GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Sedimentation for determining molecular weight of macromoleculesShubhangiSuri1
Process of sedimentation with mechanism of action and mathematical derivations, different methods for separation of macromolecules by sedimentation, viscometry vs sedimentation
Product polishing techniques in Downstream ProcessingErin Davis
This is a presentation based on gel permeation chromatography and dialysis.This mainly deals with the basic principle behind these techniques.and its working.The major components,advantages,disadvantages,applications are also mentioned in the same.Besides these the pictoric representation helps to understand the concept clearly.
This will be helpful to learn downstream processing techniques.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROSCOPY [GC-MS]Shikha Popali
THIS PRESENTATION GIVES A DETAIL ACCOUNT ON THE GC-MS WITH ITS INTRODUCTION, BASIC PRINCIPLE OF BOTH COMBINED AND INDIVIDUALLY WITH ITS INSTRUMENTATION, APPLICATION AND EXAMPLES, MAKES EASY TO COLLECT ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE ACCORDING TO THE M.PHARM SYLLABUS S PER PCI
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
Sedimentation for determining molecular weight of macromoleculesShubhangiSuri1
Process of sedimentation with mechanism of action and mathematical derivations, different methods for separation of macromolecules by sedimentation, viscometry vs sedimentation
Product polishing techniques in Downstream ProcessingErin Davis
This is a presentation based on gel permeation chromatography and dialysis.This mainly deals with the basic principle behind these techniques.and its working.The major components,advantages,disadvantages,applications are also mentioned in the same.Besides these the pictoric representation helps to understand the concept clearly.
This will be helpful to learn downstream processing techniques.
Gel chromatography, Introduction, Theory, Instrumentation, Applications .pptxVandana Devesh Sharma
Affinity chromatography- Content-Introduction
Theory
Instrumentation
Applications
Gel chromatography is a type of partition chromatography used for separating different sized molecules.
Gel chromatography is also called Gel permeation chromatography or gel filtration or gel exclusion, size exclusion, molecular- sieve chromatography.
The separation is based on the analyte molecular sizes since the gel behaves like a molecular sieve.
In size exclusion chromatography, the stationary phase is a porous matrix made up of compounds like
cross-linked polystyrene, cross-like dextrans, polyacrylamide gels, agarose gels, etc.
The gel structure being used contains pores of different diameters upto maximum size.
1.The test molecules are washed through a gel column and molecules larger than the largest pores in the gel are excluded from the gel structure.
2. Smaller molecules penetrate the gel and the extent of penetration depends on the molecular size----- This delay their movement through the column
This technique is used for the separation of proteins, polysaccharides, enzymes, and synthetic polymers. Instrumentation- A. Stationary phase- It is composed of semi-permeable, porous polymer gel beads with a well-defined range of pore sizes. eg. Dextran, Agarose, Acrylamide. 2. sample size and concentration- sample is applied in small volume (1-5% of the total bed volume).3. Column parameters- use long column, ratio of column diameter to column length (1:20 to :100). The method or steps used for gel preparation. 4. Choice of eluent/mobile phase- Buffers Ex- Phosphate buffer pH 7, NaCl solution, Ammonium acetate (CH3COO-NH4+ ), Ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₃) ethylenediamine acetate. 5. Effect of Flow rate- maintain with the help of pump. Elution carried out with buffer at optimal flow rate (Eg- 0.25-5ml/min) to give maximum resolution with optimal separation time.6. Separation of components from the sample-
Separation of component from mixture is achieved with the help of column. The retention volume (VR).7. Detection- Using UV absorption detectors. A graph of Elution Volume (ml) Vs Molecular weight. 7. Detection- Using UV absorption detectors. A graph of Elution Volume (ml) Vs Molecular weight. For calibration of the gel in column – Calibrators - (Proteins of known molecular weight. Procedure for gel filtration technique-1. Preparation of column- 2. Washing of the column- 3. Loading of the sample-4. Elution using mobile phase (buffers)5. Detection of compounds . Applications
The Power Point Presentation includes The Size Exclusion Chromatography and Its Method. These Slides may be helpful for master of science students. The Syllabus for the slides was prepared by following as KSV, Gandhinagar. Paper Code is CH-AC-302, Unit-01
Membrane based water purification technology(ultra filteration,dialysis and e...Sanjeev Singh
This is made by keeping in mind needy students who want to know water purification technology.This slide contain brief description about membrane,ultra filtration,dialysis,electro dialysis.For further topic check my updates regularly....... .At last i would like to thanks those students who downloaded this slide.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Size-exculsion chromatography (SEC), also called gel-
filtration or gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), uses
porous particles to separate molecules of different sizes.
