This document provides an overview of brain chips and brain-computer interface (BCI) technology. It discusses that a brain chip consists of hundreds of thin electrodes that sense electromagnetic signals from neurons. The brain chip provides a connection between a disabled person's brain and a computer. It works by implanting a chip into the motor cortex that detects electrical signals from neurons which are then sent to a computer via algorithms to control devices. Some applications of BCI technology include helping paralyzed individuals control devices with their thoughts and enhancing control of technologies like wheelchairs or prosthetics. However, research is still in early stages and there are ethical concerns regarding brain implants.

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Brain Chips
Presented By:
U . L . S y a m n a d h
1 8 B 8 1 A 1 2 9 1
I n f o r m a t i o n Te c h n o l o g y

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Overview of brain chips
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• What is brain chip
• What is Brain gate Technology
• Brain gate empowering
• Introduction
• Block diagram of BCI
• Working of BCI
• Types of BCI
• Hardware Components
• First Experiment
• Major historical events
• Applications
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Conclusion

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What is Brain chip
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• A brain chip consist of hundreds of hair thin electrodes.
• It senses electromagnetic signature of neutrons.
• The brain chip provides fast and reliable connection
between the brain of severely disabled person and
personal computer.
• The brain chip technology involves brain implant.
• This technology mainly implements the BCI(Brain
Computer Interface).
• Brain chip technology associated with BCI, computer
and brain.
• Brain Gate is a brain implant system or a device that
was designed to help those who have lost control of
their limbs or other bodily functions.

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What is Brain gate Technology:
• Brain gate is a technology that can be implemented in
brain.
• When it is implemented in brain, the electrical signal is
exchanged by neurons within the brain.
• Those signals are sent to the brain and it executes body
movements.
• All the signaling process is handled by a special software.
• The signal is sent to the computer and then the computer
is controlled by the patient.
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Brain gate empowering:
• The Human Brain :
• The brain gate system is used to sense, transmit, analyze
and apply the language of neurons.
• The system consist of a sensor that is implanted on the
motor cortex of the brain and a device that analyze brain
signals.
• This sensor consist of a tiny chip with hundred electrode
sensors-each thinner than a hair that detects brain cell
electrical activity.
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Introduction:
• Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology allows a living,
healthy brain to connect to an external computer system through
a chip composed of electrodes.
• The electrode chip can be implanted into defined positions within
the motor cortex in order to capture the brain’s neural electric
signals that stimulate voluntary movement.
• Researchers today can record the electrical activity of neurons
firing and use computers to convert the signals into actions by
applying signal processing algorithms.
• Significant and intensely competitive research in this field over
the past decade, which one scientist has called an "arms race,"
has led to the first human BCI implantation surgery directed by
Brown University professor, John Donoghue.
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Block diagram of BCI system incorporation :
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How the brain turns thoughts into actions :
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• The brain is full of neurons; These neurons connected to each other
by axons and dendrites.
• Your neurons – as you think about anything or do anything - are at
work.
• Your neurons connected to each other to form a super highway for
nerve impulses to travel from neuron to neuron to produce thought,
hearing, speech or movement.
• If you have any itch and you reach to scratch it ; you received a
stimulus and reached in response to the stimulus by scratching.
• The electrical signals that generated the thought and the action
travel at a rate of about 250 feet per second or faster, in some
cases.

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BCI Working:
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BCI Working:
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• Wires from each electrode
transmit their
measurements to a
computer.
• The electrode measure
minute difference in the
voltage between neurons.
• The signal is then amplified
and filtered.
• The computer produces a
graph showing the readings
from each electrode.

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BCI Types:
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Invasive BCI’s:
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• Invasive BCI’s are implanted
directly into the grey matter of
the brain by neurosurgery.
• As they rest in the grey matter
,invasive device produce the
highest quality signals of BCI
devices.
• But are prone to scar tissue
build-up , causing the signal to
become weaker or even lost as
the body reacts to a foreign
object in the brain
Partially Invasive BCI’s:
• It is another brain signal reading process
which is applied to the inside the skull
but outside the grey matter.
• ECoG Electrocorticography is the
example of partially invasive BCI.
• ECoG records the activity of the brain
inside the skull ,but from the surface of
the membrane that protects it.
• An electrode grid is being implanted by
surgical incision.

