This slide is all about crystal structure such as unit cell, simple cubic unit cell, body-centered unit cell, and face-centered unit cell. Also, I explained Crystal defects such as line defects, planar defects, and point defects.
There are two main types of solids: crystalline solids which have a highly regular arrangement of components and amorphous solids which have a more disorderly structure. A lattice is a 3D structure that shows the positions of the components that make up a substance, with unit cells that can generate entire solids through repetition. Diffraction occurs when light is scattered from a regular array of points spaced comparably to the wavelength of light, resulting in constructive or destructive interference depending on whether the beams are in or out of phase.
Solids have definite mass, volume and shape with short intermolecular distances and strong intermolecular forces. Their constituent particles are fixed in position and can only oscillate, making solids incompressible and rigid.
Amorphous and crystalline solids by www.topcoaching.comJyoti Gulati
Solids are classified as either crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of their constituent particles. Crystalline solids have particles arranged in a definite geometric pattern, while amorphous solids lack any regular arrangement. Examples of crystalline solids include NaCl, KNO3, and LiF, while glass and rubber are amorphous. Amorphous solids are intermediate between liquids and crystals - they can flow slowly like supercooled liquids. This explains why the bottoms of old glass windows are slightly thicker than the tops. Crystalline solids have properties like geometric shape, sharp melting points, and anisotropic behavior that depend on their ordered structure, whereas amorphous solids lack these characteristics due to
The document discusses solid state physics and the properties of solid materials. It explains that solid state physics formulates laws governing the behavior of solids and explores why materials like carbon can exist in different states with varying electrical properties. The document also classifies solids as crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous and discusses crystal structure, lattice, and unit cells - the basic repeating units that make up crystalline solids. Understanding these atomic arrangements is important for explaining the behavior and properties of different materials.
This document provides an overview of solid state physics. It discusses the main types of solids as crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have a long-range ordered structure while amorphous solids lack long-range order. It also describes different crystal structures like unit cells, Bragg's equation for determining crystal structure from X-ray diffraction, and the four main types of crystals: molecular, covalent, metallic and ionic.
Crystal Structures & their imperfectionMuveen Khan
The document discusses crystal lattices, unit cells, crystal systems, and defects in solids. There are 14 types of Bravais lattices that make up crystal structures. A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit that generates the entire crystal lattice when translated in different directions. There are 7 crystal systems that differ based on their axial relationships and interaxial angles. Common defects in solids include vacancies when lattice sites are empty, interstitials when particles occupy interstitial sites, Frenkel defects involving cation displacement, and Schottky defects involving missing cation and anion pairs.
There are two main types of solids: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have a regular, ordered atomic arrangement forming a crystal lattice, while amorphous solids lack long-range order and have an irregular, haphazard structure. Examples of crystalline solids include NaCl and CsCl, while examples of amorphous solids include glass and rubber. Crystalline solids can also be classified based on their crystal structure as ionic, covalent, molecular, or metallic.
There are two main types of solids: crystalline solids which have a highly regular arrangement of components and amorphous solids which have a more disorderly structure. A lattice is a 3D structure that shows the positions of the components that make up a substance, with unit cells that can generate entire solids through repetition. Diffraction occurs when light is scattered from a regular array of points spaced comparably to the wavelength of light, resulting in constructive or destructive interference depending on whether the beams are in or out of phase.
Solids have definite mass, volume and shape with short intermolecular distances and strong intermolecular forces. Their constituent particles are fixed in position and can only oscillate, making solids incompressible and rigid.
Amorphous and crystalline solids by www.topcoaching.comJyoti Gulati
Solids are classified as either crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of their constituent particles. Crystalline solids have particles arranged in a definite geometric pattern, while amorphous solids lack any regular arrangement. Examples of crystalline solids include NaCl, KNO3, and LiF, while glass and rubber are amorphous. Amorphous solids are intermediate between liquids and crystals - they can flow slowly like supercooled liquids. This explains why the bottoms of old glass windows are slightly thicker than the tops. Crystalline solids have properties like geometric shape, sharp melting points, and anisotropic behavior that depend on their ordered structure, whereas amorphous solids lack these characteristics due to
The document discusses solid state physics and the properties of solid materials. It explains that solid state physics formulates laws governing the behavior of solids and explores why materials like carbon can exist in different states with varying electrical properties. The document also classifies solids as crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous and discusses crystal structure, lattice, and unit cells - the basic repeating units that make up crystalline solids. Understanding these atomic arrangements is important for explaining the behavior and properties of different materials.
