its appearance and all about how to differentiate the abnormal activity with normal EEG background.
Artifacts in EEG - Recognition and differentiationRahul Kumar
This Presentation discusses the variously commonly seen artifacts in EEG, and how to recognize them. In EEG interpretation, it is often more important to identify an artifact than to identify true pathology. Once all the artifacts are ruled out, one is sure that what one is dealing with represents disease/abnormality
Normal EEG patterns, frequencies, as well as patterns that may simulate diseaseRahul Kumar
This presentation discusses the vast range of traces that show the variations in normal EEG patterns, as well as discussing the frequency and amplitudes of various normal waveforms.
This pattern discusses the various EEG patterns seen in term as well as pre term neonates. Normal Variations as well as pathological traces are discussed
EEG - Montages, Equipment and Basic PhysicsRahul Kumar
This presentation discusses the 10-20 system of electrode placement, with its modifications. Also discussed are the Equipment Specifications, basic Physics and sources of interference
This presentation looks at abnormal EEG patterns with examples for each. Benign variants, artifacts and focal ictal patterns are not part of this presentation.
EEG variants, are always to be recognized while interpreting the EEG one must be aware of these. Major and most common EEG is variants are discussed in the stated presentation.
Syed Irshad Murtaza.
Normal EEG patterns, frequencies, as well as patterns that may simulate diseaseRahul Kumar
This presentation discusses the vast range of traces that show the variations in normal EEG patterns, as well as discussing the frequency and amplitudes of various normal waveforms.
This pattern discusses the various EEG patterns seen in term as well as pre term neonates. Normal Variations as well as pathological traces are discussed
EEG - Montages, Equipment and Basic PhysicsRahul Kumar
This presentation discusses the 10-20 system of electrode placement, with its modifications. Also discussed are the Equipment Specifications, basic Physics and sources of interference
This presentation looks at abnormal EEG patterns with examples for each. Benign variants, artifacts and focal ictal patterns are not part of this presentation.
EEG variants, are always to be recognized while interpreting the EEG one must be aware of these. Major and most common EEG is variants are discussed in the stated presentation.
Syed Irshad Murtaza.
This presentation looks at the benign or non-epileptiform variants in EEG, their characteristics and identification. Examples of the common benign variants are provided in the presentation.
The detail description about peripheral nervous system, neuron, its covering, types of neuron, synapses, spinal nerves, plexus, and more about cranial nerves at last not the least about somatic and autonomic nervous system. you may also find the information about types of peripheral nervous system in detail.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. Normal awake and sleep EEG of
paeds and adults
Shehzad Hussain
Technologist
2. NEONATAL PERIOD
• The patterns observed in the neonatal EEG
and the significance attributed to them
depends on the conceptional maturity of the
infant. Therefore, to evaluate the neonatal
EEG, the reader must know the conceptional
age of the infant (duration in weeks since last
menstrual period/beginning of pregnancy), in
addition to the postnatal age.
3. Premature Infants
Less Than 29 Wk
• The most striking feature of the early premature
EEG is the discontinuity of activity.
• Bursts of high-voltage, predominantly delta
activity, mixed with other frequencies and sharp
waves, are interspersed with periods of low-
voltage quiescent recordings. Interburst intervals
may be prolonged, up to 90 s or more, whereas
active bursts are generally shorter, but may last
up to 1 min. This pattern is described as trace
discontinue. (142-page primer soft)
4.
5. Infancy (<1 Yr)
• With the end of the neonatal period (after 6-8 wk of
age), trace alternant and frontal sharp waves are no
longer observed in the healthy infant. In the awake
state, an early, often poorly sustained, poorly reactive
posterior dominant rhythm of three per second is first
observed at 3 mo of age, and often increases to four
per second at 4 mo. Reactivity to eye closure emerges
quickly. The posterior dominant rhythm may be up to
6 to 7 Hz by 12 month of age.
• After the first to second month, infants move from
wakefulness into QS.
6. Early Childhood (>1 to 3 Yr)
• The posterior dominant rhythm increases in frequency
from 6 to 7 Hz in the second year to 7 to 8 Hz in the third
year, and the blocking response to eye opening is now
robust.
• As in adults, the dominant rhythm may be of greater
amplitude in the non-dominant hemisphere.
• The difference should not be greater than 50%. In the
waking background, delta activity remains prominent and
may be observed diffusely or shifting in position
throughout the record. There is a relative increase in the
amount of theta activity, and this is visually the most
striking frequency at this age. Throughout childhood,
waking theta activity is prominent, often shifting in
prominence from side to side.
7. Cont…
• With drowsiness, diffuse, high-voltage, rhythmic theta (3–5 Hz)
appears, mainly in the
• parasagittal areas. It is typically continuous, but may appear as
discrete bursts in some children.
• It is often also present at arousal (hypnagogic and hypnopompic
hypersynchrony).