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Non-Invasive BCI’s:
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• It is the most useful neuron signal imaging
method which is applied to the outside of
the skull, just applied on the scalp.
• Techniques:
• Electroencephalography(EEG)
• Magnetoencephalography(MEG)
• Functional Magnetic Resonance
Imaging(FMRI)

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EEG Interface :
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• The easiest and the least invasive method is a
set of electrodes ---a device known as an
electroencephalograph(EEG)—attached to the
scalp.
• The electrodes can read brain signals.
• TO get a higher resolution signals , Scientists
can implement electrodes directly into the grey
matter of the brain itself ,or on the surface of
the brain , beneath the scull.

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Hardware Components:
• The Chip
• The Connector
• The Converter and
• Computer
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Brain chip

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Hardware components:
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1.Chip
• A four million silicon chip studded with 100
hair-thin, micro electrodes is embedded in
brains primary motor cortex.
• The sensors detect tiny electrical signals
generated when a user imagines.

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Hardware components:
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2.The Connector
• The signal from the brain is transmitted
through the pedestal plug attached to the skull
1.The Converter
• The signal travels to an amplifier where it is
converted to optical date and bounced by
fiber optic cable to a computer.

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Hardware components:
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1.The Computer:
• The brain-computer interface uses electrophysiosignals to control remote devices.
• The brain-computer interface which are invasive is preferable.
• The electrodes pickup the brains electrical activity (at the microvolt level) and carry it into
amplifiers.
• These amplifiers amplify the signals approximately ten thousand times and then pass the
signals via an analog to digital converter to a computer for processing.
• The computer process the EEG signal and uses it in order to accomplish tasks such as
communication and environmental control.

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First Experiment on..
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 The first patient , Matthew
Nagle , a 25 years old
man with a severe spinal
cord injury, has been
paralyzed from the neck
down since 2001.
 Nagle is unable to move
his arms and legs after he
was stabbed in the neck.

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Major historical events:
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• In 1924, Hans Berger, a German neurologist was the first to record human
brain activity by means of EEG.
• In 1970, Research on BCIs began at the University of California Los
Angeles(UCLA).
• 1978, A prototype was implanted into a man blinded in adulthood.
• Following years of animal experimentation, the first neuroprosthetic devices
implanted in humans appeared in mid-1990’s.
• 2005, Matthew Nagle was one of the first person to use a BCI to restore
functionality lost due to paralysis.
• 2013 Duke University researchers successfully connected the brain of rats
with electronic interfaces that allowed them to directly share information, in
the first ever direct brain to brain interface.

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Applications:
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• Navigate Internet
• Play computer Games
• Turn lights on and off
• Control Television
• Control robotic arm

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Applications:
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• Provide disabled people with communication, environment control, movement restoration.
• Provide enhanced control of devices such as wheelchairs, vehicles or assistance robots for
people with disabilities.
• Provide additional channel of control in computer games.
• Monitor attention in long distance drivers or aircraft pilots , send out alerts and warning for
aircraft pilots.
• Develop intelligent relaxation devices.
• Create robots that function in dangerous or inhospitable situations (e.g., underwater or in
extreme heat or cold).
• Create a feedback loop to enhance the benefits of certain therapeutic methods.
• Develop passive devices for monitoring function ,such as monitoring long term drug effects,
evaluating psychological state ,etc.
• Monitor stages of sleep ,Bionics/Cybernetics, Memory upload /Download, Dream capture etc.

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• It will increase the dynamic ranging of senses.
• It will give light to blind and give paralyzed
patients full mental control of limbs.
• No genetic modification in the next generation.
• Rescue missions(Remote controlled Rat).
Advantages Disadvantages
• Research is still in the beginning stage.
• Ethical issues may prevent its development.
• Electrodes outside of the skull can detect very
few electric signals from the brain.
• Electrodes placed inside the skull create scar
tissue in the brain.

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Conclusion
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• The brain gate helps the patient who can not
perform even simple actions without the help of
another person.
• Such patients are able to do things like checking e-
mails, turn the TV on or off and control prosthetic
arm with just their thoughts.
• Brain chip technology does not promise miracles.
For instance, say that a paralyzed man will one day
walk using an artificial leg by his thoughts alone.

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Thank You