immunostimulants
Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.
Immunostimulants can enhance body's resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response.
immunostimulants
Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants.
Immunostimulants can enhance body's resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response.
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants:
Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant
Maintenance drugs: Antirejection medications used for the long term.
Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.Chemotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen
In this presentation Pharmacology III Unit V covered
Following points are included;
Various Definitions:
Acute toxicity
Subacute toxicity
Chronic toxicity
Genotoxicity,
Carcinogenicity,
Teratogenicity
Mutagenicity
General principles of treatment of poisoning
Clinical symptoms and management of various poisoning conditions.
like Barbiturate poisoning, Morphinpoisoning, Organophosphoruspoisoning, Lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, Arsenin poisoning, And its specific antidote
Basic principles of chemotherapy/ AMAs covers definition, history of AMAs development, principles of AMAs, problems associated with AMAs, failure of therapy with examples.
Immunosuppressants are drugs or medicines that lower the body's ability to reject a transplanted organ. Another term for these drugs is anti-rejection drugs. There are 2 types of immunosuppressants:
Induction drugs: Powerful antirejection medicine used at the time of transplant
Maintenance drugs: Antirejection medications used for the long term.
Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer.Chemotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen
In this presentation Pharmacology III Unit V covered
Following points are included;
Various Definitions:
Acute toxicity
Subacute toxicity
Chronic toxicity
Genotoxicity,
Carcinogenicity,
Teratogenicity
Mutagenicity
General principles of treatment of poisoning
Clinical symptoms and management of various poisoning conditions.
like Barbiturate poisoning, Morphinpoisoning, Organophosphoruspoisoning, Lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, Arsenin poisoning, And its specific antidote
INTRODUCTION OF VACCINE & VACCINATION.
HISTORY.
TYPRE OF VACCINE
CONTRAINDICATION.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO PATHOGEN.
PRECAUTION BEFORE TO VACCINE.
DRUGS ADMINISTRATION -: ROUTES & DOSE
SUMMARY.
REFERENCES.
ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
IMMUNIZATION
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
Passive Natural Immunization
Passive artificial immunization
2. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
Active Natural Immunization
Vaccine
Vaccination:
Types of vaccine
Routes of Administration
Scheme of immunization
Periods of maintained immunity due to vaccines
Toxoids
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. Definition of Immunostimulant
Immunostimulant, also known as immunostimulators, are
substances(drugs and nutrients) that stimulate the immune
system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any
of its components. One notable example is the granulocyte
macrophage colony-stimulant factor.
4. Classification
Specific immunostimulants.
Non-specific immunostimulants.
Specific immunostimulants provide antigenic specificity in
immune responses, such as vaccine or any antigen.
Non-specific act irrespective of antigenic specificity to augment
immune response of other antigen or stimulate components of
immune system without antigenic specificity, such as adjuvant
and non-specific immunostimulators.
6. Bacterial Vaccines:
Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated
bacteria that activate the immune system. Antibodies are
built against that particular bacteria, and prevents
bacterial infection later.
-An example of a bacterial vaccine is the Tuberculosis
vaccine.
Use:
BCG(TB) vaccine is used in many countries with a high
prevalence of TB to prevent childhood tuberculous
meningitis and miliary disease.
Side effect of Tuberculosis vaccine:
Serious side effect of BCG(TB) vaccine, such as
anaphylactic reaction( a serious allergic reaction), are
very rare.
7. Colony stimulating Factors:
Colony stimulating factors are glycoprotiens that promote
production of white blood cells(mainly granulocytes such as
neutrophils), in response to infection.
-An administration of exogenous colony stimulating factors
stimulates the stem cells in the bone marrow to produce
more of the particular white blood cells. The new white
blood cells migrate into the blood and fight the infection.
Use:
Colony stimulating factors are used in patients who are
undergoing cancer treatment that causes low white blood
cell counts ( neutropenia) and puts the patient at risk of
infections. Colony stimulating factors tend to reduce the time
where patients are neutropenic.
8. Interferons:
Interferons are cytokines produced by host cells in
response to viral infections. These are three types of α,ß and
Ɣ interferons in men.
They also have immunomodulating and antiproliferative
properties.
They inhibit the multiplication of many DNA & RNA viruses.
Adverse effect:
Including myelosuppresion, hypertension, arrhythmias,
al0opecia, headache and arthralgia. It can also cause
neurotoxicity resulting in confusion, sedation and rarely
seizures.
contd….
9. USE:
Chronic hepatitis B and C.
Kaposi’s sarcoma in AIDS patients.
Genetic warts caused by papilloma virus- interferons
are injected into the lesion.
Hairy cell leukemia.
Rhinovirus cold- Interferon α is given intranasally for
prophylaxis.
10. Interleukins:
Interleukins are a group of cytokines which
are synthesized by lymphocytes, monocytes,
macrophages, and certain other cells. The function
especially in regulation of the immune system.
ex- Aldesleukin, Oprelvekin etc.
Use:
They are mainly used in treatment of cancer
therapy.
11. Therapeutic vaccines:
Therapeutic vaccines are vaccines which are
intended to treat or cure a disorder or disease by
stimulating the immune system.
Use:
They may be used to treat certain types of cancer, by
stimulating the body’s immune system to help it
respond against certain cancer cell.
They may also be used in the prevention of tuberculosis
who are at high risk for exposure.
12. Vaccine combination:
Vaccine combinations merge antigens that prevent
different diseases or that protect against multiple strains
of infectious agents causing the same disease, into a
single product. This reduces the number of injections
required to prevent some diseases.
Use:
Combination vaccines combined protection against
two or more diseases into one shot. The measles, mumps
and rubella vaccine(MMR) and diphtheria, tetanus and
pertusis vaccine(DTaP) each protect our child against
three diseases & that means fewer delays in disease
protection for children.
13. Some example of common combination vaccines for children:
Comvax, which combines Hib and Hep B.
Twnrix, which combines Hep A and Hep B.
Pediarix, which combines DTaP, Hep B and IPV(polio).
Kinrix, which combines DTaP and IPV (polio)
Pentacel, which combines DTaP, IPV(polio) and Hib.
Side effect s of Combination vaccine:
Side effects from combination vaccines are usually mild.
They are similar to those individual vaccines given
separately.
Sometimes combination vaccines are usually causes
slightly more pain or swelling where the shot was given. But
the child got the shots individually, he or she might have
pain or swelling in two or three spots, instead of just one.
14. Viral Vaccine:
Viral vaccines contains either inactivated virus or
attenuated(alive but not capable of causing disease)
viruses.
Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses,
which have lost their ability to replicated and in order
for it to bring about a response it contains more antigen
than live vaccines. Attenuated or live vaccines contain
the live from of the virus. These viruses are not
pathogenic but are able to induce an immune response.
15. Side effect:
Common side effect are-
1) Blood in the urine or stool.
2)Pneumonia.
3)Inflammation of the stomach or intestines.