1a. Prof. P. Ravisankar, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur, AP., Ind...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Antibiotics, characteristics of an antibiotic, Brief historical background of antibiotics, Modern History of antibiotics, Classification of antibiotics, four groups of beta-lactam antibiotics, Classification of Penicillins, Penicillinase resistant Penicillins, Narrow spectrum anti-staphylococcal Penicillins, Amino Penicillins, Nomenclature of Penicillins, Stereochemistry of Penicillins, Hydrolysis of Penicillins, SAR of Penicillins, Mechanism of Penicillins, Beta-lactamase inhibitors, Therapeutic uses of Penicillins, Penicillin advantages, and disadvantages, Hypersensitivity or allergic reactions of Penicillins.
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections.
Antibiotic is a chemical that is produced by a micro-organism and that, in a relatively high dilution, inhibits the growth or reproduction of some other micro-organism.
Penicillins are bactericidal antibiotics as they kill the micro-organisms when used at therapeutic dose.
antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections.
1a. Prof. P. Ravisankar, Vignan Pharmacy College, Vadlamudi, Guntur, AP., Ind...Dr. Ravi Sankar
Antibiotics, characteristics of an antibiotic, Brief historical background of antibiotics, Modern History of antibiotics, Classification of antibiotics, four groups of beta-lactam antibiotics, Classification of Penicillins, Penicillinase resistant Penicillins, Narrow spectrum anti-staphylococcal Penicillins, Amino Penicillins, Nomenclature of Penicillins, Stereochemistry of Penicillins, Hydrolysis of Penicillins, SAR of Penicillins, Mechanism of Penicillins, Beta-lactamase inhibitors, Therapeutic uses of Penicillins, Penicillin advantages, and disadvantages, Hypersensitivity or allergic reactions of Penicillins.
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections.
Antibiotic is a chemical that is produced by a micro-organism and that, in a relatively high dilution, inhibits the growth or reproduction of some other micro-organism.
Penicillins are bactericidal antibiotics as they kill the micro-organisms when used at therapeutic dose.
antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections.
In this presentation, here is description of what antibiotics are and how they are produced by different methods, their uses etc. with suitable examples.
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offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Brief historical background & classification of antibiotics.
Antibiotics are defined as chemical substances or compounds produced by various species of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, which in low concentrations destroy, kill or inhibit the growth of other species of microorganisms.
Antibiotics classification Antibiotics are usually classified based on their structure, Function and/or spectrum of activity.
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. MICROBES
2. MICROBIAL CONTROL
2.1.Reason for microbial control
2.2.Methods of microbial control
3. ANTIBIOTIC
3.1.Definition
3.2.History of antibiotic discovery
4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
4.1.PENICILLINS
4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS
4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis
4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
7. CONCLUSION
In this presentation, here is description of what antibiotics are and how they are produced by different methods, their uses etc. with suitable examples.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Brief historical background & classification of antibiotics.
Antibiotics are defined as chemical substances or compounds produced by various species of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, which in low concentrations destroy, kill or inhibit the growth of other species of microorganisms.
Antibiotics classification Antibiotics are usually classified based on their structure, Function and/or spectrum of activity.
The ppt covers the following topics-
1. MICROBES
2. MICROBIAL CONTROL
2.1.Reason for microbial control
2.2.Methods of microbial control
3. ANTIBIOTIC
3.1.Definition
3.2.History of antibiotic discovery
4. MAJOR ANTIBIOTIC
4.1.PENICILLINS
4.1.1 Action , organisms and biosynthesis of penicillin
4.2.CEPHALOSPORINS
4.2.1 organism and biosynthesis
4.3.AROMATIC ANTIBIOTICS
4.4.NUCLEOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
5. APPLICATIONS OF ANTIBIOTIC
6. SIDE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC
7. CONCLUSION
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2. Introduction
• Antibiotics are the agent that produced by one microorganism
and kills or inhibits the growth of other microorganism.
• Medication used to treat bacterial infections.
• The term antibiotic first used in 1942 by SELMAN
WAKSMAN
3. History of Antibiotics
• In 1877-Louis Pasteur inhibition of some microbes by other microbes
during research on anthrax.
• 1908- Paul Gelmo synthesized sulfanilamide(1st sulfonamide)
• 1910- Paul Ehrlich for selective stains of microbes coined the terms a
‘magic bullets’ “chemotherapy” or “chemical Knife”.