• It is generally used to separate biological molecules, and to
determine molecular weights and molecular weight
distributions of polymers
• It is usually applied to large molecules or macromolecular
complexes such as proteins and industrial polymers.
4. • When an aqueous solution is used to transport the sample
through the column, the technique is known as Gel-
filtration chromatography .
• When an organic solvent is used as a mobile phase,the
technique is known as Gel-permeation chromatography.
• The separation of molecules is called fractionation.
• Size of pores in beads determines the exclusion limit (what
goes through the beads and what goes around the beads)
5. PRINCIPLE
• A mixture of molecules dissolved in liquid (the mobile
phase) is applied to a chromatography column which
contains a solid support in the form of microscopic
spheres, or “beads” (the stationary phase).
• The mass of beads within the column is often referred to as
the column bed.
• The beads act as “traps” or “sieves” and function to filter
small molecules which become temporarily trapped within
the pores.
6. • Larger molecules pass around or are “excluded” from the
beads .
• Large sample molecules cannot or can only partially
penetrate the pores, whereas smaller molecules can access
most or all pores.
• Thus, large molecules elute first, smaller molecules elute
later, while molecules that can access all the pores elute last
from the column.
• Particles of different sizes will elute (filter) through a
stationary phase at different rates.
7.
8. Total column volume (Vt)
Vt = Vg + Vi + V0
where
Vg --is the volume occupied by
the packing
Vi --is the volume of solvent in
the pores
V0 --is the free solvent volume
(similar to injection volume)
9. COMPONENTS OF A SEC
1. Stationary Phase
2. The Mobile Phase
3. The Columns
4. The Pump
5. Detectors
10. STATIONARY PHASE:
• Stationary Phase Semi-permeable, porous beads with well-
defined range of pore sizes .
• Beads are crosslinked polymers
• Degree of crosslinking is controlled carefully to yield
different pore sizes.
• Smaller pore sizes are used for rapid desalting of proteins or
for protein purification.
• Intermediate pore sizes are used to separate relatively small
proteins.
11. • Very large pore sizes are used for purification of biological
complexes.
• Stationary phase used for gel exclusion chromatography
include dextran (Sephadex™), polyacrylamide and dextran-
polyacrylamide (Sephacryl™).
• Each is available with a variety of different ranges of pore
size in the beads, permitting separation of macromolecules
of different size
12. A good stationary phase should have
following properties:
It should be chemically inert.
It should be inexpensive.
It should not react with component to be separated.
It should not react with eluent.
It should be colorless, uniform in size and shape.
It should be mechanically stable.
13. Soft gel e.g.- dextran(Sephadex), Polyacrylamide gels
Separation of proteins.
Semi-rigid gel e.g.- bio beads
Separation of non-polar polymers in non-polar solvents.
Highly rigid gels and glasses
Separation of polar systems.
14. Dextran
• A homopolysaccharide of glucose residues.
• It’s prepared with various degrees of cross-linking to
control pore size.
• It’s bought as dry beads, the beads swell when water is
added.
• The trade name is sephadex.
• It’s mainly used for separation of small peptides and
globular proteins with small to average molecular mass.
15. TYPICAL SEPARATION RANGES THAT CAN BE ACHIEVED USING SEPHADEX
ARE GIVEN BELOW. MOLECULES RANGING FROM 100 TO 600,000 DA CAN
BE SEPARATED DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF SEPHADEX CHOSEN
SEPHADEX RANGE
G10 100-800 Da
G15 (500-1500 Da),
G25 (1000-5,000 Da),
G50 (1,500-30,000 Da)
G75 (3,000-80,000 Da )
G100 (4,000-150,000 Da )
G150 (5,000-300,000 Da)
G200 (5,000-600,000 Da).
16. Polyacrylamide
• these gels are prepared by cross linking acrylamide with
N,N-methylene bis acrylamide.
• The pore size is determined by the degree of cross-linking.
• The separation properties of polyacrylamide gels are
mainly the same as those of dextrans.
• They are sold as bio-gel P. They are available in wide
range of pore sizes.
17. Agarose
• Linear polymers of D-galactose and 3,6 anhydro-1-
galactose.
• It forms a gel that’s held together with H bonds. It’s
dissolved in boiling water and forms a gel when it’s cold.
