Chemical bonds form when atoms share or transfer electrons. There are several main types of bonds:
- Ionic bonds form when metals transfer electrons to nonmetals to form positive and negative ions that are attracted to each other. Ionic compounds are crystalline and dissolve in water.
- Covalent bonds form when atoms share two or more valence electrons to achieve stability. Covalent bond strength depends on the number of electron pairs shared. Covalent compounds exist as discrete molecules.
- Metallic bonds result from the attraction between positively charged metal ions and delocalized electrons in the "sea of electrons" in the solid metal. Metallic bonding explains the properties of metals like conductivity.
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds or substance . The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds........
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
✔Here is an introduction to the Chemistry of Life, where you will learn about Ionic, Covalent and Metallic bonds. This presentation touches briefly, but it covers the definition of three major types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonds form due to the transfer of an electron from one atom to another. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Metallic bonds are formed by the attraction between metal ions and delocalized, or "free" electrons.✔
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This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
Quantum Numbers
Wave nature of electrons
atomic structure
principle Quantum number
Azimuthal quantum number
magnetic quantum number
spic quantum number
shapes of orbitals
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds or substance . The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between atoms with opposite charges, or through the sharing of electrons as in the covalent bonds........
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
✔Here is an introduction to the Chemistry of Life, where you will learn about Ionic, Covalent and Metallic bonds. This presentation touches briefly, but it covers the definition of three major types of chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic. Ionic bonds form due to the transfer of an electron from one atom to another. Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between two atoms. Metallic bonds are formed by the attraction between metal ions and delocalized, or "free" electrons.✔
Here is a YouTube of this presentation:
➡➡➡https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cRQjClbeas&feature=youtu.be
Check out more interesting posts on LabGirl:
➡➡➡ https://www.facebook.com/labgirldzd
Thank you! :)
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
Quantum Numbers
Wave nature of electrons
atomic structure
principle Quantum number
Azimuthal quantum number
magnetic quantum number
spic quantum number
shapes of orbitals
The presentation "Chemical Bonding" is prepared for class IX. It contains a brief introduction to bonding and a detailed study of types of chemical bonds, basically ionic and covalent, along with the characteristics of compounds formed by these bonds.
All constructive comments are welcome.
Explain covalent bond- Explain Metallic bond and what important proper.docxtodd401
Explain covalent bond?
Explain Metallic bond and what important property derives from it in metals?
Solution
Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability. Nonmetals will readily form covalent bonds with other nonmetals in order to obtain stability, and can form anywhere between one to three covalent bonds with other nonmetals depending on how many valence electrons they posses. Although it is said that atoms share electrons when they form covalent bonds, they do not usually share the electrons equally.
Link : http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Theoretical_Chemistry/Chemical_Bonding/General_Principles/Covalent_Bonds
Metallic bond is the reaction between molecules within metals called alkali reactive force. It was first discovered by K. Manishekar. It is the sharing of a sea of delocalised electrons amongst a lattice of positive ions, where the electrons act as a \"glue\" giving the substance a definite structure.
The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong attractive force between them. Therefore metals often have high melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic bonds.
The metallic bond accounts for many physical characteristics of metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, luster, conduction of heat and electricity.
Because the electrons move independently of the positive ions in a sea of negative charge, the metal gains some electrical conductivity. It allows the energy to pass quickly through the electrons generating a current. Heat conduction works on the same principle - the free electrons can transfer the energy at a faster rate than other substances such as those which are covalently bonded, as these have their electrons fixed into position. There also are few non-metals which conduct electricity: graphite (because, like metals, they have free electrons), and molten and aqueous ionic compounds which have free moving ions
Link : https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_bond
.
There are two types of atomic bonds - ionic bonds and covalent bonds.pdfaswrd
There are two types of atomic bonds - ionic bonds and covalent bonds. They differ in their
structure and properties. Covalent bonds consist of pairs of electrons shared by two atoms, and
bind the atoms in a fixed orientation. Relatively high energies are required to break them (50 -
200 kcal/mol). Whether two atoms can form a covalent bond depends upon their
electronegativity i.e. the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. If two
atoms differ considerably in their electronegativity - as sodium and chloride do - then one of the
atoms will lose its electron to the other atom. This results in a positively charged ion (cation) and
negatively charged ion (anion). The bond between these two ions is called an ionic bond.
