1) An earthquake in Gujarat in 2001 caused the deaths of over 1,000 schoolchildren when many school buildings collapsed, as they had been poorly constructed without earthquake resistance. 2) The Sendai Framework is an agreement to reduce disaster risk adopted in 2015, focusing on understanding risk, governance, investing in resilience, and disaster preparedness. 3) Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, and recovering from both natural and man-made disasters to minimize human and economic losses and disruptions.

1. Presented by
PRAMODA G
Faculty in Earth Science
YCM

2. Contents

3. In the event of an earthquake, children and teachers in an unsafe
school building are at considerable risk. According to the Government
of Gujarat, a total of 31 teachers died and 95 were injured, 971
students perished (910 in primary schools, 37 in secondary schools, 3
in colleges and 21 in technical schools) and 1,051 were injured in the
Bhuj Earthquake of 2001. Formal education was disrupted due to
widespread damage to physical infrastructure. Many of the buildings
collapsed and many were declared unfit for use. Many of these
buildings had been poorly constructed, lacked earthquake resistant
features and were badly maintained. The casualties might have been
much higher had it not been a holiday, when many students were
either at home or were in open spaces because of the Republic Day
celebrations.

5. Sendai Framework
Third UN World Conference in Sendai, Japan, on March 18, 2015
(UNISDR 2015a) as the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework
for Action 2005-2015. It is a non-binding agreement, which the
signatory nations, including India, will attempt to comply with on a
voluntary basis.
The four priorities for action under the Sendai Framework are:
1. Understanding disaster risk
2. Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk
3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience
4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to
“Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction

6. Disasters, Risk Reduction and Management
- Definitions
Disasters
The UNISDR (2009) defines disaster as: “A serious disruption of the
functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds
the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own
resources.”
Disaster Management
“The organization, planning and application of measures preparing,
responding to and, initial recovery from disasters.”

8. Vision
Make India disaster resilient, achieve substantial disaster
risk reduction, and significantly decrease the losses of life,
livelihoods, and assets – economic, physical, social,
cultural, and environmental – by maximizing the ability to
cope with disasters at all levels of administration as well as
among communities.

9. Objectives
1) Improve the understanding of disaster risk, hazards, and
vulnerabilities
2) Strengthen disaster risk governance at all levels from local to centre
3) Invest in disaster risk reduction for resilience through structural,
non-structural and financial measures, as well as comprehensive
capacity development
4) Enhance disaster preparedness for effective response
5) Promote “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and
reconstruction
6) Prevent disasters and achieve substantial reduction of disaster risk
and losses in lives,livelihoods, health, and assets (economic, physical,
social, cultural and environmental)
7) Increase resilience and prevent the emergence of new disaster risks
and reduce the existing risks

10. 8) Promote the implementation of integrated and inclusive economic,
structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental,
technological, political and institutional measures to prevent and reduce
hazard exposure and vulnerabilities to disaster
9) Empower both local authorities and communities as partners to
reduce and manage disaster risks
10) Strengthen scientific and technical capabilities in all aspects of
disaster management
11) Capacity development at all levels to effectively respond to multiple
hazards and for community-based disaster management
12) Provide clarity on roles and responsibilities of various Ministries and
Departments involved in different aspects of disaster management
13) Promote the culture of disaster risk prevention and mitigation at all
levels
14) Facilitate the mainstreaming of disaster management concerns into
the developmental planning and processes

11. What is Disaster Management ?

12. What it involves
• Dealing with and avoiding both
natural and man made
disasters.
• Preparedness before disaster.
• Rebuilding and supporting
society after natural disasters.

13. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING:
When developing a disaster management plan, observance of the
planning principles mentioned below.
• Simplicity: The plan shall be concise. Roles and responsibilities shall
be clearly stated.
• Flexibility: The plan shall be flexible.
• Comprehensive: It shall describe arrangements for preventing,
preparing for, responding to and recovering from the effects of an
emergency.
• Decision Making Process: The plan shall describe the decision
making process which will be adopted when an emergency occurs.
While each emergency will be different, the decision making process
shall remain reasonably consistent.