This document provides an overview of solid state physics. It discusses the main types of solids as crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have a long-range ordered structure while amorphous solids lack long-range order. It also describes different crystal structures like unit cells, Bragg's equation for determining crystal structure from X-ray diffraction, and the four main types of crystals: molecular, covalent, metallic and ionic.
Crystal Structures & their imperfectionMuveen Khan
The document discusses crystal lattices, unit cells, crystal systems, and defects in solids. There are 14 types of Bravais lattices that make up crystal structures. A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit that generates the entire crystal lattice when translated in different directions. There are 7 crystal systems that differ based on their axial relationships and interaxial angles. Common defects in solids include vacancies when lattice sites are empty, interstitials when particles occupy interstitial sites, Frenkel defects involving cation displacement, and Schottky defects involving missing cation and anion pairs.
There are two main types of solids: crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have a regular, ordered atomic arrangement forming a crystal lattice, while amorphous solids lack long-range order and have an irregular, haphazard structure. Examples of crystalline solids include NaCl and CsCl, while examples of amorphous solids include glass and rubber. Crystalline solids can also be classified based on their crystal structure as ionic, covalent, molecular, or metallic.
Gseb class 12 chemistry sem 3 ch 1 solid state part 1Saumil Sharma
There are five states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The kinetic molecular theory explains the differences between these states. Solids have a definite shape and arrangement of particles, which can only vibrate in fixed positions. Solids are classified based on their molecular structure and bonding forces between particles as crystalline or amorphous, and further as molecular, ionic, metallic or covalent. Crystalline solids have long-range orderly arrangements while amorphous solids only have short-range order.
There are three main types of crystalline solids: ionic solids, molecular solids, and metallic solids. Ionic solids are composed of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice. They have properties like high melting points and are brittle. Molecular solids have molecules arranged in a particular configuration, and properties like low melting points and being nonconductors. Metallic solids have metal atoms or ions arranged in patterns, giving properties such as conductivity and malleability. All crystalline solids have constituents ordered in highly organized, repeating microscopic structures extending in three dimensions.
Solid state part 2 | Chemistry Class 12 | By Mrs. Shubhada Walawalkarshubhada walawalkar
The document discusses the classification of crystalline solids. There are four main types of crystalline solids: 1) ionic solids which are formed from positively and negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic forces, 2) covalent network solids where atoms are linked by covalent bonds forming a rigid three-dimensional structure (examples given are different forms of carbon), 3) molecular solids where forces between molecules are weaker, and 4) metallic solids where delocalized valence electrons bind metallic atoms into a crystalline structure allowing metals to conduct electricity and heat. Each class has distinct properties depending on the type of bonds present in its crystalline structure.
This document summarizes a seminar on crystal structures presented by Madhusmita Sethy at Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya University. It defines crystals as solids composed of atoms or molecules arranged periodically in three dimensions. Crystals are made up of basic building blocks including unit cells that repeat through translation, lattices consisting of periodic arrays of points, and motifs or basis of one or more atoms located in a specific way. The document outlines six major crystal systems and discusses crystal structures, Pauling's rules of crystal chemistry, polymorphism, and the significance of understanding crystal structures.
This document provides an overview of solid state chemistry and properties of solid surfaces. It discusses the following key points:
- Solids have definite shapes and volumes due to strong forces holding their atoms, molecules, or ions in fixed positions. This gives solids their rigidity and mechanical strength.
- There are two main types of solids - crystalline solids which have a regular repeating structure and amorphous solids which lack long-range order.
- Techniques for characterizing solid surfaces include low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) which can provide information about surface structure and composition.
- LEED specifically works by bombarding a crystalline surface
Solid state part 1 | Chemistry Class 12 | By Mrs. Shubhada Walawalkarshubhada walawalkar
The document discusses the different states of matter and types of solids. It defines the three common states of matter as solids, liquids, and gases, describing their key properties. It then describes the two main types of solids as crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have a definite repeating arrangement of particles while amorphous solids lack long-range order. The document also discusses isomorphous solids that have the same structure and polymorphous solids that exist in different structures of the same substance.
Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles that are tightly packed and not easily compressible. The particles vibrate about fixed positions and have strong intermolecular forces. At the melting point, vibrations overcome interactions holding particles in fixed positions, transforming the solid to a liquid. Sublimation is the direct transition from solid to gas without an intermediate liquid phase. Crystalline solids have an orderly repeating structure while amorphous solids lack order. Different types of crystalline solids include ionic held by electrostatic forces, molecular held by dispersion forces, and metallic held by delocalized electrons.
