this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Constipation is a comdition which causes difficulty in ecretion of feaces, less than three bowel in a week. the drugs that are used to treat constipation are cathartics.
Diarrhoea is a condition of excretion of loose stool and water equal or more than three bowel movement in a day. it is of three types, acute, dysentry, chronic diarrrhoea. may caused by bacteria E.coli, and Rotavirus in children. drugs used to treat are called anti diarrhoeal drugs.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Anthelmintics | B.Pharm 3rd year 2nd Sem | Medicinal Chemistry-III | History, Classification, Structures & Synthesis of anthelmintics, Synthesis of Diethylcarbamazine citrate, Synthesis of Mebendazole
5-Hydroxytryptamine & it’s Antagonist is a Topic in Pharmacology which will defiantly Help You in pharmacy field All information is related to pharmacology drug acting and it's effect on body. it is collage project given by our department i would like to share with you.
Constipation is a comdition which causes difficulty in ecretion of feaces, less than three bowel in a week. the drugs that are used to treat constipation are cathartics.
Diarrhoea is a condition of excretion of loose stool and water equal or more than three bowel movement in a day. it is of three types, acute, dysentry, chronic diarrrhoea. may caused by bacteria E.coli, and Rotavirus in children. drugs used to treat are called anti diarrhoeal drugs.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the inside lining of esophagus, stomach and/or the upper portion of small intestine. Peptic ulcer occur mainly due to imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors in the stomach.
Antiemetic pharmacology and classification are fundamental aspects of understanding how drugs are used to manage nausea and vomiting, common symptoms in various medical conditions. Antiemetics encompass a diverse group of medications that play a crucial role in providing relief to patients. These drugs are classified into several categories based on their mechanisms of action and target receptors. One important class of antiemetics is serotonin antagonists, which work by blocking serotonin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Dopamine antagonists, on the other hand, target dopamine receptors and are particularly effective in preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Antihistamines, often used for motion sickness, act on histamine receptors, while corticosteroids have broad anti-inflammatory effects and are employed in various situations where nausea and vomiting are problematic. NK1 receptor antagonists are newer additions to the antiemetic arsenal and specifically target substance P receptors. Lastly, cannabinoids, derived from cannabis, have gained attention for their potential antiemetic properties. Understanding the pharmacological mechanisms and classifications of these antiemetic drugs is essential for healthcare professionals to select the most appropriate treatment for their patients, tailored to the underlying cause and individual needs.
general anesthesia are the drug given before surgery which have reversible effect on consciousness. discussing ideal GA, stages of GA, mechanism of action of GA, classification of drugs parenteral or inhaled.
the presentation gives knowledge about principle or fluorometry, factors that affect fluorescence including quenching instruments used in fluorometry, and the applications of fluorometry. added references in the end for more knowledge.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. Introduction
• Peptic ulcers form when cells on the surface of the lining become
inflamed and die.
• Peptic ulcers are sores that develop in the lining of the stomach, lower
esophagus, or small intestine.
• They’re usually formed as a result of inflammation caused by the
bacteria H. pylori, as well as from erosion from stomach acids.
4. • Antiulcer drugs are the drug which is used to treat or prevent ulcer of
intestine or stomach.
• These drugs act by either inhibiting acid production
• or by killing the microorganism responsible for ulcer.
9. Fig: DRUGS USED IN PEPTIC ULCER
antacids acid
• PPI
• H2 blocker
• prostaglandin
• Sucralfate
• CBS
NEUTRALIZE SECRETION
Protection
10. A . REDUCE GASTRIC SECRETION
•H2- RECEPTOR BLOCKER
(Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine, roxatidine)
• MOA:inhibit acid secretion by blocking H2 receptors on the parietal cell
• These agents inhibit gastric acid secretion by competitively blocking the binding of
histamine to H2 receptors. decreases gastric acid secretion
• They are taken orally and are well absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract.
• They undergo first-pass metabolism in the liver.
• Oral bioavailability : 50%
11. • Use:
a) in peptic ulcer
b) Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
c) GERD
• Adverse effects:
- Diarrhoea, dizziness, muscle pain, hypotension, gynaecomastia
12. • PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR
(Omeprazole, Rabeprazole, pantoprazole)
• MOA: act by irreversibly blocking the hydrogen/potassium
adenosine triphosphatase enzyme (H+K+ATPase) system
of the gastric parietal cells.(sulfenamide)
• USE: in peptic ulcer, GERD, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
• Adverse effects: Nausea, abdominal pain, constipation,
flatulence, Subacute myopathy, headaches, and skin rashes.
13. • Anticholinergic
(pirenzepine, telenzepine)
MOA: Inhibit acetylcholine action on muscarinic receptor-Decreases HCl secretion(M1 receptor blocker)
(Have low efficacy and anticholinergic side effect)
• Prostaglandin analogous
(Misoprostol, Enprostol)
MOA: Increase mucous and bicarbonate secretion, increase blood supply, Decrease HCl secretion
• Contraindications:
- It is contraindicated during pregnancy because it can increase uterine contractility.
• Adverse effects:
- Diarrhea and nausea are the most common adverse effects
14. B. Neutralization of gastric acid
• (Systemic: sod. Bicarbonate, Sod. Citrate)
• (Non- systemic: Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2
• MOA: Antacids are weak bases that react with (neutralize) gastric acid to form water and a
salt, thereby diminishing gastric acidity.
• They reduce gastric acidity and increase gastric mucosal protection. A single dose of
antacid (taken 1 hour after meal) can neutralize the acid for 2 hours.
• Sucralfate
• CBS
Antacid
(Weak
base)
HCl
Salt
+H2O
15. • Sodium bicarbonate
-Effective, rapid action onset but short acting . And has some disadvantages.
-Used in acidosis. Contraindicated in patient with CCF and hypertension.
• Magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide
-They react slowly with HC1. They are combined together, because Aluminum causes
constipation and Magnesium causes osmotic diarrhea. They can interact with other
drugs, inhibiting their absorption.
• Adverse effects.
• Drug interaction.
NaHCO3 + HCl = Co2 + NaCl
16. C. ULCER PROTECTIVE
• (SUCRALFATE, CBS)
• MOA: These compounds, known as cytoprotective compounds, have several
actions that enhance mucosal protection mechanisms, thereby preventing mucosal
injury, reducing inflammation, and healing existing ulcers.
• Adverse effects: Constipation, dryness of mouth, abdominal discomfort.
17. D. Anti h. pylori drugs
(Amoxicillin, metronidazole)
• MOA: The antimicrobial agents acts on bacterial cell wall synthesis and bacterial
protein synthesis.
• Resistance to metronidazole occurs rapidly but not with amoxicillin.
• Adverse effects: Epigastric pain, Hypersensitivity reactions,
18. References
• Rang and Dale,Pharmacology, 6th edition, 2007, pg.385 – 390.
• Bertram G.Katzung, Basic & Clinical pharmacology, 11th edition, 2009,
pg.1070 – 1076.
• Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th
edition, pg 1008-1010.
• Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Pharmacology, 4th Edition, pg.329 –
335.
• K.D.Tripati, Essentials of Medical pharmacology, 6th edition,2008,
pg.627 – 638.