• The concentration of the material in the gel determines the
pore size.
• The pores of agarose gel are much larger than those of
sephadex or bio-gel p.
• It’s useful for analysis or separation of large globular
proteins or long linear molecules such as DNA
18. Mobile phase
• The liquid used to dissolve the biomolecules to make the
mobile phase is usually called a buffer.
• The mixture of biomolecules dissolved in the buffer is
called the sample.
• The choice of mobile phase to be used in any separation
will depend on the type of separation to be achieved and
component to be separated.
The most common eluents in for polymers that dissolve at
room temperature.e.g.-Tetrahydrofuran,Chloroform,
Dimethyl formamide.
20. SOLVENT SELECTION
The solvents used for mobile phase of SEC are limited to
those follows following criteria:
• The solvent must dissolve the sample completely.
• The solvent has different properties with solute in the
eluent: typically with solvent refractive index (RI) .
• solvent must not degrade the sample during use Otherwise,
the viscosity of eluent will gradually increase over times.
• The solvent is not corrosive to any components of the
equipment
21. Mobile Phase Preparation
• high purity of solvent is recommended.
• Filter mobile phase solvents using 0.5 micron filter to
remove any particular impurities such as dusts, insoluble
salts.
• Antioxidant is added to trichlorobenzene to keep solvent
stable in high temperature.
• Other additives eliminate adsorption or interaction of
solutes with column packing materials Size Exclusion
Chromatography
22. Sample preparation
• The sample solutions are supposed to be prepared in dilute
concentration (less than 2 mg/mL)
• A good solvent can dissolve a sample in any
proportion in a range of temperatures.
• Samples with broad molecular weight distribution may
require higher concentrations.
• It is recommended to filter the sample solutions before
injecting into columns in order to get rid of clogging and
excessively high pressure problems.
23. • Agitation and filtration Generally filtration is required to
remove insoluble impurities.
• Do not agitate and filter samples that contain very high MW
(>1 million).
24. COLUMNS
Commercially Available Columns
analytical column- 7.5–8mm diameters.
Preparative columns-22–25mm for.
Usual column lengths-25, 30, 50, and 60 cm.
Recently, narrow bore columns- 2–3mm diameter have
been introduced, which save time and solve
25. Selecting SEC column
Shorter columns save time and solvent.
Small particles (typically 5 mm) provide a better resolution.
On the other hand, 5 mm (or even 3 mm) packings are more
sensitive towards contamination by samples containing
impurities.
Particles as large as 20 mm have been recommended for
very high-molecular-weight polymers.
ion.
26. Small particle size packings can sometimes result in shear
degradation of large polymer molecules because the space
between particles is very narrow.
Columns with different porosity or mixed-bed columns,
provide a better separation.
27. Handling SEC Columns
A column set in SEC should be always run in the same
mobile phase.(isocratic)
SEC columns should never be operated in a backward
direction.
Care should also be taken in connecting columns or in
sample injection.
Replacing a clogged inlet frit is a dangerous operation
which can reduce column performance.
A damaged or dirty check valve of pump, can also reduce
column life.
28.
29. PUMP
A highly constant flow rate has to be maintained during the
entire chromatogram. This is very important in SEC.
A change of the flow rate of only 0.1% can cause an error
in molar mass of up to 10%.
Most pumps can only reproduce the flow rate to 0.2–0.3%.
In-line filters in the solvent reservoir may prevent particles
from coming into the pump heads, which might damage the
check valves or the pump seals.
Types-)Syringe pumps, Reciprocating pumps
31. Viscosity Detectors- Differential Vscometers
Other :- Flame Ionization Detector (FID), A Mass
Spectrometer or A Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
Spectromet
32. ADVANTAGES
Short analysis time.
Well defined separation.
Narrow bands and good sensitivity.
There is no sample loss.
Small amount of mobile phase required.
The flow rate can be set.
33. DISADVANTAGES
Limited number of peaks that can be resolved within the
short time scale of the GPC run.
Filtrations must be performed before using the instrument
to prevent dust and other particulates from ruining the
columns and interfering with the detectors.
The molecular masses of most of the chains will be too
close for the GPC separation to show anything more than
broad peaks
.
35. SEC is a widely used technique for the purification and
analysis of synthetic and biological polymers, such as
protein, polysaccharides and nucleic acid.
Various species of RNA and viruses have been purified
using agarose gels.
For Desalting
For copolymerisation studies