Solids - Arrangement of solid particlesSidra Javed
In solids, molecules, ions or atoms are arranged in a definite pattern. Packing arrangement of particles is responsible for different types of solids and their properties
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
The document provides information on solidification processes and binary alloy systems. It discusses:
1) The three main steps in the solidification process: formation of stable nuclei, growth of nuclei into crystals, and formation of a grain structure.
2) The different types of solid solutions including substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. Substitutional solutions involve solute atoms replacing solvent atoms, while interstitial solutions involve solute atoms filling spaces between solvent atoms.
3) Phase diagrams and how they represent the relationship between temperature, composition, and phases in equilibrium for a binary alloy system. Key points include liquidus lines, triple points, and using phase diagrams to interpret cooling curves.
4) An
Mumbai University_Mechanical Enginnering_SEM III_ Material technology_Module 1.2
Lattice Imperfections:
Definition, classification and significance of Imperfections Point defects: vacancy, interstitial and impurity atom defects, Their formation and effects, Dislocation - Edge and screw dislocations Burger’s vector, Motion of dislocations and their significance, Surface defects - Grain boundary, sub-angle grain boundary and stacking faults, their significance, Generation of dislocation, Frank Reed source, conditions of multiplication and significance
This document discusses different types of defects in solids. There are two main types of defects - point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, where lattice sites are vacant, and interstitial defects, where particles occupy interstitial positions. Point defects in stoichiometric crystals include Schottky defects and Frenkel defects. Non-stoichiometric crystals can have metal excess defects with anionic vacancies or excess cations at interstitial sites, or metal deficient defects with cation vacancies or extra anions at interstitial sites. Impurity defects occur when impurity ions are present at lattice sites or interstitial sites.
Solids are characterized by their definite shape and also their considerable mechanical strength and rigidity. The particles that compose a solid material(with few exceptions), whether ionic, molecular, covalent or metallic, are held in place by strong attractive forces between them.
This document discusses different types of crystal defects. It begins by defining an ideal crystal and explaining that real crystals contain defects due to deviations from a completely ordered atomic arrangement. Crystal defects are classified as point defects, line defects, planar defects, or bulk defects depending on their geometry. Point defects, which occur around a single atom, are further divided into vacancy defects, interstitial defects, Schottky defects, and Frenkel defects. Line defects include edge dislocations and screw dislocations. Planar defects involve grain boundaries and stacking faults, while bulk defects are voids, cracks, or impurity inclusions. The document provides examples and descriptions of each type of defect.
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Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
This document discusses different types of crystalline solids. It defines a crystalline solid as having a well-ordered structure with definite arrangements of particles. Crystalline solids are made up of repeating units called unit cells, which together form a crystal lattice. The document describes the different packing arrangements of particles in unit cells and classifies crystalline solids into four main types - ionic, covalent, metallic and molecular crystals - based on the type of bonding forces between particles. Each type of crystalline solid is characterized by distinct properties like melting point, conductivity, hardness and thermal stability.
This document summarizes different types of solids. Crystalline solids have long-range order between particles which gives them distinct properties like sharp melting points and anisotropy. Amorphous solids only have short-range order, making them similar to supercooled liquids with no distinct melting point. Crystalline solids can be classified as molecular, ionic, metallic or covalent based on the interactions between particles. Each type of solid has distinct physical properties depending on these interactions.
The document discusses various types of surface defects that can occur in crystals, including external surfaces, grain boundaries, tilt boundaries, twist boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. External surfaces have unsatisfied atomic bonds and higher surface energy than bulk atoms. Grain boundaries are regions between two adjacent grains that are slightly disordered with low density and high mobility. Tilt boundaries appear as arrays of edge dislocations when grains are misaligned with a parallel rotation axis. Twist boundaries have a perpendicular rotation axis and form as arrays of screw dislocations for low angle grain boundaries. Twin boundaries are mirror images of atomic arrangements across the boundary formed by shear deformation. Stacking faults are imperfections in the stacking sequence of atomic planes in crystals.
Materials science and engineering involves the study of atomic structure and bonding in materials. There are three primary types of atomic bonding - ionic, covalent, and metallic. Crystalline solids can have face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), or hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structures which influence material properties. Crystalline materials can assemble into either crystalline or amorphous structures, and material properties depend on crystal orientation in single crystals but are isotropic in polycrystalline materials with randomly oriented grains.
This document discusses crystal structures, material properties, and deformation. It begins by examining common crystal structures like BCC, FCC, and HCP. It then reviews various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical. Finally, it analyzes different types of deformation mechanisms such as elastic/plastic deformation, slip/twinning, work hardening, and fracture modes.
