osteon, central canal, lamellae, osteocyte, lacuna

1. Activity 2:
Histology and Integument
Chapter 4 & 5 – Human Anatomy (4e) textbook
Objectives:
• Identify each tissue (26 tissues) in a histology photo
or microscope slide.
• Sketch each tissue in your lab manual.
• Identify the features of the integument (skin) on a
slide and/or model.
1
Compilation: Benjamin Sparks & Claudia Gonzales
Last Revision: Mohammad Tomaraei

2. Basic Tissue Types
• We’re going to look at four different tissue types:
1. Epithelium tissue
2. Connective tissue
3. Muscle tissue
4. Nervous tissue
2

3. Epithelium Tissues
• Epithelium is a tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and
surfaces of structures throughout the body.
• Epithelial cells have three general cell shapes: squamous,
cuboidal, and columnar.
• They are also found in varying number of cell layers, namely:
simple, stratified, and pseudostratified.
3

4. How to identify Epithelium?
1. Determine how many cell
layers are there:
• If only one layer,
it’s simple.
• If more than one layer, it’s
stratified.
2. Determine the shape of the
epithelial cells (look at cells
near the apical surface):
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
4

5. Epithelium Tissues Identification Flowchart
5

6. Types of Epithelium Tissues
6

7. Important Note!
• After you have determined the number of cell layers and their
general shape, make sure to write the word “epithelium” at the
end as well!
• For example, Simple Squamous Epithelium
7

8. Simple Squamous Epithelium
• Structure:
• Single layer of thin, flat, irregularly-shaped cells resembling floor tiles
• The single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center
• Function:
• Rapid diffusion, filtration, and some secretion in serous membranes
• Location:
• Air sacs in lungs (alveoli)
• Lining lumen of blood vessels (endothelium)
• Serous membranes of body cavities (mesothelium)
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 86, table 4.3a
• Description: pp. 84-85
8

9. Simple Squamous Epithelium
9

10. Simple Squamous Epithelium
10

11. Simple Squamous Epithelium
11

12. Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Structure:
• Multiple layers of cells
• Basal cells are typically cuboidal or columnar, while apical
(superficial) cells appear squamous
• More superficial cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin
• Function:
• Protection of the underlying tissue
• Location:
• Epidermis of the skin
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 89 table 4.4a, b
• Description: pp. 87-88
12

13. Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
13

14. Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
14

15. Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
15

16. Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
• Structure:
• Multiple layers of cells
• Basal cells are typically cuboidal or polyhedral, while apical cells are
squamous
• Surface cells are alive (visible nuclei) and kept moist
• Function:
• Protection of the underlying tissue
• Location:
• Lining of oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 89 table 4.4a, b
• Description: pp. 87-88
16

17. Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
17

18. Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
18

19. Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
19

20. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
• Structure:
• Single layer of cells as tall as they are wide
• Contains spherical, centrally located nucleus
• Function:
• Absorption and secretion
• Location:
• Thyroid gland follicles
• Kidney tubules
• Ducts and secretory regions of most glands
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 86 table 4.3b
• Description: p. 85
20

21. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
21

22. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
22

23. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
23

24. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
24
Identify the structures at the arrows.

25. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
25
basement membrane
lumen

26. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
• Structure:
• Two or more layers of cells
• Cells at apical surface are cuboidal
• Function:
• Protection and secretion
• Location:
• Found in large ducts in most exocrine glands and in some parts of
the male urethra
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 90 table 4.4
• Description: p. 88
26

27. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
27

28. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
28

29. Simple Columnar Epithelium (Ciliated and Non-Ciliated)
• Structure:
• Single layer of tall, narrow cells
• Oval shaped nucleus in the basal region of cells
• Function:
• Absorption and secretion (non-ciliated)
• Secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of
epithelium by action of cilia (ciliated)
• Location:
• Lining of most of the digestive tract (non-ciliated)
• Lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of respiratory tract
(ciliated)
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 86 table 4.3c, d
• Description: pp. 85-86 29

30. Simple Columnar Epithelium (Ciliated)
30

31. Simple Columnar Epithelium (Ciliated)
31

32. Simple Columnar Epithelium (Ciliated)
32

33. Simple Columnar Epithelium (Non-Ciliated)
33

34. Simple Columnar Epithelium (Non-Ciliated)
34

35. Simple Columnar Epithelium (Non-Ciliated)
35

36. Simple Columnar Epithelium (Non-Ciliated)
36

37. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
• Structure:
• Two or more layers of cells
• Cells at the apical surface are columnar
• Function:
• Protection and secretion
• Location:
• Rare, found in large ducts of some exocrine glands and in some
regions of the male urethra
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 90 table 4.4d
• Description: p. 88
37

38. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
38

39. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
39

40. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
40

41. Stratified Columnar Epithelium
41

42. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
• Structure:
• Single layer of cells with varying heights that appear multi-layered
• All cells connect to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the
apical surface
• Function:
• Protection
• Ciliated form also involved with secretion of mucin and movement of
mucus across surface with ciliary action
• Location:
• Ciliated form lines most of the respiratory tract
• Non-ciliated form is rare and lines the epididymis and part of male
urethra
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 91 table 4.5a
• Description: p. 88
42

43. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (Ciliated)
43

44. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (Ciliated)
44

45. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (Non-Ciliated)
45Lining of male epididymis. Stereocilia (labeled stci) are elongated microvilli.

46. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium (Non-Ciliated)
46
Lining of male epididymis. Stereocilia are elongated microvilli.

47. Transitional Epithelium
• Structure:
• Epithelial appearance varies, depending on whether the tissue is
stretched or relaxed
• Shape of cells on the apical surface changes
• Function:
• Distention and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in
the bladder, ureters, and urethra
• Location:
• Lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 91 table 4.5b
• Description: p. 88
47

48. Transitional Epithelium
48

49. Transitional Epithelium
49

50. Transitional Epithelium
50

51. Connective Tissues
• Connective tissue is the most diverse tissue. It is widespread
although not exposed to the outside of the body. Except for
cartilage, it is highly vascular. It has widely scattered cells with
lots of space between each cell.
• Functions: Protection (bone, fat), support (bone, cartilage),
binding together (tendons, ligaments), storage of fat (bone
marrow), disease fighting (blood), and production of certain blood
cells.
51

52. Types of Connective Tissues
52
Blood
Fluid connective tissue
Connective Tissue Classification
Common origin (mesenchyme)
Connective tissue proper Supporting connective tissue
Bone
(solid matrix)
Cartilage
(semisolid matrix)
Dense connective
tissue (more fibers,
less ground
substance)
Loose connective
tissue (fewer fibers,
more ground
substance)
1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular
1. Regular
2. Irregular
3. Elastic
1. Hyaline
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic
1. Compact
2. Spongy
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

53. Blood (Fluid Connective Tissue)
• Structure:
• Contains erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
• Soluble (dissolved) protein fibers and a watery ground substance
form a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma
• Function:
• Erythrocytes transport gases, leukocytes control immune response,
platelets help with blood clotting
• Plasma transports nutrients, wastes, and hormones throughout the
body and contains clotting elements to stop blood loss
• Location:
• Primarily found within blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries),
and the heart
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 108 table 4.13
• Description: p. 105 53

54. Blood (Fluid Connective Tissue)
54Identify the structures at the arrows.

55. Blood (Fluid Connective Tissue)
55Identify the structures at the arrows.
leukocyte (white blood cell)
erythrocyte (red blood cell) platelet
plasma (matrix)

56. Areolar Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
• Structure:
• Vascularized
• Ground substance is gel-like and contains fibroblasts, collagen
fibers, and elastic fibers
• Function:
• Surrounds and protects tissues and organs
• Loosely binds epithelium to deeper tissues
• Provides nerve and blood vessel packing
• Location:
• Subcutaneous layer under the skin
• Surrounds organs
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 102 table 4.9a
• Description: p. 100
56

57. Areolar Connective Tissue
57

58. Areolar Connective Tissue
58Identify the structures at the arrows.

59. Areolar Connective Tissue
59Identify the structures at the arrows.
elastic fiber (purple)
collagen fiber (pink)
fibroblast
ground substance

60. Areolar Connective Tissue
60

61. Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
• Structure:
• Ground substance is a gel-like liquid
• Contains a scattered arrangement of reticular fibers and extracellular
matrix
• Function:
• Provides a supportive framework for spleen, lymph nodes, thymus,
and bone marrow
• Location:
• Forms stroma of lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 103 table 4.9c
• Description: p. 100
61

62. Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
62

63. Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
63

64. Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
64

65. Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
65

66. Reticular Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
66

67. Adipose Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
• Structure:
• Closely packed adipocytes (with nucleus squeezed to one side)
containing lipid vacuoles (fat droplets) within them
• Function:
• Stores energy
• Protects, cushions, and insulates
• Location:
• Subcutaneous layer
• Covers and surrounds some organs
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 102 table 4.9b
• Description: p. 100
67

68. Adipose Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
68Hint: appreciate the squeezed (almost invisible) nuclei as compared to simple squamous epithelium

