BCI or DNI is a direct communication pathway between an enhanced or wired brain and an external device. DNIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.
This presentation is given in (2015) . As the power of modern computers grows alongside our understanding of the human brain, we move ever closer to making some pretty spectacular science fiction into reality.
It consists of all details about BCI which are necessary, I sorted from net and implemented in PPT. For abstract U can mail me koushik.veldanda@gmail.com
(It is not my own talent,it is a collaboration of 4 to 5 PPT's , wiki and other sites.
But simply awesome )
PPT of my technical Seminar titled Brain-computer interface (BCI). This is a collaboration between a brain and a device that enables signals from the brain to direct some external activity, such as control of a cursor or a prosthetic limb.
!
This presentation is given in (2015) . As the power of modern computers grows alongside our understanding of the human brain, we move ever closer to making some pretty spectacular science fiction into reality.
It consists of all details about BCI which are necessary, I sorted from net and implemented in PPT. For abstract U can mail me koushik.veldanda@gmail.com
(It is not my own talent,it is a collaboration of 4 to 5 PPT's , wiki and other sites.
But simply awesome )
PPT of my technical Seminar titled Brain-computer interface (BCI). This is a collaboration between a brain and a device that enables signals from the brain to direct some external activity, such as control of a cursor or a prosthetic limb.
!
As the power of modern computers grows alongside our understanding of the human brain, we move ever closer to making some pretty spectacular science fiction into reality. Imagine transmitting signals directly to someone's brain that would allow them to see, hear or feel specific sensory inputs. Consider the potential to manipulate computers or machinery with nothing more than a thought. It isn't about convenience, for severely disabled people, development of a brain-computer interface (BCI) could be the most important technological breakthrough in decades.
A Brain-computer interface, sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a brain and an external device. It is the ultimate in development of human-computer interfaces or HCI. BCIs being the recent development in HCI there are many realms to be explored. After experimentation three types of BCIs have been developed namely Invasive BCIs, Partially-invasive BCIs, Non-invasive BCIs.
Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a collaboration between a brain and a device that enables signals from the brain to direct some external activity, such as control of a cursor or a prosthetic limb. The interface enables a direct communications pathway between the brain and the object to be controlled. In the case of cursor control
brain chip technology is a technology which involves communication based on neural activity generated by the brain. brain chip technology implements the brain computer interface.
Presentation on Brain Computer Interface. It describes how our brain is used as a signaling mechanism for computer. different types of BCIs and its applications.
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) provides a new communication channel between the human brain and the computer. The 100 billion neurons communicate via minute electrochemical impulses, shifting patterns sparking like fireflies on a summer evening, that produce movement, expression, words. Mental activity leads to changes of electrophysiological signals.
brain gate technology is an wonderful innovation and boon for ppl met with accidents specially SPINAL CORD FAILURE
this "TECHNOLOGY" serves as ray of hope and sunshine in their life
Computer-brain interface is a mainstay of science fiction, and devices are available today to use our brainwaves as a computer input. But is it practical? How far away is it? Will "Big Brother" read our thoughts and hack our brains?
In this class, we will dive into the future of thought as input for wearable devices with real-world examples and code. Demonstrations will be shown using the Emotiv EPOC headset, a revolutionary high resolution, neuro-signal acquisition and processing wireless neuroheadset that uses a set of sensors to tune into electric signals produced by the brain to detect thoughts, feelings and expressions.
You will see the EEG neuroheadset and computer interface with examples of interfacing with desktop, mobile and wearable apps. We will dive into the roots of the technology, showing code and examples along with big pictures of the technology. You will walk away with an understanding of how this still evolving and largely unknown technology really works, how it can be used, as well as longer-term implications.
As the power of modern computers grows alongside our understanding of the human brain, we move ever closer to making some pretty spectacular science fiction into reality. Imagine transmitting signals directly to someone's brain that would allow them to see, hear or feel specific sensory inputs. Consider the potential to manipulate computers or machinery with nothing more than a thought. It isn't about convenience, for severely disabled people, development of a brain-computer interface (BCI) could be the most important technological breakthrough in decades.
A Brain-computer interface, sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a brain and an external device. It is the ultimate in development of human-computer interfaces or HCI. BCIs being the recent development in HCI there are many realms to be explored. After experimentation three types of BCIs have been developed namely Invasive BCIs, Partially-invasive BCIs, Non-invasive BCIs.
Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a collaboration between a brain and a device that enables signals from the brain to direct some external activity, such as control of a cursor or a prosthetic limb. The interface enables a direct communications pathway between the brain and the object to be controlled. In the case of cursor control
brain chip technology is a technology which involves communication based on neural activity generated by the brain. brain chip technology implements the brain computer interface.
Presentation on Brain Computer Interface. It describes how our brain is used as a signaling mechanism for computer. different types of BCIs and its applications.
A Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) provides a new communication channel between the human brain and the computer. The 100 billion neurons communicate via minute electrochemical impulses, shifting patterns sparking like fireflies on a summer evening, that produce movement, expression, words. Mental activity leads to changes of electrophysiological signals.
brain gate technology is an wonderful innovation and boon for ppl met with accidents specially SPINAL CORD FAILURE
this "TECHNOLOGY" serves as ray of hope and sunshine in their life
Computer-brain interface is a mainstay of science fiction, and devices are available today to use our brainwaves as a computer input. But is it practical? How far away is it? Will "Big Brother" read our thoughts and hack our brains?
In this class, we will dive into the future of thought as input for wearable devices with real-world examples and code. Demonstrations will be shown using the Emotiv EPOC headset, a revolutionary high resolution, neuro-signal acquisition and processing wireless neuroheadset that uses a set of sensors to tune into electric signals produced by the brain to detect thoughts, feelings and expressions.
You will see the EEG neuroheadset and computer interface with examples of interfacing with desktop, mobile and wearable apps. We will dive into the roots of the technology, showing code and examples along with big pictures of the technology. You will walk away with an understanding of how this still evolving and largely unknown technology really works, how it can be used, as well as longer-term implications.
Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a fast-growing emergent technology, in which researchers aim to build a direct channel between the human brain and the computer.
It is a mind-to-movement system that allows a quadriplegic man to control a computer using his thoughts.
The system is to help those who have lost control of their limbs, or other bodily functions such as patients with spinal cord injury to operate various gadgets such as TV, Computer, Lights, Fan etc.
It monitors brain activity in the patient and converts the intention of the user into computer commands
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
3. Introduction
Direct-Nueral Interface(DNI) or Brain-computer interface
(BCI) is a fast-growing emergent technology, in which
researchers aim to build a direct channel between the
human brain and the computer.
A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a collaboration in
which a brain accepts and controls a mechanical device as
a natural part of its representation of the body.
Computer-brain interfaces are designed to restore sensory
function, transmit sensory information to the brain, or
stimulate the brain through artificially generated
electrical signals.
6. Early work
Algorithms to reconstruct movements from motor cortex neurons, which
control movement, were developed in 1970s.
The first Intra-Cortical Brain-Computer Interface was built by implanting
electrodes into monkeys.
After conducting initial studies in rats during the 1990s, researchers
developed Brain Computer Interfaces that decoded brain activity in
monkeys and used the devices to reproduce movements in monkeys
and used the devices to reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms.
7. History-Monkey first
1990: First successful experiments with monkeys.
Implanting electrode arrays into monkey brains.
Recording of monkeys‘ brain waves.
2000: Monkeys control robots by thoughts.
11. Basic Components:
Implant device
Signal recording and
processing
External device used
for control
Feedback section to
the subject
12. What is logical scheme of BCI?
appropriate feature extraction
Modification of
EEG Brain Signals
Psychological
Effort
(Intention)
Signal Features
Classification
Of Intent
usertraining
appropriate feedback strategy
computertraining
Brain Computer
Environment
13. What is the motivation for BCI Research ?
Only in USA, more than 200,000 patients
live with the motor consequences of
serious injury.
Motivation for Patients: is to give disable
people to communicate, to operate
prostheses, and even to operate
wheelchairs using brain signals
Only the INVASIVE SURGEON TECHNIQUE allows putting electrode
into a very local area of a brain uniting a few neurons. These
neurons could be belong to the cortex center, for example, for
finger control.
15. Invasive
Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of the brain
during neurosurgery.
As they rest in the grey matter, invasive devices produce the highest
quality signals of BCI devices but are prone to scar- tissue build-up,
causing the signal to become weaker or even lost as the body reacts
to a foreign object in the brain.