Gseb class 12 chemistry sem 3 ch 1 solid state part 1Saumil Sharma
There are five states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. The kinetic molecular theory explains the differences between these states. Solids have a definite shape and arrangement of particles, which can only vibrate in fixed positions. Solids are classified based on their molecular structure and bonding forces between particles as crystalline or amorphous, and further as molecular, ionic, metallic or covalent. Crystalline solids have long-range orderly arrangements while amorphous solids only have short-range order.
There are three main types of crystalline solids: ionic solids, molecular solids, and metallic solids. Ionic solids are composed of positive and negative ions arranged in a crystal lattice. They have properties like high melting points and are brittle. Molecular solids have molecules arranged in a particular configuration, and properties like low melting points and being nonconductors. Metallic solids have metal atoms or ions arranged in patterns, giving properties such as conductivity and malleability. All crystalline solids have constituents ordered in highly organized, repeating microscopic structures extending in three dimensions.
Solid state part 2 | Chemistry Class 12 | By Mrs. Shubhada Walawalkarshubhada walawalkar
The document discusses the classification of crystalline solids. There are four main types of crystalline solids: 1) ionic solids which are formed from positively and negatively charged ions held together by electrostatic forces, 2) covalent network solids where atoms are linked by covalent bonds forming a rigid three-dimensional structure (examples given are different forms of carbon), 3) molecular solids where forces between molecules are weaker, and 4) metallic solids where delocalized valence electrons bind metallic atoms into a crystalline structure allowing metals to conduct electricity and heat. Each class has distinct properties depending on the type of bonds present in its crystalline structure.
This document summarizes a seminar on crystal structures presented by Madhusmita Sethy at Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya University. It defines crystals as solids composed of atoms or molecules arranged periodically in three dimensions. Crystals are made up of basic building blocks including unit cells that repeat through translation, lattices consisting of periodic arrays of points, and motifs or basis of one or more atoms located in a specific way. The document outlines six major crystal systems and discusses crystal structures, Pauling's rules of crystal chemistry, polymorphism, and the significance of understanding crystal structures.
This document provides an overview of solid state chemistry and properties of solid surfaces. It discusses the following key points:
- Solids have definite shapes and volumes due to strong forces holding their atoms, molecules, or ions in fixed positions. This gives solids their rigidity and mechanical strength.
- There are two main types of solids - crystalline solids which have a regular repeating structure and amorphous solids which lack long-range order.
- Techniques for characterizing solid surfaces include low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) which can provide information about surface structure and composition.
- LEED specifically works by bombarding a crystalline surface
Solid state part 1 | Chemistry Class 12 | By Mrs. Shubhada Walawalkarshubhada walawalkar
The document discusses the different states of matter and types of solids. It defines the three common states of matter as solids, liquids, and gases, describing their key properties. It then describes the two main types of solids as crystalline and amorphous. Crystalline solids have a definite repeating arrangement of particles while amorphous solids lack long-range order. The document also discusses isomorphous solids that have the same structure and polymorphous solids that exist in different structures of the same substance.
Solids have a definite shape and volume, with particles that are tightly packed and not easily compressible. The particles vibrate about fixed positions and have strong intermolecular forces. At the melting point, vibrations overcome interactions holding particles in fixed positions, transforming the solid to a liquid. Sublimation is the direct transition from solid to gas without an intermediate liquid phase. Crystalline solids have an orderly repeating structure while amorphous solids lack order. Different types of crystalline solids include ionic held by electrostatic forces, molecular held by dispersion forces, and metallic held by delocalized electrons.
Solids - Arrangement of solid particlesSidra Javed
In solids, molecules, ions or atoms are arranged in a definite pattern. Packing arrangement of particles is responsible for different types of solids and their properties
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
The document provides information on solidification processes and binary alloy systems. It discusses:
1) The three main steps in the solidification process: formation of stable nuclei, growth of nuclei into crystals, and formation of a grain structure.
2) The different types of solid solutions including substitutional and interstitial solid solutions. Substitutional solutions involve solute atoms replacing solvent atoms, while interstitial solutions involve solute atoms filling spaces between solvent atoms.
3) Phase diagrams and how they represent the relationship between temperature, composition, and phases in equilibrium for a binary alloy system. Key points include liquidus lines, triple points, and using phase diagrams to interpret cooling curves.