14. • Consultation: One shall see to it that the plan suits and is understood
by all in the school. The commitment of individuals to the plan is
likely to be greatest when they have been involved in its
development.
• Dissemination: All members of the community shall be familiar with
the content of the plan, and shall be trained in and regularly exercise
its procedures.
• Review: The plan needs to be reviewed on a regular basis, preferably
annually and following any significant emergency, to ensure that it
remains workable.
• Co-ordination: Planning should be coordinated with other agencies,
such as the emergency services and local municipalities, who shall
have their own plans linked with the plans of the districts/
municipalities/ surrounding community.
• Policy: Policy issued shall be resolved during the planning process.
• Consistency: The plans shall be consistent with the local policies of
relevant education authorities

15. • Scope of Responsibilities: The plan shall describe the scope and the
limitations and responsibilities.
• Co-operation: The plan shall also emphasize the role in providing
support to the emergency services (i.e.,police, fire services,
ambulances etc) that are legally responsible for managing the
emergency.

16. Disaster management plans - need
Disaster preparedness plan plays a vital role. The officials have
complete set of instructions, which they can follow to do and also issue
directions to their subordinates and the affected people. This has effect
of only speeding up the rescue and relief operations, but also boosting
the morale of affected people.
Disaster plan are also useful at pre-disaster stage, when
warnings could be issued. Plan again serves as guide to officials at the
critical time and precious time is saved which might otherwise be lost in
consultations with senior officers and getting formal approval from
authorities. Neither economical nor practicable to protect every item
and entire population against calamitous situation, response plans are
formulated for relief, rehabilitation and restoration by separate agencies

19. CHARACTERISTIC OF
DISASTER

20. PHASES OF DISASTER

22. Levels of Disasters
The disaster management and its planning at various tiers must take
into account the vulnerability of disaster-affected area, and the capacity
of the authorities to deal with the situation. Using this approach, the
High Power Committee on Disaster Management, in its report of 2001,
categorized disaster situations into three 'levels': L1, L2, and L3. The
period of normalcy, L0, should be utilized for disaster risk reduction.
Level-L1:
The level of disaster that can be managed within the capabilities and
resources at the District level. However, the state authorities will
remain in readiness to provide assistance if needed.

23. Level-L2: This signifies the disaster situations that require assistance
and active mobilization of resources at the state level and deployment
of state level agencies for disaster management. The central agencies
must remain vigilant for immediate deployment if required by the state.
Level-L3: This corresponds to a nearly catastrophic situation or a very
large-scale disaster that overwhelms the State and District authorities.
The categorization of disaster situations into levels L0 to L3 finds no
mention in DM Act 2005. Further, the DM Act does not have any
provision for notifying any disaster as a ‘national calamity’ or a
‘national disaster’.

25. Disaster management plans at various levels
Contingency Action Plan (CAP) at national level list out detail of
actions to be taken at various levels g government at the time of
calamity.
CAP – action plans
• Identification of vulnerable areas
• Monitoring and setting up of control rooms
• Warnings
• Arrangements for relief campus, food, essential commodities,
medical facilities, etc
• Fund allocation
• Alerting administration
• Community preparedness
1. Steps taken before disaster

26. 2.Steps to be taken
during disaster
• Evacuation
• Settings up of relief camps and
handling
• Monitoring and report
• VIP visit
3.Steps to be taken after
disaster
• Disposal of dead bodies
• Cleaning of debris
• Disbursement of relief
4.Steps to be taken for
reconstruction
• Closure of relief camps
• Restoration of infrastructure
• Recognition of good work
• Feedback

27. Institutional Framework
National Level
The overall coordination of disaster management vests with the
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). The Cabinet Committee on Security
(CCS) and the National Crisis Management Committee (NCMC) are
the key committees involved in the top-level decision-making with
regard to disaster management. The NDMA is the lead agency
responsible for the preparation DM plans and the execution at the
national level.
State governments will be carrying out disaster management with the
central government playing a supporting role. The central agencies will
participate only on the request from the state government. Within each
state, there is a separate institutional framework for disaster
management at the state-level.