16. Semi and Non Invasive
Electrocorticography (ECoG) measures the electrical activity of the brain
taken from beneath the skull in a similar way to non-invasive
electroencephalography but the electrodes are embedded in a thin plastic
pad that is placed above the cortex, beneath the dura mater.
Electroencephalography In conventional scalp EEG, the recording is obtained
by placing electrodes on the scalp with a conductive gel or paste, usually after
preparing the scalp area by light abrasion to reduce impedance due to dead
skin cells. Many systems typically use electrodes, each of which is attached to
an individual wire.
fMRI = Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI exploits the changes
in the magnetic properties of hemoglobin as it carries oxygen. Activation of a
part of the brain increases oxygen levels there increasing the ratio of
oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) MEG detects the tiny magnetic fields
created as individual neurons "fire" within the brain. It can pinpoint the active
region with a millimeter, and can follow the movement of brain activity as it
travels from region to region within the brain.
18. Applications
Provide disabled people with communication, environment
control, and movement restoration.
Provide enhanced control of devices such as wheelchairs,
vehicles, or assistance robots for people with disabilities.
Provide additional channel of control in computer games.
Monitor attention in long-distance drivers or aircraft pilots,
send out alert and warning for aircraft pilots.
Develop intelligent relaxation devices.
19. Applications
Control robots that function in dangerous or
inhospitable situations (e.g., underwater or in
extreme heat or cold).
Create a feedback loop to enhance the benefits of
certain therapeutic methods.
Develop passive devices for monitoring function,
such as monitoring long-term drug effects,
evaluating psychological state, etc.
Monitor stages of sleep.
21. Projects
Brain Gate
BCI2000
Australian Bionic Eye
Honda Asimov Control
Kevin Warwick – The First Human Cyborg
Gaming Control
Many Others….
26. Existing Solution
Successful Story, Wearable BCI
◦ A successful transition of the whole BCI system to the portable device
◦ No machine learning
◦ Limited computational power (limited signal processing)
BCI-2000
◦ A general-purpose system for (BCI) research
Source Module (new device new driver)
Signal Processing Module (reusable, No Machine Learning)
User Application Module (UDP/IP support to be running in any machine)
◦ Platform
Microsoft Windows™ 2000/XP
C++ language
27. Wearable BCI
Mobility
Communication technologies
• Bluetooth
• 802.11(wire less –WLAN)
• GSM/GPRS
PDA instead of stationary computer
Dry Electrode instead of wet (reducing
montage time)
Making the BCI transparent
No need to change electrodes for a reasonable
long time
29. Functionality of BCI
Steps for the function of BCI.
1.user wired to a multi-electrode EEG skin cap, which
is connected to a pc running BCI-2000.
2.user of the signal asked to generate a series of
signals.
3.EEG potential record and analyze the signal
4.the software attempt to match these signal to
previous recorded signals.
5.at last identified words are wrapped on output
devices like-screen or speech synthesizer.
30. Risk factors and Alternate Solution
Undergone through
hurdle brain
surgery.
New surgery for
each up gradation
Risky and
complicated eyes
surgery.
Use wearable
computing
devices.
External device is
good option.
Glasses and Lasik
operation is best
options.
31. BCI Drawbacks
THE DRAWBACKS OF BCI :
- THE BRAIN IS INCREDIBLY COMPLEX,
- THE SIGNAL IS WEAK & PRONE TO INTERFENCE,
- THE EQUIPMENTS IS LESS THAN PORTABLE,
32. Current Projects
Berlin Brain-Computer-Interface
o Joint Venture of several German research
organisations.
o Supported by the Ministry of Education and
Research.
Graz Brain-Computer-Interface
o Wide range of research topics.
o Impressive combination of BCI and FES
(Functional Electrical Stimulation).
34. Conclusion
A potential therapeutic tool.
BCI is an advancing technology promising paradigm shift in
areas like Machine Control, Human Enhancement, Virtual
reality and etc. So, it’s potentially high impact technology.
Several potential applications of BCI hold promise for
rehabilitation and improving performance, such as treating
emotional disorders (for example, depression or anxiety),
easing chronic pain, and overcoming movement disabilities
due to stroke.
Will enable us to achieve singularity very soon.
Intense R&D in future to attain intuitive efficiency.