4) An
Mumbai University_Mechanical Enginnering_SEM III_ Material technology_Module 1.2
Lattice Imperfections:
Definition, classification and significance of Imperfections Point defects: vacancy, interstitial and impurity atom defects, Their formation and effects, Dislocation - Edge and screw dislocations Burger’s vector, Motion of dislocations and their significance, Surface defects - Grain boundary, sub-angle grain boundary and stacking faults, their significance, Generation of dislocation, Frank Reed source, conditions of multiplication and significance
This document discusses different types of defects in solids. There are two main types of defects - point defects and line defects. Point defects include vacancy defects, where lattice sites are vacant, and interstitial defects, where particles occupy interstitial positions. Point defects in stoichiometric crystals include Schottky defects and Frenkel defects. Non-stoichiometric crystals can have metal excess defects with anionic vacancies or excess cations at interstitial sites, or metal deficient defects with cation vacancies or extra anions at interstitial sites. Impurity defects occur when impurity ions are present at lattice sites or interstitial sites.
Solids are characterized by their definite shape and also their considerable mechanical strength and rigidity. The particles that compose a solid material(with few exceptions), whether ionic, molecular, covalent or metallic, are held in place by strong attractive forces between them.
This document discusses different types of crystal defects. It begins by defining an ideal crystal and explaining that real crystals contain defects due to deviations from a completely ordered atomic arrangement. Crystal defects are classified as point defects, line defects, planar defects, or bulk defects depending on their geometry. Point defects, which occur around a single atom, are further divided into vacancy defects, interstitial defects, Schottky defects, and Frenkel defects. Line defects include edge dislocations and screw dislocations. Planar defects involve grain boundaries and stacking faults, while bulk defects are voids, cracks, or impurity inclusions. The document provides examples and descriptions of each type of defect.
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
undamentals of Crystal Structure: BCC, FCC and HCP Structures, coordination number and atomic packing factors, crystal imperfections -point line and surface imperfections. Atomic Diffusion: Phenomenon, Fick’s laws of diffusion, factors affecting diffusion.
This document discusses different types of crystalline solids. It defines a crystalline solid as having a well-ordered structure with definite arrangements of particles. Crystalline solids are made up of repeating units called unit cells, which together form a crystal lattice. The document describes the different packing arrangements of particles in unit cells and classifies crystalline solids into four main types - ionic, covalent, metallic and molecular crystals - based on the type of bonding forces between particles. Each type of crystalline solid is characterized by distinct properties like melting point, conductivity, hardness and thermal stability.
This document summarizes different types of solids. Crystalline solids have long-range order between particles which gives them distinct properties like sharp melting points and anisotropy. Amorphous solids only have short-range order, making them similar to supercooled liquids with no distinct melting point. Crystalline solids can be classified as molecular, ionic, metallic or covalent based on the interactions between particles. Each type of solid has distinct physical properties depending on these interactions.
The document discusses various types of surface defects that can occur in crystals, including external surfaces, grain boundaries, tilt boundaries, twist boundaries, twin boundaries, and stacking faults. External surfaces have unsatisfied atomic bonds and higher surface energy than bulk atoms. Grain boundaries are regions between two adjacent grains that are slightly disordered with low density and high mobility. Tilt boundaries appear as arrays of edge dislocations when grains are misaligned with a parallel rotation axis. Twist boundaries have a perpendicular rotation axis and form as arrays of screw dislocations for low angle grain boundaries. Twin boundaries are mirror images of atomic arrangements across the boundary formed by shear deformation. Stacking faults are imperfections in the stacking sequence of atomic planes in crystals.
Materials science and engineering involves the study of atomic structure and bonding in materials. There are three primary types of atomic bonding - ionic, covalent, and metallic. Crystalline solids can have face-centered cubic (FCC), body-centered cubic (BCC), or hexagonal close-packed (HCP) crystal structures which influence material properties. Crystalline materials can assemble into either crystalline or amorphous structures, and material properties depend on crystal orientation in single crystals but are isotropic in polycrystalline materials with randomly oriented grains.
This document discusses crystal structures, material properties, and deformation. It begins by examining common crystal structures like BCC, FCC, and HCP. It then reviews various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical. Finally, it analyzes different types of deformation mechanisms such as elastic/plastic deformation, slip/twinning, work hardening, and fracture modes.
The document discusses three main topics: crystal structure, material properties, and deformation. It provides in-depth information on crystal structures like BCC, FCC, and HCP. It describes various material properties including physical, chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties. It also discusses different types of deformation mechanisms like elastic and plastic deformation, slip and twinning, work hardening, and fracture behaviors.
The document discusses the atomic structure and properties of materials. It describes how atoms are arranged in crystalline and noncrystalline structures and how different types of bonds like ionic, covalent and metallic bonds form between atoms. It explains defects in crystalline structures and how materials deform under stress. Metals typically have crystalline structures with metallic bonding while ceramics and polymers can have crystalline or noncrystalline structures with ionic/covalent bonding. The structures influence key material properties.
