This document provides an overview of organic compounds called alkanes and cycloalkanes. It defines key terms like functional groups and discusses different types of organic compounds grouped by their functional groups, including alkenes, alkynes, and arenes. The document also covers properties and naming conventions for alkanes and cycloalkanes specifically. It describes structural isomers and cis-trans isomerism that can occur in cycloalkane compounds.
Structural diagrams,condensed structures and line structures of hydrocarbons.How to identify a substance as Organic and inorganic ?.How to classify hydrocarbons? What is the difference between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes?
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and can be subdivided into the following three groups: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes.
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
Structural diagrams,condensed structures and line structures of hydrocarbons.How to identify a substance as Organic and inorganic ?.How to classify hydrocarbons? What is the difference between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes?
Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of single-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and can be subdivided into the following three groups: the linear straight-chain alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes.
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
Organic Chemistry
1. History
2. Properties of Organic Chemistry
3. comparison of Compounds
4. Sources of Organic Compounds
5. Types of Organic Compounds
6.Types of Organic Formula
7. Carbon
8. Structural Formulas of Carbon
9. Isomerism
10 Classification of Organic Compounds
11. HydroCarbons
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
Organic Chemistry
1. History
2. Properties of Organic Chemistry
3. comparison of Compounds
4. Sources of Organic Compounds
5. Types of Organic Compounds
6.Types of Organic Formula
7. Carbon
8. Structural Formulas of Carbon
9. Isomerism
10 Classification of Organic Compounds
11. HydroCarbons
Basic concepts of organic chemistry such as structural formulas, different kinds of representation, types of isomerism, examples, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes etc.
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
In this webinar you will understand the guidelines of physical activity and how it can be incorporated into your lifestyle. You will also learn how to use the FITT principle in your exercise to achieve your fitness goals. The active use of body's fuel and the importance of nutrition before, during, and after exercise will also be discussed.
You will learn how to calculate body mass index (BMI) when given height and weight information, and describe the health implications of any given BMI value. You will also learn how to calculate yout total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) , and describe the roles of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and several other factors in determining an individual’s daily energy needs. The role of hormones that control your weight and strategies to "fix' those hormones will also be explored
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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2. McMurry Organic Chemistry 6th edition Chapter 3
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Families of Organic Compounds
Organic compounds can be grouped into families
by their common structural features
We shall survey the nature of the compounds in a
tour of the families in this course
This chapter deals with alkanes, compounds that
contain only carbons and hydrogens, all
connected exclusively by single bonds
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3.1 Functional Groups
Functional group - collection of atoms at a site
within a molecule with a common bonding pattern
The group reacts in a typical way, generally
independent of the rest of the molecule
For example, the double bonds in simple and
complex alkenes react with bromine in the same way
(See Figure 3.1)
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Survey of Functional Groups
Table 3.1 lists a wide variety of functional
groups that you should recognize
As you learn about them in each chapter it
will be easier to recognize them
The functional groups affect the reactions,
structure, and physical properties of every
compound in which they occur
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Types of Functional Groups: Multiple
Carbon–Carbon Bonds
Alkenes have a C-C
double bond
Alkynes have a C-C
triple bond
Arenes have special
bonds that are
represented as
alternating single
and double C-C
bonds in a six-
membered ring
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Functional Groups with Carbon Singly Bonded
to an Electronegative Atom
Alkyl halide: C bonded to halogen (C-X)
Alcohol: C bonded O of a hydroxyl group (COH)
Ether: Two C’s bonded to the same O (COC)
Amine: C bonded to N (CN)
Thiol: C bonded to SH group (CSH)
Sulfide: Two C’s bonded to same S (CSC)
Bonds are polar, with partial positive charge on C
(δ+) and partial negative charge (δ−) on
electronegative atom
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Groups with a Carbon–Oxygen Double Bond
(Carbonyl Groups)
Aldehyde: one hydrogen bonded to C=O
Ketone: two C’s bonded to the C=O
Carboxylic acid: OH bonded to the C=O
Ester: C-O bonded to the C=O
Amide: C-N bonded to the C=O
Acid chloride: Cl bonded to the C=O
Carbonyl C has partial positive charge (δ+)
Carbonyl O has partial negative charge (δ-).
