This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things. Key elements are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur.
- Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and can be aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ by their carbon bonding.
- IUPAC nomenclature systematically names organic compounds based on carbon chain length and functional groups. Functional groups determine a molecule's properties.
Structural diagrams,condensed structures and line structures of hydrocarbons.How to identify a substance as Organic and inorganic ?.How to classify hydrocarbons? What is the difference between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes?
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula CₙH₂ₙ−2
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Presentation contains various examples of n to π* chromogens and their behavior in different conditions. Its related to subject called Color Chemistry.
Structural diagrams,condensed structures and line structures of hydrocarbons.How to identify a substance as Organic and inorganic ?.How to classify hydrocarbons? What is the difference between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes?
Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
In organic chemistry, an alkyne is an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one carbon—carbon triple bond. The simplest acyclic alkynes with only one triple bond and no other functional groups form a homologous series with the general chemical formula CₙH₂ₙ−2
I hope You all like it. I hope It is very beneficial for you all. I really thought that you all get enough knowledge from this presentation. This presentation is about materials and their classifications. After you read this presentation you knowledge is not as before.
Presentation contains various examples of n to π* chromogens and their behavior in different conditions. Its related to subject called Color Chemistry.
Classification, Nomenclature and structural isomerism of organic compound Ganesh Mote
Classification of organic compound, Nomenclature of alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, alkyl halide, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid and its derivatives, amines, ethers, polyfunctional groups and structural isomerism of organic compounds
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2. Organic Chemistry - Introduction
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds.
Animals, plants, and other forms of life consist of
organic compounds.
Intro
3. Bonding in Organic Compounds
Besides carbon, the most common elements in
organic compounds are hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur, and the halogens.
organic compounds have covalent bonding.
4. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are the most simple organic
compounds.
Hydrocarbons contain only carbon (C) and
hydrogen (H).
For classification purposes, all other organic
compounds are considered derivatives of
hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons can be divided into aromatic and
aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Section 14.2
11. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are hydrocarbons having
no benzene rings.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be divided into four
major divisions:
Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
13. Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only single
bonds.
Alkanes are said to be saturated hydrocarbons
Because their hydrogen content is at a maximum.
Alkane general formula CnH2n + 2
The names of alkanes all end in “-ane.”
Methane butane are gases
Pentane C17H36 are liquids
C18H38 and higher are solids
14. Physical Properties
No color & odour
Lower alkane: gases
Middle alkane: liquids
Higher alkane: solid
Higher boiling point : higher molecular wt.
Branched chain: decrease surface area
Long chain : higher surface area.
Even no. of carbon : higher M.P
Odd no. of carbon : lower M.P
Higher density: higher mol. Wt
Non polar : soluble in organic solvent
Higher mol. Wt : decrease solubility
15. The First Eight Members of the Alkane Series
All satisfy the general formula CnH2n + 2
16. Visualization of an Alkane’s Structure
Structural formula – a graphical
representation of the way atoms
are connected
Condensed structural formula –
save time/space and are
convenient
Ball-and-Stick models – 3D
models that can be built by
students
17. Models of Three Alkanes
Names, Structural Formulas, Condensed Structural
Formulas, and Ball-and-Stick Models
18. Methane – Tetrahedral Geometry
Ball-and-
Stick &
Space-
Filling
Models
Carbon’s
four single
bonds form
angles of
109.5o
2
19. Alkyl Group
Alkyl group contains one less hydrogen than the
corresponding alkane.
General abbreviation “R” (for Radical, an
incomplete species or the “rest” of the molecule)
In naming this group the “-ane” is dropped and “-
yl” is added.
CH3 is “methyl” (from methane)
CH2CH3 is “ethyl” from ethane
Section 14.3
20. Alkyl Group
This group does not exist independently but occurs bonded to another
atom or molecule.
21. Types of Alkyl groups
Classified by the connection site
a carbon at the end of a chain (primary alkyl group)
a carbon in the middle of a chain (secondary alkyl
group)
a carbon with three carbons attached to it (tertiary
alkyl group)
24. Organic Compound Nomenclature
Due to the large number, variety, and complexity of
organic compounds, a consistent method of
nomenclature has been developed.
Section 14.3
25. IUPAC System of Nomenclature
For Alkanes
Identify the longest chain -- parent
number from the end closest to first branch
Name the groups attached to the chain, using the
carbon number as the locator.
Alphabetize substituents.
Use di-, tri-, etc., for multiples of same substituent
combine number and name of substituent with
parent name, separating with hyphen
26. An Example to Consider
The longest continuous chain of C atoms is five
Therefore this compound is a pentane derivative
with an attached methyl group
Start numbering from end nearest the substituent
The methyl group is in the #2 position
The compound’s name is 2-methylpentane.
27. Longest Chain
The number of carbons in the longest chain
determines the base name: ethane, hexane.
If there are two possible chains with the same
number of carbons, use the chain with the most
substituents.
C
CH3
CH2
CH3
CH CH2 CH2 CH3
CH CH2 CH3
H3C
H3C
39. Drawing a Structure from a Name
Draw the structural formula for
2,2,4trimethylpentane.
Note that the end name is pentane .
Draw a continuous chain of five carbon (C) atoms,
with four bonds around each.
40. Drawing a Structure from a Name
Number the C atoms from right to left.