• As the child progresses into sleep, diffuse irregular slow activity (1–
3 Hz) develops,
• mixed with medium voltage theta activity. Slow activity has a
maximal amplitude in the occipital leads . Vertex sharp waves
appear, which are now of higher voltage and more sharply
contoured than previously. Runs of vertex sharp waves may occur.
• Spindles, usually 12 to 14 Hz, may have a wider field, and are
mostly synchronous by 2 yrs of age.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. Preschool Age (>3 to 6 Yr)
• At this age, the posterior basic rhythm consistently
reaches alpha frequency. It is still of high amplitude,
often greater than 100 μV. Throughout early
childhood, low voltage background (<30 μV) is
abnormal. Posterior slow waves of youth emerge at
this age. These are 1.5- to 3-Hz waves, maximal in the
occipital region. They are intermixed with posterior
alpha, and, at times, fused slow waves can resemble
occipital sharp waves, although lacking typical
morphology and after-coming slow wave. Posterior
slow waves, in common with the posterior dominant
rhythm, block with eye opening.
15.
16. Late Childhood (>6 to 12 Yr)
• Posterior dominant rhythm reaches 10 Hz by 10 yr of
age, and reaches its maximum amplitude before that
age. Posterior slow waves are prominent, and may be
asymmetric, with higher amplitude on the right, as
with the posterior dominant rhythm. Medium voltage
semi-rhythmic frontal theta activity may be observed
in healthy children at this age, and may persist into
young adulthood. Hypnagogic hypersynchrony is
disappearing, and is rare after the age of 6 yr.
• The drowsy pattern at this age is gradual alpha
dropout, with increasing amounts of theta and delta
activity.
17.
18. Adolescence (>12 to 18 Yr)
• At this age, the EEG begins to resemble the adult EEG
more closely, as the amount of underlying delta
activity wanes completely (Fig. 27). The amplitude of
the posterior dominant rhythm also declines gradually,
although it remains higher than in adults throughout
this period in many children. The mu rhythm reaches
its maximum prominence at 15 to 16 yr, waning
thereafter. Hyperventilation-related slowing is less
pronounced, and the response to intermittent photic
stimulation is mature, with a driving response
occurring over the range 6- to 20-Hz stimulation.
19.
20. NORMAL EEG PATTERN
• In Posterior Region
• A posterior alpha rhythm is recorded with
highest amplitude from the O1 and O2
electrodes.
• A central alpha rhythm may also be recorded,
but it is usually of lower amplitude than that
recorded from occipital region.
21. Alpha Rhythm:-
• The trains of sinusoidal 8-13Hz activity recorded
over the occipital region with eyes closure in
awake alert adult.
• It should be bilaterally symmetrical (both in
frequency & amplitudes).
• Reactivity of Alpha rhythm:-
On eyes’ opening alpha rhythm attenuates which
is called the reactivity of the alpha rhythm.
22.
23.
24. NORMAL EEG PATTERN
In Anterior Region:-
Rhythmic beta activity is recorded in the frontal and central regions
with 14-35Hz frequency & its increased especially when sedatives
are used. Drug enhanced beta is more commonly seen after
sedation.
The beta rhythm is a low voltage fast frequency sinusoidal waves.
Beta is presented during both awake and sleep states.
Theta and delta are not prominent in the normal awake adult
EEG.
25.
26. Normal Pattern Cont….
• Muscles or EMG activity:-
• An indication of patient tenseness is the
recording of EMG activity in scalp muscles.
EMG activity is faster in frequency and
sharper in configuration than EEG activity.
27.
28. Theta rhythm
• The Theta rhythm in normal adult appeared in
a sleep stages while absent
In awake period.
• Frequency;
• It ‘s frequency range is >4 to<7HZ.
• Distribution;
Frontal/ frontocentral , occipital regions.
29.
30.
31.
32. Delta activity
Describe by w.gray Walter EnglishDescribe by w.gray Walter English
Physiologist in 1936.Physiologist in 1936.
The delta wave is termed as slow wave.The delta wave is termed as slow wave.
Never seen in normal adult in awake state.Never seen in normal adult in awake state.
Delta wave occurring in a deep sleep inDelta wave occurring in a deep sleep in
normal adult or showed Sever organic brainnormal adult or showed Sever organic brain
disease in adults.disease in adults.
33. Cont…..
• Frequency;
The frequency of delta wave is 0.5-3.5 HZ
Amplitude:
The amplitude of delta wave are variable.
Normally it may be around 50uv.
• Distribution:-
Delta may occur diffused or it may be
recorded as rhythmic wave in frontal.
34.
35. Normal Pattern Cont….
• Symmetric and Asymmetric.
• The posterior dominant rhythm is usually symmetric,
but asymmetries of up to 25% are often seen.
Asymmetry should not be interpreted as abnormal
unless it is at least 50%. The amplitude from the left
hemisphere is often less than the right, so this should
be considered when interpreting abnormalities.