Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. Organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
This power point work describe about polar and nonn polar compounds and how to find it very easily and it also explain dipole moment and its calculation...this includes some workout problems
This presentation describes the concept of Hyperconjugation in simple words, gives definition of hyperconjugation, explains why it is called as 'No bond Resonance' and gives the effects of hyperconjugation on the chemical properties of compounds: alkyl cations and their relative stability, alkyl radicals and their relative stability, alkenes and their relative stability, bond length, anomeric effect and Baker - Nathan effect.
Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
This presentation describes the concept of Hyperconjugation in simple words, gives definition of hyperconjugation, explains why it is called as 'No bond Resonance' and gives the effects of hyperconjugation on the chemical properties of compounds: alkyl cations and their relative stability, alkyl radicals and their relative stability, alkenes and their relative stability, bond length, anomeric effect and Baker - Nathan effect.
Organic compounds are almost 60% of all compounds. because of carbons tendency to form a compound as it has more than1 electron(4electrons) to form covallent compounds. SO a wide range of everything we eat is formed from carbon and hydrogen, which is the second important element to form organic compounds.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
Second-level Digital Divide and experiences of Schools and TeachersLiwayway Memije-Cruz
The second-level digital divide, is referred to as the production gap, and it describes the gap that separates the consumers of content on the Internet from the producers of content.
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
A hydrocarbon is a molecule whose structure includes only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Hydrocarbons form bonds with other atoms in order to create organic compounds.
Hydrocarbon derivatives are based on simple hydrocarbon compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. Hydrocarbon derivatives contain at least one element other than hydrogen or carbon, such as oxygen, nitrogen or one of the halogen atoms (elements in column 7A of the Periodic Table.
Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur.
This branch of chemistry was originally limited to compounds produced by living organisms but has been broadened to include human-made substances such as plastics. The range of application of organic compounds is enormous and also includes, but is not limited to, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, food, explosives, paints, and cosmetics.
Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds, which include not only hydrocarbons but also compounds with any number of other elements, including hydrogen (most compounds contain at least one carbon–hydrogen bond), nitrogen, oxygen,
Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn, affect society, politics and culture.
Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula, but different structural or spatial arrangements of the atoms within the molecule. The reason there are such a colossal number of organic compounds which is more than 10 million is partly due to isomerism.
Apportionment is Apportionment involves dividing something up, just like fair division.
Voting is a method for a group, such as, a meeting or an electorate to make a collective decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate energy or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules. Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism, as products of glucose (such as acetyl CoA) can be converted into lipids.
A Hamiltonian path is a path that visits each vertex of the graph exactly once.
A Hamiltonian circuit is a path that uses each vertex of a graph exactly once and returns to the starting vertex.
Carbohydrate metabolism involves the different biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown, and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms.
A graph is a diagram displaying data which show the relationship between two or more quantities, measurements or indicative numbers that may or may not have a specific mathematical formula relating them to each other.
Every organism is composed of several different types of human body tissue. The human body tissue is another way of describing how our cells are grouped together in a highly organized manner according to specific structure and function. These groupings of cells form tissues, which then make up organs and various parts of the body.
Reproduction means producing offspring that may or may not be exact copies of their parents. It is a part of a life cycle, which is a series of events wherein individuals grow, develop, and reproduce according to a program of instructions encoded in DNA, which they inherit from their parents. When cells divide, each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA and enough cytoplasmic machinery to start up its own operation. DNA contains the blueprints for making different proteins.
.Enzymes are proteins that catalyze or speed up chemical reactions. They also help digest the foods we eat food and heal our wounds. They play major roles in respiration, making proteins, and DNA replication..
Reproduction means producing offspring that may or may not be exact copies of their parents. It is a part of a life cycle, which is a series of events wherein individuals grow, develop, and reproduce according to a program of instructions encoded in DNA, which they inherit from their parents. When cells divide, each daughter cell receives a complete copy of DNA and enough cytoplasmic machinery to start up its own operation. DNA contains the blueprints for making different proteins.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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2. Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving
organic compounds.
organic reactions
are used in the
construction of new
organic molecules.
The production of
many man-made
chemicals such as
drugs, plastics, food
additives, fabrics
depend on organic
reactions.
3.
4. What are the different types of
organic reactions?