29. Key national-level decision-making bodies for
disaster management

33. Nodal Ministry for Management / Mitigation of Different Disasters

34. Government of India established the NDMA in 2005, headed by the
Prime Minister. Under the DM Act 2005, the NDMA, as the apex
body for disaster management, shall have the responsibility for laying
down the policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management for
ensuring timely and effective response to disaster. The guidelines of
NDMA will assist the Central Ministries, Departments, and States to
formulate their respective DM plans. It will approve the National
Disaster Management Plans and DM plans of the Central Ministries /
Departments. It will take such measures, as it may consider necessary,
for the prevention of disasters, or mitigation, or preparedness and
capacity building. Central Ministries / Departments and State
Governments will extend necessary cooperation and assistance to
NDMA for carrying out its mandate. It will oversee the provision and
application of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures.
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)

35. NDMA has the power to authorize the Departments or authorities
concerned, to make emergency procurement of provisions or materials
for rescue and relief in a threatening disaster situation or disaster. The
general superintendence, direction, and control of the National Disaster
Response Force (NDRF). The National Institute of Disaster
Management (NIDM) works within the framework of broad policies
and guidelines laid down by the NDMA. The NDMA has the mandate
to deal with all types of disasters – natural or human-induced.
However, other emergencies such as terrorism (counter-insurgency),
law and order situations, hijacking, air accidents, CBRN weapon
systems, which require the close involvement of the security forces
and/or intelligence agencies, and other incidents such as mine disasters,
port and harbor emergencies, forest fires, oilfield fires and oil spills
will be handled by the National Crisis Management Committee
(NCMC). Nevertheless, NDMA may formulate guidelines and
facilitate training and preparedness activities in respect of CBRN
emergencies.

37. Facilitation
Central govt role becomes of that of a facilitator during emergency,
Gives assistance to state govt’s.
Resource mobilization
Providing additional funds, support from army, etc
Special inputs
By providing various national or international institutions specialised
work in disaster management
International assistance
Through bilateral or multilateral agreements providing loans.
Monitoring preparedness and prevention measures
Provide necessary support to hazard prone area.
Development Initiatives
Through niti aayoga and other agencies should start initiatives to prepare
plans

38. The vision of NIDM is to create a Disaster Resilient India by building
the capacity at all levels for disaster prevention and preparedness.
NIDM has been assigned nodal responsibilities for human resource
development, capacity building, training, research, documentation, and
policy advocacy in the field of disaster management. The NIDM has
built strategic partnerships with various ministries and departments of
the central, state, and local governments, academic, research and
technical organizations in India and abroad and other bi-lateral and
multi-lateral international agencies. It provides technical support to the
state governments through the Disaster Management Centres (DMCs)
in the Administrative Training Institutes (ATIs) of the States and
Union Territories. Presently it is supporting as many as 30 such
centres. Six of them are being developed as Centres of Excellence in
the specialised areas of risk management – flood, earthquake, cyclone,
drought, landslides, and industrial disasters.

39. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
Specialist response force that can be deployed in a threatening disaster
situation or disaster. Superintendence, direction and control of the NDRF
shall be vested and exercised by the NDMA. The command and
supervision of the NDRF shall vest with the Director General appointed
by the Government of India. The NDRF will position its battalions at
different locations as required for effective response. NDRF units will
maintain close liaison with the designated State Governments and will be
available to them in the event of any serious threatening disaster
situation. The NDRF is equipped and trained to respond to situations
arising out of natural disasters and CBRN emergencies. The NDRF units
will also impart basic training to all the stakeholders identified by the
State Governments in their respective locations. Further, a National
Academy will be set up to provide training for trainers in disaster
management and to meet related National and Internationalcommitments.
Experience in major disasters has clearly shown the need for pre-
positioning of some response forces to augment the resources at the State

41. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA)
It will, inter alia approve the State Plan in accordance with the
guidelines laid down by the NDMA, coordinate the
implementation of the State Plan, recommend provision of funds
for mitigation and preparedness measures and review the
developmental plans of the different Departments of the State to
ensure the integration of prevention, preparedness and mitigation
measures. The State Government shall constitute a State
Executive Committee (SEC) to assist the SDMA in the
performance of its functions. The SEC will be headed by the
Chief Secretary to the State Government. The SEC will coordinate
and monitor the implementation of the National Policy, the
National Plan, and the State Plan. The SEC will also provide
information to the NDMA relating to different aspects of DM.

43. State Government shall take necessary steps for the preparation of state
DM plans, integration of measures for prevention of disasters or
mitigation into state development plans, allocation of funds, and
establish EWS. Depending on specific situations and needs, the State
Government shall also assist the Central Government and central
agencies in various aspects of DM. Each state shall prepare its own State
Disaster Management Plan.

44. 1. Co-ordination
• Crucial role as co-ordinator.
• State govt should initiate counter measures.
• SG needs to maintain close liaison with the central as well as the
district authorities.
2. Preparedness
• Advance warnings
• Inform district authorities and advise them on suitable line of action.
3. Resource mobilisation
• Provide necessary funds from state budgeting

45. Each State Government shall establish a District Disaster Management
Authority for every district in the State. DDMA will be headed by the
District Collector, Deputy Commissioner, or District Magistrate as the
case may be, with the elected representative of the local authority as the
Co-Chairperson. The State Government shall appoint an officer not
below the rank of Additional Collector or Additional District Magistrate
or Additional Deputy Commissioner, as the case may be, of the district
to be the Chief Executive Officer of the District Authority. The DDMA
will act as the planning, coordinating and implementing body for DM at
the District level and take all necessary measures for the purposes of DM
in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the NDMA and SDMA..
District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA)

46. It will, inter alia, prepare the DM plan for the District and monitor
the implementation of the all relevant national, state, and district
policies and plans. The DDMA will also ensure that the guidelines
for prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response measures laid
down by the NDMA and the SDMA are followed by all the district-
level offices of the various departments of the State Government

47. 1. Evacuation
• Advance warnings
• Plans at district level should sufficiently provide for this
• District headquarters is the focal point for all rescue and relied
activities
2.Relief & Rescue operations
3. Damage Assessment and information collection
• Based of the assessment carried by district authorities
funds and other resources can be mobilised at state or
national or international level.

48. Preparation of disaster management plan
DM Plan
Short term Long term

49. Short term plan(STP)
• STP to be provide immediately following a disaster based on past
experience
• STP based and aimed at restoring normalcy in short period.
• Amount of resource material required to be mobilised .
• Data on the intensity and spread of various disaster in area last
10yrs (Documentation)
• Lessons to serve as inputs for future planning of relief and recue.
• STP should based on declared vulnerability of the area to particular
type of disaster.
• Forecasts on future disasters should be usefully translated into
action plans.
• STP incorporate suggestions & capabilities of all concerned depts,
state, NGOs, CBOs.
• Plans prepared by setting up committees groups at appropriate level

50. LONG TERM PLAN (LTP)
• Plans Should have ability to build a culture of disaster mitigation and
be aimed to reduce vulnerability of the area.
• LTP incorporate policy directives on preparedness as well as post
disaster construction and rehabilitation phases.
• Foremost requirement is establishing its needs in an area.
• Rehabilitation would depend considerably on the damage assessment
report.
• Detailed study survey of the community.
• LTP should seek an objective of achieving overall development and
satisfying basic needs(shelter, economic and social) of the
community.
• Plans implemented successfully only through partnerships with
NGOs and community participation.

51. THANK YOU!!!

52. Queries..?