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3.2 Alkanes and Alkane Isomers
Alkanes: Compounds with C-C single bonds and C-H
bonds only (no functional groups)
Connecting carbons can lead to large or small molecules
The formula for an alkane with no rings in it must be CnH2n+2
where the number of C’s is n
Alkanes are saturated with hydrogen (no more can be
added
They are also called aliphatic compounds
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Alkane Isomers
CH4 = methane, C2H6 = ethane, C3H8= propane
The molecular formula of an alkane with more than
three carbons can give more than one structure
C4 (butane) = butane and isobutane
C5 (pentane) = pentane, 2-methylbutane, and 2,2-
dimethylpropane
Alkanes with C’s connected to no more than 2 other
C’s are straight-chain or normal alkanes
Alkanes with one or more C’s connected to 3 or 4 C’s
are branched-chain alkanes
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Constitutional Isomers
Isomers that differ in how their atoms are arranged in
chains are called constitutional isomers
Compounds other than alkanes can be
constitutional isomers of one another
They must have the same molecular formula to be
isomers
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Condensed Structures of Alkanes
We can represent an alkane in a brief form or in
many types of extended form
A condensed structure does not show bonds but lists
atoms, such as
CH3CH2CH3 (propane)
CH3(CH2)2CH3 (2,2-dimethylpropane)
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3.3 Alkyl Groups
Alkyl group – remove one H from an alkane
(a part of a structure)
General abbreviation “R” (for Radical, an
incomplete species or the “rest” of the
molecule)
Name: replace -ane ending of alkane with -yl
ending
CH3 is “methyl” (from methane)
CH2CH3 is “ethyl” from ethane
See Table 3.4 for a list
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Types of Alkyl groups
Classified by the connection site (See Figure 3.3)
a carbon at the end of a chain (primary alkyl group)
a carbon in the middle of a chain (secondary alkyl
group)
a carbon with three carbons attached to it (tertiary alkyl
group)
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3.4 Naming Alkanes
Compounds are given systematic names by a
process that uses
Prefix-Parent-Suffix
Follows specific rules
Named as longest possible chain
Carbons in that chain are numbered in sequence
substituents are numbered at their point of attachment
Compound name is one word (German style)
Complex substituents are named as compounds would
be
See specific examples in text
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3.5 Properties of Alkanes
Called paraffins (low affinity compounds)
because they do not react as most chemicals
They will burn in a flame, producing carbon
dioxide, water, and heat
They react with Cl2 in the presence of light to
replace H’s with Cl’s (not controlled)
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Physical Properties
Boiling points and melting points increase as size of
alkane increases
Forces between molecules (temporary dipoles,
dispersion) are weak
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3.6 Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes are alkanes that have carbon atoms
that form a ring (called alicyclic compounds)
Simple cycloalkanes rings of CH2 units, (CH2)n,
or CnH2n
Structure is shown as a regular polygon with the
number of vertices equal to the number of C’s (a
projection of the actual structure)
cyclopropane
cyclohexanecyclopentane
cyclobutane
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Properties of Cycloalkanes
Melting points are affected by the shapes and the
way that crystals pack so they do not change
uniformly
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3.7 Naming Cycloalkanes
Count the number of carbon atoms in the ring and the number in
the largest substituent chain. If the number of carbon atoms in
the ring is equal to or greater than the number in the substituent,
the compound is named as an alkyl-substituted cycloalkane
For an alkyl- or halo-substituted cycloalkane, start at a point of
attachment as C1 and number the substituents on the ring so
that the second substituent has as low a number as possible.
Number the substituents and write the name
See text for more details and examples
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3.8 Cis-Trans Isomerism in
Cycloalkanes
Rotation about C-C bonds in cycloalkanes is limited by the
ring structure
Rings have two “faces” and substituents are labeled as to
their relative facial positions
There are two different 1,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane
isomers, one with the two methyls on the same side (cis)
of the ring and one with the methyls on opposite sides
(trans)
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Stereoisomers
Compounds with atoms connected in the same order but which
differ in three-dimensional orientation, are stereoisomers
The terms “cis” and “trans” should be used to specify
stereoisomeric ring structures
Recall that constitutional isomers have atoms connected in
different order