1. Substitution
reactions
2. Elimination
reactions
3. Addition reactions
4. Radical reactions
5. Oxidation-Reduction
reactions
7. Electrophiles
molecule or ion that accepts a pair of electrons to make a new covalent
bond (from the Greek for "electron loving").
same thing as a Lewis acid.
molecule, ion or atom that is electron deficient in some way can behave as
an electrophile.
Electron deficiency would include a formal positive charge (methyl
carbocation), a partial positive charge (d+), usually in conjunction with a
polar bond (such as H-Cl) or an open octet (borane). "E" or "E+" are
common abbreviations for generic electrophiles.
8. Nucleophiles
molecule or ion that donates a
pair of electrons to form a new
covalent bond (from the Greek for
"nucleus loving").
same thing as a Lewis base.
Any molecule, ion or atom that
has electrons that can be shared
can be a nucleophile. The most
common indications that
electrons are available to be
shared are formal negative
charge (iodide ion), a partial
negative charge (d-), usually in
conjunction with a polar bond
(methyl magnesium bromide), a p
bond (isobutylene) or lone pairs
(ammonia). "Nuc" or "Nu" are
common abbreviations for
generic nucleophiles.
9.
10. Substitution Reaction
reaction where one atom or a group of
atoms is substituted by another atom or
a group of atoms to form a new
substance.
example of C – Cl bond, in which the
carbon atom usually has a partial
positive charge due to the presence of
highly electronegative chlorine atoms
11.
12.
13.
14. Elimination Reactions
involve the elimination and removal of the adjacent
atoms.
One of the examples of elimination reaction is the
conversion of ethyl chloride to ethylene.
CH3CH2Cl → CH2=CH2+ HCl
In the above reaction the eliminated molecule is HCl,
which is formed by the combination of H+ from the
carbon atom which is on the left side and Cl– from the
carbon atom which is on the right side.
15.
16. Addition Reactions
just the opposite of an elimination
reaction.
In an addition reaction, the components
or molecules of A and B are added to the
carbon-carbon multiple bonds and this is
called an addition reaction.
In the reaction given below when HCl is
added to ethylene, it will give us ethylene
chloride.
HCl + CH2 = CH2 →
CH3CH2Cl
17.
18. Radical Reactions
Most of the organic reactions involve radicals
and their movement.
Addition of a halogen to a typically saturated
hydrocarbon involves free radical
mechanism.
There are usually three stages involved in a
radical reaction which are, initiation,
propagation, and termination. Initially when
the weak bond is broken initiation of the
reaction takes place with the formation of
free radicals. After that when the halogen is
added to the hydrocarbon a radical is
produced and finally, it gives alkyl halide.
19.
20. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
can often be identified by changes in the
number of oxygen atoms at a particular position
in the hydrocarbon skeleton or in the number of
bonds between carbon and oxygen at that
position
increase in either corresponds to an oxidation,
whereas a decrease corresponds to a reduction.
increase in the number of hydrogen atoms in a
hydrocarbon is often an indication of a
reduction.
21. The Oxidation State of Carbon in Oxygen- and
Nitrogen-Containing Functional Groups.
(a) In a hydrocarbon, oxidation is indicated by an increase in the
number of oxygen atoms or carbon–oxygen bonds or a decrease in
the number of hydrogen atoms. (b) In nitrogen-containing
compounds, the number of carbon–nitrogen bonds changes with the
oxidation state of carbon.
22. The Oxidation State of Carbon in Oxygen- and Nitrogen-
Containing Functional Groups.
b) In compounds with a carbon–nitrogen bond, the
number of bonds between the C and N atoms increases
as the oxidation state of the carbon increases.
23. Summary
The common classes of organic reactions—substitution,
elimination, addition, oxidation-reduction, and radical—all
involve reacting electrophiles with nucleophiles.
There are common patterns to how organic reactions occur.
In a substitution reaction, one atom or a group of atoms in a substance is
replaced by another atom or a group of atoms from another substance.
Bulky groups that prevent attack cause the reaction to be sterically
hindered.
In an elimination reaction, adjacent atoms are removed with subsequent
formation of a multiple bond and a small molecule. An addition reaction is
the reverse of an elimination reaction.
Radical reactions are not very selective and occur in three stages: initiation,
propagation, and termination.
Oxidation–reduction reactions in organic chemistry are identified by the
change in the number of oxygens in the hydrocarbon skeleton or the number
of bonds between carbon and oxygen or carbon and nitrogen.