69. Adipose Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
69Hint: appreciate the squeezed (almost invisible) nuclei as compared to simple squamous epithelium

70. Adipose Connective Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
70

71. Dense Regular Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
• Structure:
• Contains densely packed and parallel collagen fibers, fibroblast
nuclei, and scarce ground substance
• Function:
• Attaches muscle to bone and bone to bone
• Resists stress applied in one direction
• Location:
• Forms tendons
• Most ligaments
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 104 table 4.10a
• Description: p. 101
71

72. Dense Regular Connective (Dense Connective Tissue)
72
Hint: notice the unidirectional pattern of this type of connective tissue and relate it to its one-directional support

73. Dense Regular Connective (Dense Connective Tissue)
73
Hint: notice the unidirectional pattern of this type of connective tissue and relate it to its one-directional support

74. Elastic Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
• Structure:
• Contains parallel elastic fibers, fibroblast nuclei, and ground
substance
• Function:
• Allows stretching of some organs
• Location:
• Walls of elastic arteries
• Trachea
• Bronchial tubes
• True vocal cords
• Suspensory ligaments of penis
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 105 table 4.10c
• Description: p. 101
74

75. Elastic Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
75
Hint: note the wave-like, rubber-band structure of elastic fibers and relate it to their flexibility

76. Elastic Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
76

77. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
• Structure:
• Predominantly contains collagen fibers (bundled and randomly
arranged), fibroblasts, and ground substance (more than in dense
irregular connective tissue)
• Function:
• Withstands stresses applied in all directions
• Durable
• Location:
• Dermis
• Periosteum covering bone
• Perichondrium covering cartilage
• Organ capsules
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 104 table 4.10b
• Description: p. 101 77

78. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
78
Hint: notice the multidirectional pattern of this type of connective tissue; you can remember dense irregular
connective tissue by its resemblance to steak

79. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
79

80. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
80

81. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
81

82. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue (Dense Connective Tissue)
82

83. Compact Bone (Osseous Tissue)
• Structure:
• Calcified matrix arranged in osteons, osteocytes in lacunae, lamellae
(concentric), central canal, and canaliculi
• Function:
• Supports soft structures
• Protects vital organs
• Provides levers for movement
• Stores minerals
• Location:
• Exterior of bones of the body
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 107 table 4.12
• Description: pp. 104-105
83

84. Compact Bone (Osseous Tissue)
84

85. Compact Bone (Osseous Tissue)
85

86. Compact Bone (Osseous Tissue)
86Identify the structures at the arrows.

87. Compact Bone (Osseous Tissue)
87
osteocyte (in lacunae)
central canal
lamellae
(concentric)
canaliculi
Identify the structures at the arrows.

88. Hyaline Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
• Structure:
• Contains extracellular matrix, lacunae, chondrocytes, perichondrium (often visible)
• Function:
• Smooth surfaces for movement at joints
• Model for bone growth
• Supports soft tissue
• Location:
• Most of fetal skeleton
• Covers articular ends of long bones
• Costal cartilages
• Most of larynx, trachea, and nose
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 106 table 4.11a
• Description: p. 103
88

89. Hyaline Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
89

90. Hyaline Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
90

91. Hyaline Cartilage (at epiphyseal plate)
91

92. Fibrocartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
• Structure:
• Contains parallel collagen fibers, extracellular matrix, lacunae, and
chondrocytes
• Function:
• Resists compression
• Absorbs shock in some joints
• Location:
• Intervertebral discs
• Pubic symphysis
• Menisci of knee joints
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 106 table 4.11b
• Description: p. 103
92

93. Fibrocartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
93

94. Fibrocartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
94

95. Fibrocartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
95

96. Elastic Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
• Structure:
• Contains abundant elastic fibers (branching), lacunae, and
chondrocytes
• Function:
• Maintains structure and shape while permitting flexibility
• Location:
• External ear
• Epiglottis of the larynx
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 107 table 4.11c
• Description: p. 103
96

97. Elastic Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
97
Identify the structures at the arrows.

98. Elastic Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
98
chondrocyte
(in lacunae)
Identify the structures at the arrows.

