Diphenyl and tri phenylmethane
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Diphenyl methane is produced through the Friedel craft condensation of benzyl chloride with benzene. It is a crystalline solid with a melting point of 26°C that undergoes substitutions in its methylene group rather than phenyl rings through reactions like bromination. Nitration adds nitro groups to the 4th and 4' positions. Oxidation with chromic acid forms benzophenone. Triphenyl methane is a colorless crystalline solid with a melting point of 93°C. It can be prepared through several Friedel craft condensations including between chloroform and three benzene molecules. It is the parent substance for triphenyl methane dyes.
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Noise pollution can negatively impact human health and the environment. It is caused by loud sounds from sources like vehicles, construction sites, and industrial activity. Prolonged exposure to noise above safe levels can lead to hearing loss, cardiovascular issues, and disrupted sleep. Methods to reduce noise pollution include using barriers around noisy machinery, limiting vehicle speeds, planting trees as buffers, and protecting workers' hearing with earplugs. Controlling noise at the source is the most effective approach.
Marine pollution
Marine pollution is caused by human activities that introduce waste into the ocean directly or indirectly. Waste enters the ocean through pipes discharging municipal waste and sewage, agricultural runoff of pesticides and fertilizers, petroleum and oils washed from roads into waterways, offshore oil extraction and accidents that release toxic substances from ships. This pollution reduces oxygen levels in the water, releases toxic compounds, and harms marine life through effects like clogging gills or reducing birds' ability to regulate body temperature. Treatment plants can help by removing waste and reducing pollution load through primary, secondary, and advanced treatment methods.
Structure of atmosphere
The atmosphere is composed of several distinct layers. The innermost layer is the troposphere, which extends from the Earth's surface to around 17 km high at the equator. It contains around 75% of the atmosphere's mass. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends from 17-48 km high. It contains higher levels of ozone which absorbs over 99% of the sun's harmful UV radiation. The stratosphere is followed by the mesosphere and thermosphere, with temperatures decreasing and then increasing with altitude.
Five primary pollutants air pollution
The document discusses the primary pollutants that contribute to 90% of global air pollution, including carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. It also discusses secondary pollutants that are produced through chemical reactions between primary pollutants like sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Specific primary pollutants like carbon monoxide from incomplete combustion, sulfur oxides from burning fossil fuels, and nitrogen oxides from vehicle exhaust are examined in more detail.
Air pollution
Air pollution has been recognized as a problem for centuries. King Edward I made the first antipollution law in 1273 to restrict coal burning in London due to smoke pollution. The deadliest event was the 1952 London Smog that resulted in over 4,000 deaths over 5 days due to accumulated pollutants. Air pollution increased in the 20th century with the rise of transportation systems using petrol and diesel. The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 exposed people to methyl isocyanide gas, with health effects still felt today. Air pollution occurs when solid or gaseous contaminants are present in amounts that harm human health and the environment, and can be caused by both natural events like volcanoes and forest fires, as well
Types of plagiarism
The document defines and provides examples of various types of plagiarism, including identity theft, copycat plagiarism, cherry picking, mitosis, recycling, remixing, ghost citation, half n half, warping, mosaic plagiarism, reflections, miscues, half hearted plagiarism, 404 errors, incremental plagiarism, incidental plagiarism, self-plagiarism, incorrect citations, complete plagiarism, direct plagiarism, paraphrased plagiarism, mosaic plagiarism, and accidental plagiarism. Examples are given to illustrate direct, paraphrased, mosaic, self, and accidental plagiarism.
Plagiarism
The document discusses plagiarism, defining it as stealing and passing off others' ideas or words as one's own without attribution. It notes that plagiarism is unethical and can take various forms, such as substantial plagiarism where words are replaced with synonyms, or complete plagiarism where an entire work is presented as one's own. The document also discusses different types of plagiarism like accidental, self, and mosaic plagiarism. It provides strategies to avoid plagiarism like properly citing sources, paraphrasing while maintaining meaning, and acknowledging all contributions. Software tools to detect plagiarism are also outlined.
Designing the methodology
The document outlines the key steps in designing a research methodology, including formulating the research problem, conducting an extensive literature review, developing testable hypotheses, preparing the research design and sample, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and preparing a final report. The goal is to systematically answer the research question by developing an experimental process to find the best solution under different conditions.
