This document discusses brain-computer interfaces (BCI), including an introduction to BCI systems and how they use brain signals to control external devices. It describes the major parts of the human brain involved in BCI and the electroencephalography (EEG) concept. It outlines two main BCI approaches, the hardware and software required, and how a BCI system works in six stages from signal generation to device control. It also discusses feedback, drawbacks, innovators in the field, and applications of BCI technology.

1. BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THE HUMAN BRAIN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY BCI APPROACHES HARDWARE & SOFTAWARE REQUIRED HOW BCI WORKS BCI FEEDBACK DRAWBACKS & INNOVATORS APPLICATIONS CONCLUSION 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

3. INTRODUCTION THE BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE . BCI Systems are systems that uses Brain signals (Electrical, Magnetic , Metabolic) to Control external devices such as computers, switches, wheelchairs, or neuroprosthesses . Various Techniques used: FMRI, MEG, PET, SPECT, Optical brain imaging , single Neuron recording (with micro- Electrodes) & ElectroEnce – phaloGraphy (EEG). 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

4. THE HUMAN BRAIN MAJOR PART OF BRAIN WHICH SUPPORTS BCI Brain divided in 4 parts: Cerebral Cortex Cerebellum Brain stem Hypothalamus & Thalamus 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE Fig 3: Human Brain

5. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY(EEG ) CONCEPT OF EEG PROPERTIES OF EEG : RYTHMIC BRAIN ACTIVITY, COMMON EEG FREQUENCY RANGES, EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS (ERP`S), EVENT RELATED DESYNCHRO- NIZATION (ERD) EVENT RELATED SYNCHRINIZATION (ERS) 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE Fig 4 : EEG frequency

6. BCI APPROACHES TWO DIFFERENT BCI APPROACHES : PATTERN RECOGNITION APPROACH BASED ON MENTAL TASK . OPERANT CONDITIONING APPROACH BASED ON SELF REGULATION OF EEG . 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

7. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS ELECTROENCEPHALO PROCESSOR MODEL H11 (EEPH11) EEG DEVICE ELECTRODE CAP EEG AMPLIFIERE FIBRE OPTIC CABLE COMPUTER OR SUBJECT SCREEN 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

8. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS EEP H11 SERVER ABI LEARNING PROGRAME ABI ONLINE PROGRAME ABI VISUALIZATION PROGRAME 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

9. HOW BCI WORKS IT HAS SIX STAGES : GENERATION OF SIGNALS FROM BRAIN 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

10. HOW BCI WORKS MEASUREMENT OF EEG, PREPROCESSING, FEATURE EXTRACTION, CLASSIFICATION, DEVICE CONTROL. 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

11. BCI FEEDBACK BIOFEEDBACK IN GENERAL EEG BIOFEEDBACK FEEDBACKS IN BCI 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE Fig 6 : BCI Feedback

12. BCI FEEDBACKS EFFECT OF FFEDBACK : BENEFICIAL FEEDBACK . FURNISHES BENEFICIAL MOTIVATION. ENSURES ATTENTION TO THE TASK BY MAINTAINING SUBJECT`S INTEREST. IMPROVES PERFORMANCE BY RAPID REACTION TO WRONG CLASSIFICATION. HARMFUL FEEDBACK . FEEDBACK STIMULUS MIGHT PREVENT CONCENTRATION ON INTERNAL STATES. FALSE CLASSIFICATION CAN ELICIT FRUSTRATION & THUS AFFECT THE EEG RESPONSE. VISUAL FEEDBACK STIMULUS AFFECT ALPHA RHYTHM . 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

13. BCI DRAWBACKS THE DRAWBACKS OF BCI : THE BRAIN IS INCREDIBLY COMPLEX, THE SIGNAL IS WEAK & PRONE TO INTERFENCE, THE EQUIPMENTS IS LESS THAN PORTABLE, 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

14. BCI INNOVATORS PIONEERS NASA CYBERKINETICS NEUROTECHNOLOGY SYSTEM, JAPANESE REASERCH TEAM 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

15. APPLICATIONS OF BCI CONTROL A ROBOT PLAYING GAMES FOR PHYSICALLY WEAK PERSONS TO HANDLE THE COMPUTER CURSOR CONTROL 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

16. CONCLUSION 12/29/09 BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE In this work EEG-based brain computer interface systems were reviewed and compared. Experiments lasting five days with three subjects were done with the new Adaptive Brain Interface system. The comparison of the BCI systems, especially their training duration and performance, proved to be difficult. This was because the results were reported differently in most of the papers. Reporting the experiments and results should be standardized.