Attach two methyl groups (CH3--) to carbon
number 2 and one to number 4.
41. Drawing a Structure from a Name
Add necessary H atoms.
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Section 14.3
42. Cycloalkanes
Members of the cycloalkane group possess rings of
carbon atoms.
They have the general formula CnH2n.
Each carbon atom is bonded to a total of four
carbon or hydrogen atoms.
The smallest possible ring consists of
cyclopropane, C3H6.
Section 14.3
43. The First Four Cycloalkanes
Note that in the condensed structural formulas, there is a
carbon atom at each corner and enough hydrogens are
assumed to be attached to give a total of four single bonds.
Section 14.3
44. Drawing the Structure of a
Cycloalkane
Draw the geometric figure indicated by the
compound’s name , “pentane.”
Section 14.3
45. Drawing the Structure of a
Cycloalkane
Place each substituent on the ring in the numbered
position “1 chloro-2-ethyl-”
1-chloro-2-ethylcyclopentane
Section 14.3
46. Classes of Carbon and
Hydrogen atoms
1o Carbon - primary carbon is attached to only
one other C atoms
2o Carbon - secondary carbon is attached to two
other C atoms
3o Carbon - tertiary carbon is attached to three
other C atoms
49. Derivatives of Hydrocarbons
Organic molecule characteristics depend on the
number, arrangement, and type of atoms.
Functional Group – any atom, group of atoms,
or organization of bonds that determine
specific properties of a molecule
Generally the functional group is the reactive part of
the molecule.
Due to the functional group’s presence, certain
predictable properties rise.
Section 14.4
50. Alkenes
Members of the alkene group have a double bond
between two carbon atoms.
One hydrogen atom has been removed from two
adjacent carbon atoms, thereby allowing the two
adjacent carbon atoms to form a double bond.
General formula is CnH2n
Begins with ethene (ethylene)
C2H4
Section 14.3
52. Physical properties:
Carbon-carbon double bond changes the physicals properties of
alkenes.
At R.T. , alkenes exist in all three phases, solid, liquids, and gases.
1. Physical state:
Ethene, Propene, and Butene exists as colorless gases.
Members of the 5 or more carbons such as Pentene, Hexene, and
Heptene are liquid
Members of the 15 carbons or more are solids.
2. Density: Alkenes are lighter than water
53. 3.Solubility: insoluble in water.
Alkenes are only soluble in nonpolar solvent like
benzene, ether, chloroform.
4.Boiling point : depends on more molecular mass (chain
length).
more intermolecular mass is added, the higher the boiling
point.
5. Melting point : depends on the packaging of the molecules.
Alkenes have similar melting points to that of alkanes,
54. Naming Alkenes
“-ane” suffix for the corresponding alkane is
changed to “-ene” for alkenes.
A number preceding the name indicates the C
atom on which the double bond starts.
The carbons are numbered such that the double bond
has the lowest number.
For example, 1-butene and 2-butene
Section 14.3
55. Example
Write the IUPAC name for each of the following:
CH3
B. CH3─CH2─C=CH─CH3 3 –methyl 2-pentene
56. Note: Always number so that double bond gets the lowest number
CH3 CHCH CH CH
CH3
CH3
CH3
236 145
41 2 3 6
5
Correct name is : 2,5-dimethyl-3-hexene
57. Alkynes
Members of the alkyne group have a triple bond
between two carbon atoms.
Two hydrogen atoms have been removed from
each of two adjacent carbon atoms, thereby
allowing the two adjacent carbon atoms to form
a triple bond.
General formula is CnH2n-2
Begins with ethyne (acetylene)
C2H2
Section 14.3
59. Physical properties
1. Physical properties:
- First 3 members of alkyne : gaseous form
up to C8 : liquid,
more than 8 carbons: solid.
- Colorless & except ethyne all are odorless.
- Lighter than water
- Insoluble in polar and soluble in non polar organic
solvents.
- Melting point, Boiling point and increase with
molecular mass.
60. Longest chain containing triple bond
Location and number of groups?
Name: 6-chloro-5-ethyl-4-methyl-2-heptyne
5-ethyl
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2-heptyne
(triple bond)
4-methyl 6-chloro
62. GEOMETRICAL ISOMERISM
The geometrical isomerism arises when atoms or groups are
arranged differently in space due to restricted rotation of a
bond or bonds in a molecule.
E.g.,
1) Two different spatial arrangements of methyl groups about a
double bond in 2-butene give rise to the following geometrical
isomers.
i.e., cis-2-butene and trans-2-butene
63. Above two forms are not inter convertible due to restricted rotation of
double bond.
In the cis isomer, the two methyl groups are arranged on the same side of a
double bond.
Whereas in the trans isomer, they are on the opposite side.
2) There are two geometrical isomers (cis & trans) possible in case of 1,4–
dimethylcyclohexane as shown below:
3
64. In the above geometrical isomers, the methyl groups are arranged
differently about the plane of the cyclohexane ring. These isomers
are not inter convertible since it is not possible to rotate the bonds
in the cyclohexane ring.
The geometrical isomers often show different physical and
chemical properties. The difference in their physical properties is
more significant when there is more difference in their polarity.
Usually the dipole moment of cis-isomers is greater than that of
trans isomers. Hence the cis isomers usually have more solubility
in polar solvents.
In general, the trans isomers are more stable than cis isomers.