99. Elastic Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
99

100. Elastic Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
100

101. Elastic Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
101

102. Elastic Cartilage (Cartilage Tissue)
102

103. Muscle Tissues
• Cells are long and narrow and are called fibers
• Functions through contraction in motion, posture, and heat
production
103

104. How to Identify Muscle Tissues
1. Look for the differences in the types of tissues (look at what is in
bold on the following slide)
2. Look for the structures that are particular to that type of muscle
tissue only
104

105. Types of Muscle Tissues
105
Type of Muscular Tissue Skeletal Muscle Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle
Shape of Fibers Elongated; blunt ends Elongated, Tapered ends Elongated; Blunt ends
Nucleus: # and Location Multinucleated,
peripheral
Uninucleated, central Uninucleated, central
Striated or
Non-striated
Striated Non-striated Striated
Branched or
Unbranched
Unbranched Unbranched Branched (Bifurcated
andIntercalatedDiscs)
Involuntary or Voluntary Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
Location in Body Attached to bones Walls of hollow, internal
organs, and tubes
Only in wall of Heart
(Myocardium)
Speed of Contraction Fastest Slowest Intermediate
Ability to Remain
Contracted
Least Greatest Intermediate

106. Smooth Muscle
• Structure:
• Contains spindle-shaped muscle fibers that have a centrally located
nucleus
• Function:
• Involuntary movements and motion
• Moves materials through internal organs
• Location:
• Walls of hollow internal organs, such as vessels, airways, stomach,
bladder, and uterus
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 111 table 4.14c
• Description: p. 109
106

107. Smooth Muscle
107

108. Smooth Muscle
108
Hint: note that smooth muscle tissue is non-striated

109. Skeletal Muscle
• Structure:
• Contains long, cylindrical, unbranched muscle fibers with multiple
nuclei per fiber
• Striations are visible in each muscle fiber
• Function:
• Moves skeleton
• Responsible for voluntary body movements, locomotion, and heat
production
• Location:
• Attaches to bones or sometimes skin
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 110 table 4.14a
• Description: p. 109
109

110. Skeletal Muscle
110
Identify the structures at the arrows.

111. Skeletal Muscle
111
Identify the structures at the arrows.
nuclei (multiple)
striations

112. Skeletal Muscle
112

113. Cardiac Muscle
• Structure:
• Contains short and branched muscle fibers (also known as
cardiomyocytes) with one nucleus per cell
• Each muscle fiber exhibits striations
• Intercalated discs are located between cells
• Function:
• Involuntary contractions and relaxations pump blood in the heart
• Location:
• Heart wall (myocardium)
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 110 table 4.14b
• Description: p. 109
113

114. Cardiac Muscle
114

115. Cardiac Muscle
115
Identify the structures at the arrows.
branch of the fiber
intercalated disc

116. Nervous Tissue
• Structure:
• Neurons contain dendrites and an axon attached to the soma (cell
body)
• Neuroglia (glial cells) present
• Function:
• Control communication between tissues
• Location:
• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous tissue
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 112 table 4.15
• Description: p. 111
116

117. Nervous Tissue
117

118. Nervous Tissue
118

119. Nervous Tissue
119

120. Nervous Tissue
120

121. Nervous Tissue
121

122. Integumentary System - Epidermis
• Description:
• Most superficial layer of the skin
• Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Layers (from basement membrane to apical surface):
• Stratum basale (with melanocytes and keratinocytes)
• Stratum spinosum (with epidermal dendritic / Langerhans cells)
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum lucidum (thick skin only)
• Stratum corneum
• Epidermal ridges
• Textbook References:
• Table: p. 119 table 5.2;
• Fig: p. 119 fig 5.1; p. 121 fig 5.2
122

123. Integument Layers
123

124. Integument Layers Model
124

125. Integument Layers Model
125

126. Integument Layers Model - Key
126
1 - Stratum corneum
2 - Stratum lucidum
3 - Stratum granulosum
4 - Stratum spinosum
5 - Stratum basale
6 - Epidermis (layers 1-5)
7 - Apocrine sweat gland
8 - Eccrine sweat gland
9 - Sebaceous gland
10 - Arrector pili muscle
11 - Meissner's corpuscle
12 - Follicle around hair root
13 - Bulb of hair root
14 - Hair shaft
15 - Dermis - reticular layer
16 – Hypodermis
17 - Adipose tissue
18 - Pacinian corpuscle
19 - Blood vessels
20 - Dermis - Dermal papilla
(in papillary layer)

127. Integumentary System - Dermis
• Description:
• Deep to the epidermis
• Layers:
• Papillary layer (areolar connective tissue)
• Dermal papillae
• Reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
• Hair follicles
• Sebaceous glands
• Sudoriferous glands
• Sensory receptors
• Textbook References:
• Fig: p. 126 fig 5.6
127

128. Integumentary System – Hypodermis / Subcutaneous Layer
• Description:
• Not part of the integument proper
• Made of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue
• Often called superficial fascia
128