Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) aim to create a direct communication pathway between the human brain and external devices. Early work in the 1970s reconstructed hand movements from monkey motor cortex neurons. Current non-invasive BCIs use EEG, MEG, and MRI to decode brain signals, while invasive interfaces implant electrodes on the brain or skull to obtain higher quality signals. BCI systems work by acquiring brain signals, processing them to decode intentions, and using the output to control assistive technologies or provide feedback. Potential applications include restoring sight or movement for the disabled and enhancing areas like gaming. However, challenges remain regarding signal quality, creating non-invasive alternatives, and addressing ethical concerns.

1. Brain Computer Interfaces
By

3. You can make it with BCI ！

4. Introduction
• Brain-computer interface (BCI) is a fast-growing emergent technology, in
which researchers aim to build a direct channel between the human brain
and the computer.
• A Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is a collaboration in which a brain accepts
and controls a mechanical device as a natural part of its representation of
the body.
• Computer-brain interfaces are designed to restore sensory
function, transmit sensory information to the brain, or stimulate the brain
through artificially generated electrical signals.
Introduction

5. BCI Model

6. Model

7. Early work
• Algorithms to reconstruct movements from motor cortex neurons, which
control movement, were developed in 1970s.
• The first Intra-Cortical Brain-Computer Interface was built by implanting
electrodes into monkeys.
• After conducting initial studies in rats during the 1990s, researchers
developed Brain Computer Interfaces that decoded brain activity in
monkeys and used the devices to reproduce movements in monkeys and
used the devices to reproduce monkey movements in robotic arms.

8. How does it work?
• Signal Acquisition
• Signal Processing
• Devices

9. Brain Wave Control

10. Brain Wave Control
• Active
– α (8 – 12 Hz): relaxed/reflecting
– β (12 – 30 Hz): alert/working
- Training
- Misjudgment

11. Brain Wave Control
• Passive
– Evoked potentials

12. Data Acquisition
• Invasive BCIs
• Non-Invasive BCIs
• Partially-Invasive BCIs
• Wireless BCIs

13. Invasive BCIs
• Implanted: grey matter
• Signals: highest quality
• Scar-tissue build-up
• Target:
– repairing damaged sight
– providing new functionality to persons with
paralysis
• Artificial Vision System

14. Electrode Arrays

15. App.- Artificial Vision
4X4
16 pixels
8X8
64 pixels
12X12
144 pixels
16X16
256 pixels
32X32
1024 pixels
128X128
16384
pixels

16. Non-Invasive BCIs
• poor signal resolution
• power muscle implants and restore partial
movement
• Interfaces
– EEG
– MEG
– MRI

17. MEG
• Magnetoencephalography
• Magnetic Field: 10-15T ~10-13T (Weak!!)
– S.Q.U.I.D. Sensors
– Shielded Room

18. Magnetic Field

19. Partially-Invasive BCIs
• Implanted: skull
• lower risk of forming scar-tissue in the brain
• Signal quality between invasive BCIs & non-
invasive BCIs

20. Wireless BCIs
• More practical
• Embedding multiple chips
– More complicated thoughts
• Transmission with RF
• key requirement: keep the heat down

21. Wireless BCIs
 Size: 2cm in diameter、8cm thick
 Low cost
 Receive Distance: 10m ~ 50m

22. Examples of BCI

23. Rats implanted with BCIs in Theodore
Berger’s experiments

24. Monkey operating a robotic arm with
BCIs

25. Controlling a robotic dog with BCI

26. A man operates the computer with his EEG

27. P300->300ms
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28. Applications
• Control robots that function in dangerous or inhospitable
situations (e.g., underwater or in extreme heat or cold).
• Create a feedback loop to enhance the benefits of certain
therapeutic methods.
• Develop passive devices for monitoring function, such as
monitoring long-term drug effects, evaluating
psychological state, etc.
• Monitor stages of sleep

29. Honda Asimo
Control

30. Gaming Control

31. Eyes can say a
lot…

32. Bionic Eye
And an artificial eye can see a
lot…

33. Advantages of BCI:
Eventually, this technology could:allow paralyzed people to control prosthetic
limbs with their mind
transmit visual images to the mind of a blind person, allowing them to see
transmit auditory data to the mind of a def person, allowing them to hear
allow gamers to control video games with their minds
allow a mute person to have their thoughts displayed and spoken by a computer
Disadvantages of BCI:
Research is still in beginning stages
The current technology is crude
Ethical issues may prevent its development
Electrodes outside of the skull can detect very few electric signals from the brain
Electrodes placed inside the skull create scar tissue in the brain

34. Disadvantages
• Headache
• Exhausting
• Laziness Degenerate

35. Future
• Integrate with different territory
• From lab to factory
• Nursing and medical treatment

36. Fiction or Future??

37. Conclusion
• A potential therapeutic tool.
• BCI is an advancing technology promising paradigm shift in
areas like Machine Control, Human Enhancement, Virtual
reality and etc. So, it’s potentially high impact technology.
• Several potential applications of BCI hold promise for
rehabilitation and improving performance, such as treating
emotional disorders (for example, depression or anxiety),
easing chronic pain, and overcoming movement disabilities due
to stroke.
• Will enable us to achieve singularity very soon.
• Intense R&D in future to attain intuitive efficiency.

39. Thank You!