Covalent BondsIonic Bonds
Polarity:LowHigh
Formation:A covalent bond is formed between two non-metals that have similar
electronegativities. Neither atom is \"strong\" enough to attract electrons from the other. For
stabilization, they share their electrons from outer molecular orbit with othersAn ionic bond is
formed between a metal and a non-metal. Non-metals(-ve ion) are \"stronger\" than the
metal(+ve ion) and can get electrons very easily from the metal. These two opposite ions attract
each other and form the ionic bond.
Shape:Definite shapeNo definite shape
What is it?:Covalent bonding is a form of chemical bonding between two non metallic atoms
which is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms and other covalent
bonds.Ionic bond, also known as electrovalent bond is a type of bond formed from the
electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound. These kinds of
bonds occur mainly between a metallic and a non metallic atom.
Melting point:lowHigh
Examples:Methane (CH4), Hydro Chloric acid (HCl)Sodium chloride (NaCl), Sulphuric Acid
(H2SO4 )
Occurs between:Two non-metalsOne metal and one non-metal
Boiling point:LowHigh
State at room temperature:Liquid or gaseousSolid
Ability to conduct electricity in molten/aqueous state:
Yes
Ability to conduct electricity in solid state:
Solution
There are two types of atomic bonds - ionic bonds and covalent bonds. They differ in their
structure and properties. Covalent bonds consist of pairs of electrons shared by two atoms, and
bind the atoms in a fixed orientation. Relatively high energies are required to break them (50 -
200 kcal/mol). Whether two atoms can form a covalent bond depends upon their
electronegativity i.e. the power of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. If two
atoms differ considerably in their electronegativity - as sodium and chloride do - then one of the
atoms will lose its electron to the other atom. This results in a positively charged ion (cation) and
negatively charged ion (anion). The bond between these two ions is called an ionic bond.
Covalent BondsIonic Bonds
Polarity:LowHigh
Formation:A covalent bond is formed between two non-metals that have similar
electronegativities. .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
3. › Force that holds groups of two or more atoms together and makes
the atoms function as a unit.
› Atoms or ions are held together in molecules or compounds by
chemical bonds.
› The type and number of electrons in the outer electronic shells of
atoms or ions are instrumental in how atoms react with each
other to form stable chemical bonds.
› Over the last 150 years scientists developed several theories to
explain why and how elements combine with each other.
Whats the chemical bond
4. › named after Gilbert N. Lewis, who introduced
› it in his 1916
› also known as Lewis dot diagrams, electron dot
diagrams, "Lewis Dot formula" Lewis dot structures,
and electron dot structures)
› are diagrams that show
the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the
lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.
5.
6. Symbols of atoms with dots to represent the valence-
shell electrons
1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He:
Li Be B C N O : F :Ne :
Na Mg Al Si P S :Cl :Ar :
7. › Strong, STABLE bonds require lots of
energy to be formed or broken
› weak bonds require little E
9. › electrons are transferred between
valence shells of atoms
› ionic compounds are
made of ions
• ionic compounds are called Salts or Crystals
NOT MOLECULES
10. › Always formed between metals and non-metals
[METALS ]
+ [NON-METALS ]
-
Lost e-
Gained e-
11.
12.
13. Ionic Bonds
› Metal to nonmetal.
› Metal loses electrons to form cation.
› Nonmetal gains electrons to form
anion.
› The electronegativity between the
metal and the nonmetal must be >
than 2.
› Ionic bond results from + to −
attraction.
› Larger charge = stronger attraction.
› Smaller ion = stronger attraction.
› Lewis theory allows us to predict the
correct formulas of ionic compounds.
14. The formations of ionic bond governed by the following
factors:
1. Ionization energy:
• Formation of ionic bond metal atom loses electron to form cation
• Energy required for this equal to ionization energy
• Alkali metals have lowest ionization energy, thus have more
tendency to form cation
2. Electron gain enthalpy:
• Electron released in the formation of cation are to be accepted
by the other atom taking part in the ionic bond formation
• Electron accepting tendencies depend on upon the electron
gain enthalpy
• Defined as energy released when isolated gaseous atom takes
up an electron to form anion.