Experimental design techniques
Experimental design techniques involve controlling variables to measure their effects. There are three main types of designs: pre-experimental (no control group), quasi-experimental (no random assignment), and true experimental (control group, random assignment, manipulation). True experiments allow cause-and-effect conclusions through statistical analysis and include variations like post-test only, pre-test post-test, and Solomon four-group designs. Factorial designs test multiple hypotheses simultaneously by manipulating multiple independent variables. Randomized block and cross-over designs help control for differences between subjects. The goal is to draw valid conclusions about variable relationships through controlled experimentation.
All non parametric test
The Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical test used to detect differences in treatments across multiple test attempts. It compares three or more related/matched samples, such as the same measure repeated over time. The test ranks the data and calculates a statistic to determine if the null hypothesis that there are no differences between treatments can be rejected. For the given problem, the Friedman test was performed and calculated a chi-square value of 2.33, which is less than the critical value of 5.991 for 2 degrees of freedom. Therefore, the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the three weeks cannot be rejected at the 0.05 significance level.
Report writing
This document provides guidance on how to structure a research report. It should include the following main sections: introduction, methodology, results, conclusion, and appendices. The introduction states the purpose and rationale of the research. The methodology section describes the research design and methods. The results section reports the findings without bias. The conclusion summarizes key points and recommendations provide actionable steps. Appendices contain additional supporting materials like sources and references. Visual elements like charts and bullet points should also be used to enhance readability. The structure, language, and organization of each section is important to clearly convey the outcomes and significance of the research.
Observational study design
This document discusses different types of observational study designs used in epidemiology. It describes cohort studies, both prospective and retrospective, as well as case-control studies. Prospective cohort studies follow groups of subjects over time to observe outcomes based on exposures. Retrospective cohort studies use historical data to compare groups. Case-control studies compare cases with a disease to controls without the disease to identify risk factors. Cohort studies can precisely measure exposure-outcome relationships but are time-consuming and expensive. Observational studies are prone to biases like confounding, selection, information, and measurement bias.
Graphs17052021
This document discusses different types of statistical graphs used to visually represent numerical data. It describes graphs such as bar diagrams, pie charts, pictograms, maps, histograms, frequency polygons, frequency curves, line charts, and scatter diagrams. Bar diagrams can be simple, multiple, or proportional. Pie charts represent discrete data groups as sectors of a circle proportional to their frequencies. Pictograms and maps are used to show frequencies or distributions geographically. Histograms, polygons, and curves represent frequency distributions, while line charts show trends over time and scatter diagrams show correlations between two variables.
Measure of dispersion 10321
This document discusses measures of dispersion, which describe how widely or narrowly values are spread around the mean or median. It defines dispersion and explains that measures can be either absolute, measuring the amount of variation, or relative, measuring the degree of variation. Common measures discussed include range, standard deviation, and standard error. Standard deviation is presented as the most important absolute measure, calculated as the square root of the mean of squared deviations from the mean. Standard error measures variation between sample means. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating different dispersion measures.
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Diphenyl and tri phenylmethane
- 2. Friedel craft condensation of benzyl chloride with benzene
- 7. Properties of diphenyl methane • Crystalline solid • Melting point 26 C • Reactions similar to diphenyl • Benzyl group is ortho para orientation
- 8. Hydrogen of the methylene group is very active. Bromination gives rise to substitution in methylene group not in the phenyl ring
- 9. On nitration the nitro group enters mainly 4th position and another nitro group enters 4’ position.
- 10. When oxidised with chromic acid it forms benzophenone
- 14. Triphenyl methane properties • Colourless crystalline solid. • Melting point 93C • It is parent substance for triphenyl methane dyes.
- 16. Friedel craft condensation between chloroform and three molecules of benzene
- 17. Friedel craft condensation between benzylidine chloride and two molecules of benzene
- 18. It is prepared by condensing the benzaldehyde with two molecule of benzene in the presence of zinc chloride
- 19. Phenyl magnesium bromide react with benzophenone gives triphenyl methanol
- 21. When ethyl benzoate react with phenyl magnesium bromide
- 22. Triphenyl methane react with bromine form triphenyl methyl bromide
- 23. Triphenyl methane on oxidation gives triphenyl carbinol