This document discusses metallurgy and engineering materials. It introduces common engineering materials like metals, ceramics, polymers and composites. It then focuses on metallurgy, discussing the science of metallurgy including physical, mechanical, electrochemical and technological properties. It also discusses different crystal structures like body centered cubic, face centered cubic and hexagonal close packed. Finally, it discusses various crystallographic defects like vacancies, interstitials, dislocations, grain boundaries and stacking faults.
This document provides an introduction to materials science and engineering. It discusses the following key topics in 3 paragraphs or less:
The prerequisites for the course include engineering physics, fundamental physics from grades 11-12, fundamentals of chemistry from grades 9-10, and fundamentals of science from grade 10. The course objectives are to help students learn the basics of materials, properties like magnetism, semiconductor technology, and issues related to e-waste.
It introduces some basic concepts in materials science including atomic structure, atomic bonding, the different types of materials, crystal structures, and defects in crystals. The three main types of atomic bonding discussed are ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding. Six types of materials
BME 303 - Lesson 2 - Structure of Solids.pptxatlestmunni
This document provides an overview of the structure of solids. It discusses the characteristics of solids, including their definite shape, rigidity, and resistance to changes in shape or volume. Solids exist in either crystalline or amorphous forms. Crystalline solids have a regular repeating structure, while amorphous solids like glass lack long-range order. There are seven crystal systems that solids can belong to, which are determined by the lengths of the unit cell axes and angles between them. Key concepts covered include unit cells, crystal lattices, bonding in ionic, covalent and metallic solids, and the different arrangements of atoms in simple cubic, body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic unit cells
This document provides an overview of solid state structures. It discusses the two main types of solids - crystalline and amorphous - and explains their distinguishing characteristics. Crystalline solids have a definite, orderly arrangement of atoms while amorphous solids do not. The document then covers various topics related to crystalline solids, including crystal structures, unit cells, Bravais lattices, and the structures of materials like NaCl, diamond, and graphite. It also discusses crystal imperfections and different types of defects that can occur in ionic crystals.
This document discusses the atomic structure and classification of materials. It begins by classifying materials as either crystalline or non-crystalline based on the repeating patterns of their atomic structures. Crystalline materials have symmetric, repeating atomic positions while non-crystalline materials do not. The document then discusses various aspects of crystalline structure including unit cells, lattice constants, space lattices, and common crystal structures. It also covers crystal imperfections such as point defects, line defects, and surface defects. Finally, the mechanisms of plastic deformation through slip and twinning are summarized.
This document provides an overview of solid state properties. It defines solids as having a definite shape and volume, and being highly incompressible due to strong intermolecular forces. Solids are classified as crystalline, polycrystalline, or amorphous based on atomic arrangement. Crystalline solids have a regular atomic arrangement while amorphous solids lack order. Different types of crystal structures and defects are also discussed.
Chapter 1: Material Structure and Binary Alloy Systemsyar 2604
This is an introduction to material structure and periodic table system. This topic also describes microstructure of the metals and alloys solidification.
1) Elements are pure substances made of one type of atom, while compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Mixtures are combinations of substances mixed but not chemically bonded.
2) Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The atomic structure of an element determines its properties.
3) Materials can have crystalline or non-crystalline structures. Crystalline structures are regular arrangements of atoms, while non-crystalline structures are irregular. The type of bonding between atoms also influences properties.
This document discusses the crystal structures of molecules and metals. It begins by defining molecules as groups of atoms bonded together, which results in relatively low melting and boiling points. Metals are considered a single molecule due to metallic bonding. There are several common crystal structures for metals including face-centered cubic, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close-packed structures. These crystal structures are defined by the geometric arrangement of atoms in the unit cell and properties like coordination number and packing efficiency.
The document discusses the crystal structures of materials. It begins by explaining that the properties of some materials are directly related to their crystal structures. For example, magnesium and beryllium have different properties than gold and silver due to differences in their crystal structures. It then lists the key learning objectives which include describing different crystal structures, computing densities, and distinguishing between single crystals and polycrystalline materials. The document goes on to explain common metallic crystal structures like body centered cubic and face centered cubic, as well as non-metallic structures like rock salt and cesium chloride. It also discusses factors that determine crystal structure such as the relative sizes of ions to maximize interactions and maintain charge neutrality.