• Greater the negative enthalpy, easier the formation of anion
15. 3. Lattice energy:
• Combination of oppositely charged ions to form ionic crystal, with
release of energy is referred as lattice energy
• Higher value of lattice energy, greater will be the stability of
compound
• Magnitude of lattice energy gives idea about the strength of interionic
forces
• Size of ions:
• In case of similar ions inter-nuclear distance is lesser due to which
inter-ionic attraction is greater and hence the magnitude of lattice
energy will be larger
• Charge on the ions:
• Ions have higher charge exerts stronger forces of attraction and hence
larger amount of energy is released. Thus value of lattice energy is
higher
16. • Ionic compound exist in solid state
• The network of ions have a definite geometric pattern which
depends on the size and charge of ions
• Posses high melting and boiling points due to strong
electrostatic force of attraction between the ions
• Good conductor of electricity in molten or dissolved state
• Does not conduct electricity in solid state as ions are not free
to move
• Are soluble in polar solvent like water as solvent interacts
with the ions of ionic solid
•The chemical reactions between ionic compounds in aqueous
solution involves the combination between their ions, such
reactions are called ionic reactions.
17. • Between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
• Formed by sharing electron pairs
• Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
conductors at any state
• Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
18. The Convalent Bond
• Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei
of both atoms.
• They move back and forth between the
outer energy levels of each atom in the
covalent bond.
• So, each atom has a stable outer energy
level some of the time.
19.
20. Chemical Bonds
Covalent bonds form when atoms share 2 or more
valence electrons.
Covalent bond strength depends on the number of
electron pairs shared by the atoms.
single
bond
double
bond
triple
bond
< <
22. Sigma bonds
Sigma bonds are covalent bonds formed by direct overlapping between two
adjacent atom's outer most orbitals. The single electrons from each atom's orbital
combine to form an electron pair creating the sigma bond
π bonds
pi bonds are covalent chemical bonds where two lobes of one involved atomic
orbital overlap two lobes of the other involved atomic orbital
23. The hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is formed between H atom attached to an
electronegative atom, and an electronegative atom that possesses a
lone pair of electrons
27. - water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more
electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons
are pulled closer to oxygen.
28. • Compounds formed exist as discrete molecules
•Weak intermolecular force due to small molecular size
•Mainly exist in liquid or gaseous state
•Sugar, urea, starch etc. exist in solid state
•Low melting and Boiling points due to weak attractive forces
•Poor conductor of electricity in fused or dissolved state
•Less soluble in water
•Gives molecular reaction
29. ›A covalent bond is formed by two atoms
sharing a pair of electrons. The atoms are
held together because the electron pair is
attracted by both of the nuclei.
›In a simple covalent bond, each atom
supplies one electron to the bond - but that
doesn't have to be the case.
›A co-ordinate bond is a covalent bond (a
shared pair of electrons) in which both
electrons come from the same atom.
31. Properties of Coordinate bond :
1. Are generally soluble in water and organic solvents
2. Boiling and melting points of these compounds are less than
electrovalent compounds but are higher than covalent
compounds
3. Compounds ionize in aqueous solution giving simple and complex
ions
4. These bonds are also directional and stereoisomerism is also found
5. Molecules possess definite shape and definite bond angles, thus
have definite geometry
32. Metallic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between
the positively charged atomic nuclei of metal atoms and
the delocalised electrons in the metal. In the solid state,
both metallic and ionic compounds possess ordered
arrays of atoms or ions and form crystalline materials
with lattice structures.
Metallic bond
33. Metallic Bonding
› The model of metallic bonding can
be used to explain the properties of
metals.
› The luster, malleability, ductility,
and electrical and thermal
conductivity are all related to the
mobility of the electrons in the
solid.
› The strength of the metallic bond
varies, depending on the charge
and size of the cations, so the
melting points of metals vary as
well.
34. Sea of Electrons
• Electrons are free to move through
the solid.
• Metals conduct electricity.