Brain computer interfaces allow direct communication between the human brain and external devices. BCIs detect brain signals through electrodes placed on the scalp or surgically implanted. These signals are analyzed to understand thoughts and intentions, then used to control devices. While promising to help those with disabilities, BCIs face challenges including weak signal detection, extensive training needs, and risks of surgery. Future applications could include wireless implants to control wheelchairs or communicate between brains.

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By:Pranav Kulkarni
College: C.B.I.T (Hyd)
0209-5040

2. BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE
 Brain computer interface sometimes called as Brain Neural interface is
a direct communication link between the functioning human brain
and the outside world
 BCI uses brain activity to command,control,actuate and communicate
with the world directly through brain integration with peripheral
devices and systems

3. WHAT'S THE MAIN PRINCIPLE ??
 Main principle behind this interface is the
bio-electrical activity of nerves and
muscles
 Brain is composed of millions of
neurons .When the neuron fires, or
activates there is a voltage change across
the cell which generates signals on the
surface of the brain. By monitoring and
analysing these signals we can understand
the working of our brain

4. BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE ARCHITECTURE

5. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY(EEG)
 EEG is a recording of the electrical activity of the brain directly from
the scalp produced by the firing of neurons within the brain
 No EEG signal pattern is duplicated for any 2 distinct actions
 Pain less test
 Used to confirm brain death

6. HOW EEG WORKS ?
 Recorded by placing small
metal discs called electrodes
on the scalp in certain
positions
 Each electrode is labelled
with a letter and a number to
indicate its position

7. HOW IS THE SIGNAL PRODUCED?
 EEG machines use differential amplifiers to produce each channel for
trace of activity
 EEG signal itself is in the waveform so it is required that an adc be
employed to produce the signal as a series of numeric values each
representing voltage values of each channel at a certain time instance

8. STRUCTURE OF BRAIN-COMPUTER
INTERFACE
The common structure of a Brain-Computer Interface is the following:
Signal Acquisition: the EEG signals are obtained from the brain through
invasive or non-invasive methods (for example, electrodes).
Signal Pre-Processing: once the signals are acquired, it is necessary to
clean them.
Signal Classification: once the signals are cleaned, they will be processed
and classified to find out which kind of mental task the subject is
performing.
Computer Interaction: once the signals are classified, they will be used by
an appropriate algorithm for the development of a certain application.

9. COMPONENTS OF A BCI
 IMPLANT DEVICE
 SIGNAL PROCESSING DEVICE
 Spike Detection
 Signal analysis
 Multi-channel Acquisition Systems
 EXTERNAL DEVICE
 FEEDBACK SECTION

10. CLASSIFICATION OF BCIS
 INVASIVE BCIs
 PARTIALLY INVASIVE BCIs
 NON-INVASIVE BCIs

11. INVASIVE BCIs
 Electrodes are implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain
 Produces High quality of signals
 Prone to scar tissue build up
 Causes the signal to become weaker or even lost

12. PARTIALLY INVASIVE BCIS
 BCIs are implanted inside the skull
 Electrodes are placed on the surface of cortex
 The electrode picks up neural firing from the surface of the brain

13. NON-INVASIVE BCIS
 BCIs have electrodes carefully placed on a cap that the patient wears
 Has no complications of brain surgery
 Signals are very noisy and are often misunderstood by the computer

14. EXISTING BCI SYSTEMS
 The Brain Response Interface
 P3 Character Recognition
 ERS/ERD Cursor Control
 A steady state visual evoked potential BCI
 Mu rhythm Cursor control
 Thought Translation Device
 An Implanted BCI

15. PROS CONS
Can help people with The brain is incredibly
inabilities to control wheel complex
chairs or other devices with The signals are weak and
brain activity are prone to interference
To develop better sensing Surgery to brain might be
system risky and cause brain death
BCIs are linguistic There are chemical
independent and can be used reactions involved in brain
any where across the world which BCIdevices cannot pick
This has provided new area up
of work for scientists and The equipment is less than
researchers around the world portable

16. THE BIG CHALLENGES
 Getting the right codes for the desired action
 Avoiding brain damage
 Virus attacks
 Animal rights
 Extensive training required

17. APPLICATIONS
 Patients with conditions causing severe communication disorders
 Military uses
 Bioengineering applications
 Control of Brain-operated wheel-chair
 Multimedia and Virtual Reality applications
 Artificial vision

18. FUTURE SCOPE
 Wireless implants in brain
 Injectable implants
 Better interpretation of waves
 Decode non-motor brain signals
 Brain-to-Brain communication

19. CONCLUSION
Since the BCI enables people to communicate and control appliances with
just the use of brain signals it opens many gates for disabled people. The
possible future applications are numerous. Even though this field of
science has grown vastly in last few years we are still a few steps away
from the scene where people drive brain-operated wheelchairs on the
streets. New technologies need to be developed and people in the
neuroscience field need also to take into account other brain imaging
techniques, such as MEG and fMRI, to develop the future BCI. As time
passes BCI might be a part of our every day lives.

20. QUERIES ?