This document discusses the different types of solids and their structures. It defines crystalline and amorphous solids, with crystalline solids having a specific organized arrangement of particles and amorphous solids having a random arrangement. Crystalline solids are further divided into ionic, covalent network, molecular, and metallic crystals based on the type of bonding between particles. The document also discusses crystal lattices, unit cells, lattice parameters, crystal systems, and Bravais lattices which describe the geometric arrangements of particles in crystalline solids.
Chapter1 material structure and binary alloy system Wan Zulfadli
This document provides information about Material Technology 1 course offered by PN. Norhazlina Bte Amon. The course covers topics like material structure, binary alloy systems, ferrous materials, metal working processes, corrosion and non-ferrous metals over 18 weeks. Students will be assessed through quizzes, theory tests and other tasks like end of chapter exercises and presentations.
This document summarizes different types of solids including metallic, ionic, covalent network, polymeric, and nanomaterials. Metallic solids are held together by delocalized valence electrons. Ionic solids are held by attraction between cations and anions. Covalent network solids form an extended network of covalent bonds making them very hard. Polymeric solids contain long chains of atoms held by covalent and weaker intermolecular forces.
The document provides information on crystal structures including:
- Crystalline solids have atoms arranged in an orderly, periodic manner while amorphous solids do not.
- Dense, regularly packed structures have lower energy than non-dense, randomly packed structures.
- A unit cell is the smallest repeating unit that defines the lattice structure. There are 14 possible Bravais lattice structures.
- Common crystal structures for metals include body centered cubic (BCC), face centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close packed (HCP).
- Properties of unit cells include the number of atoms, effective number of atoms, coordination number, and atomic packing factor.
This document summarizes the different types of chemical bonding: ionic bonding occurs between oppositely charged ions and is electrostatic in nature; covalent bonding involves sharing electrons between atoms and can range from partially ionic to completely covalent; metallic bonding is characterized by positive ions floating in a "sea" of delocalized electrons allowing metals to conduct electricity; van der Waals bonding is the weakest type and only present between inert gases due to induced dipole interactions. The document also discusses the different arrangements of spheres to model ion packing in cubic close, body-centered cubic, and hexagonal close packing of metals.
The document discusses the characteristics of solids and different types of crystalline structures. It describes that solids can be crystalline or amorphous based on the ordering of particles. Crystalline solids have long-range order and a repeating pattern, while amorphous solids only have short-range order. Crystalline solids are further classified as ionic, molecular, metallic or covalent networks based on bonding. Crystals consist of lattice structures with primitive or centered unit cells containing particles in specific arrangements. Close packing of spheres in one, two or three dimensions results in different crystal structures like simple cubic, body centered cubic or hexagonal close packed.
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Crystal structure and crystal defects
1. Gono
University
Submitted To
DR. SWAPWAN KUMAR SARKAR
Assistant Professor
Gono University
Contributing
Members: Group-2
► Sazzad Rahman (457)
► Fahima Rahman(458)
► Md Shahab Uddin(459)
► Mazharul Islam (460)
MPBME-324
Fundamental of
Biomaterials
Course Name
Course Name
2. Chapter : The Structure of
Solids
Topic : Crystal structure
3. 2
3 4
A crystal is a solid composed of atoms, ions,
or molecules arranged in a pattern that is periodic in three
dimensions
Crystal
Single crystal Poly crystal
Types
The crystal in which
periodicity of atoms or
molecules extends
throughout the
materials is called
single crystal
The crystal in which
periodicity of atoms or
molecules does not
extend throughout the
materials but
interrupted by grain
boundary is called
poly crystal
Diamond, Quartz, Salt
Example
4. Portfolio Presentation
Unit cell
The smallest repeating unit of the crystal lattice
is the unit cell, the building block of a crystal.
Simple
cubic
When metal atoms are arranged with spheres
in one layer directly above or below
spheres in another layer, the lattice
structure is called simple cubic
• they only “fill” about 52% of the volume of the container
• simple cubic array, the coordination number is, therefore, six
• In a simple cubic lattice, the unit cell that repeats in all directions is a
cube defined by the centers of eight atoms
• there is 1 atom within one simple cubic unit cell
5. Body Centered Cubic
Some metals crystallize in an arrangement that has a
cubic unit cell with atoms at all of the corners and an
atom in the center, as shown in Figure. This is called
a body-centered cubic (BCC) solid.
Simple cubic
• Atoms in the corners of a BCC unit cell do not contact each other but contact the atom
in the center.