• 1913- Eisenberg studied bactericidal properties of azo dyes with
sulfonamide group.
• 1928- Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming
4. • 1932-Ehrlich discovered antimicrobial activity of sulphonamides
• 1943-Drug companies started production of pencillines.
• 1948-Cephalosporin were synthesized by Oxford university
• 1952- Erythromycin derived from streptomyces erythreus
• 1956- Vancomycin introduced for pencillin resistant species
• 1962- Quinolone antibiotics were first discovered.
• 1980- Fluoro quinolones were discovered and become clinically
useful. Eg: Ciprofloxacin
• 2000-Macrolide antibiotics introduced into clinical practice.
History of Antibiotics
5. History of Penicillin
• Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, who noticed that one of his
experimental cultures of staphylococcus was contaminated with mold or fungi(yeast).
• This mold caused the bacteria to lyse, since mold belongs to the family penicillium.
Fleming named the compound as penicillin.
• Penicillin is obtained from “Penicillium notatum”.
• Alexander Fleming got Nobel prize for explaining ‘Penicillin is a chemical extract
obtained from Penicillium notatum which stops the growth of other microbes.
• Few years later, group of researchers in oxford university discovered Penicillin
V,F,G,K,O,X.
6. Florey & chain- introduced the penicillins for chemotherapy
Waksman- In 1942 given definition for antibiotics.
ANTIBIOTICS-DEFINITION
These are the chemical substances produced by microorganisms which has the capacity of
inhibiting the growth or even destroying other microorganisms (Waksman definition)
Antibiotics are the chemical substances or drugs produced by living organism or marine
sources which will inhibit the growth of other microorganism in small concentrations and
kill the microorganisms in high concentration.
Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections.
Antibiotics also includes synthesis and semisynthetic antimicrobial compounds.
Eg: chloramphenicol and sulphonamides.
7. CLASSIFICATION
Antibiotics are classified into:
1.Based on Spectrum of Activity.
2.Based on The Source of Origin.
3.Based on Mechanism of Action
4.Based on Chemical Structure
8. BASED ON SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY & DEGREE OF SELECTIVITY
Narrow spectrum Antibiotics: high degree of selectivity towards single species
of microorganism.
Eg: Nystatin, Bacitracin
Broad spectrum Antibiotics: They inhibit the growth of gram +ve and gram –ve
bacteria including different species of microorganisms.
Eg: tetracyclines and chloramphenicol
9. BASED ON SOURCE FROM WHICH ANTIBIOTICS ARE
OBTAINED THEY ARE CLASSIFIED AS
Natural Antibiotics: They are obtained from the fermentation of
microorganism.
Eg: Bacitracin, Polymyxin-B
Semisynthetic Antibiotics: They are produced commercially by
addition of chemical agents to produce final products.
Eg: Penicillin G or V
Synthetic Antibiotics: Antibiotics which have purely synthetic origin.
Eg: chloramphenicol
10. BASED ON MECHANISM OF ACTION
Drugs that interfere with biosynthesis of Bacterial cellwall.
Eg: cephalosporins, Penicillins, viomycin, cycloserin
Drugs that interfere with the functioning of Cytoplasmic Membrane.
Eg: Nystatin, amphotericin-B, Polymixin
Drugs that interfere with the Protein Synthesis of bacteria.
Eg: Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines.
Drugs that interfere with the Nucleic Acid biosynthesis.
Eg: Actinomycin, Griseofulvin, Rifamycin, Mitomycin
11. BASED ON CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Beta Lactam Antibiotics: Drugs that contain β-lactam ring in the structure.
Eg: Pencillins, Cephalosporins, Monobactams, Β-lactamase Inhibitors
Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Drug that contain sugar moieties with amino groups.
Eg: streptomycin, gentamycin, neomycin, kanamycin.
Tetracyclines: Drugs that contain four cyclic compounds.
Eg: chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and doxycycline
Peptide antibiotics: Drugs that contain amino acid groups.
Eg: bacitracin, amphotericin
Macrolides: Drugs that contain macrocyclic ring with lactone groups.
Eg: Erythromycin, Azithromycin
Licomycins: Drugs that contain more than 16 atoms
Eg: licomycin and clindamycin
Antifungal antibiotics: Drugs used to treat fungal infections.
Eg: Griseofulvin
Miscellaneous: Eg: chloramphenicol