• an atom in a BCC structure has a coordination number of eight
• Atoms in BCC arrangements are much more efficiently packed than in a simple cubic
structure, occupying about 68% of the total volume
• Isomorphous metals with a BCC structure include K, Ba, Cr, Mo, W, and Fe at room
temperature
Face Centered Cubic
A face-centered cubic solid has atoms at the corners and, as the
name implies, at the centers of the faces of its unit cells.
• Atoms in an FCC arrangement are packed as closely together as possible occupying 74%
of the volume
• In FCP, there are three repeating layers of hexagonally arranged atoms. Each atom
contacts six atoms in its own layer, three in the layer above, and three in the layer
below.
6. Atoms of different
Size
When two or more different sizes of atoms are mixed together in a solid, two factors must be
considered:
(1) the type of site and
(2) the number of sites occupied
In the above figure a,b the interstitial atoms touch the larger atoms, and hence
they are stable; but they are not stable in c. At some critical value the
interstitial atom will fit the space between six atoms (only four atoms are
shown in two dimensions), which will yield the maximum interaction between atoms
and consequently the most stable structure results. Thus, at a certain radius
ratio of the host and interstitial atoms the arrangement will be most stable
8. Point Defects
01
Point defects are where an atom is missing or at an irregular place in
lattice structure
Types
Point
Defects
Intrinsic Extrinsic
Vacancy
Self
Interstitial
Substitution
impurity
atom
Interstitial
impurity
atom
A point defect can be an atom missing from a site in the crystal
(a vacancy) or an impurity atom that occupies either a normal lattice
site (a substitutional impurity) or a hole in the lattice between atoms
(an interstitial impurity).
9. Line Defects
02
Defect that is produced due to the misalignment of atoms in a crystal
lattice.
Types Line Defects
Edge
Dislocation
Screw
Dislocation
• The line defects, called dislocations, are created when an extra
plane of atoms is displaced
or dislocated out of its regular lattice space registry.
• The line defects or dislocations will lower the strength of a solid
crystal enormously since it takes much less energy to
move or deform a whole plane of atoms one atomic distance at a
time rather than all at once.
10. Planar Defects
03
In planar defect, boundaries or planes are formed, separate the
structure into regions, having the same crystal structure but different
orientation.
Types
Point
Defects
Stacking
faults
Grain Boundaries
Twin Boundaries
Planar defects exist at the grain boundaries. Grain boundaries are
created when two or
more crystals are mismatched at the boundaries. This occurs during
crystallization.
Within each grain all the atoms are in a lattice of one specific
orientation. Other grains have the same crystal lattice but different
orientations, creating a region of mismatch.
The grain boundary is less dense than the bulk, hence most diffusion of
gas or liquid takes place along the grain boundaries. Grain boundaries
can be seen by polishing and subsequent etching of a “polycrystalline”
material. This is due to the fact that the grain boundary atoms possess
higher energy
11. LONG-CHAIN MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
(POLYMERS)
• Polymers have very long-chain molecules that are formed
by covalent bonding along the backbone chain. The long
chains are held together either by secondary bonding
forces — such as van der Waals and hydrogen bonds — or
primary covalent bonding forces through crosslinks
between chains.
• The long chains are very flexible and are easily
tangled. In addition, each chain can have side groups,
branches, and copolymeric chains or blocks that can also
interfere with the long-range ordering of chains.
12. Amorphous
• Some solids such as window glass do not have a regular crystalline structure.
Solids with such an atomic structure are called amorphous or non-crystalline
materials
• They are usually supercooled from the liquid state and thus retain a liquid-like
molecular structure. Consequently, the density is always less than that of the
crystalline state of the same material, indicating inclusion of some voids
• Amorphous materials are also more brittle and less strong than their
crystalline counterparts. It is very difficult to make metals amorphous since
the metal atoms are extremely mobile in the liquid state, and crystallization to
a solid is abrupt. However, one can make amorphous metal
• from liquid metal by cooling the melt sufficiently rapidly.
• The network structure of a solid results in a three-dimensional, amorphous
structure since the restrictions on the bonds and rigidity of subunits prevent
them from crystallizing.
• Common network structure materials are phenolformaldehyde (Bakelite®) polymer
and silica (SiO2)
• glass
The Network
Structure
13. Composite
• Composite materials are those which consist of two or more distinct parts.
The term “composite”
is usually reserved for those materials in which the distinct phases are
separated on a scale
larger than the atomic, and in which properties such as the elastic
modulus are significantly
altered in comparison with those of a homogeneous material.
• Accordingly, bone and fiberglass are viewed as composite materials, but
alloys such as brass or metals such as steel with carbide particles are not.
Although many engineering materials, including biomaterials, are not
composites,
virtually all natural biological materials are composites.