This document provides an overview of the muscles to be identified in Activities 5 & 6, which focus on appendicular and axial muscles. It lists the muscles of the pectoral girdle, rotator cuff, glenohumeral joint, arm, forearm, and thigh. For each muscle, it identifies the origin, insertion, action, and relevant textbook references and figures. The document is organized by muscle group and includes over 35 muscles total.
This document contains a lecture on the muscular system presented by Vince Austin from the University of Kentucky. It includes over 40 figures illustrating the major muscles of the body. For each muscle or muscle group, the document discusses the name, origin, insertion, and main actions. The muscles are organized by body region, including the head, neck, back, thorax, abdomen, upper limb, and lower limb.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a lecture on neurons, synapses, and signaling from Campbell Biology, 9th Edition. It discusses the structure and function of neurons, how the resting membrane potential is established via ion pumps and channels, how action potentials are generated and propagated, and how neurons communicate at synapses. The summary covers the essential topics and flow of information presented in the lecture.
This document provides an overview of meiosis and sexual life cycles by discussing:
- The transmission of traits from parents to offspring through inheritance of genes and chromosomes.
- The differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, and how meiosis and fertilization alternate in sexual life cycles.
- The three main types of sexual life cycles seen in animals, plants/algae, and fungi/protists with regards to timing of meiosis, fertilization, and diploid/haploid stages.
- Key cellular processes like meiosis, fertilization, mitosis and their roles in maintaining chromosome number and producing genetic variation in offspring.
This document provides an overview of the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It discusses early evidence from experiments transforming bacteria and showing that viral DNA enters bacterial cells. It also describes Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography work that provided insights into DNA's structure and allowed Watson and Crick to deduce the double helix model with paired nitrogenous bases. Their model resolved the structure and showed how DNA could store and replicate the genetic information required for inheritance.
The document summarizes the transport system of the human body, specifically focusing on the heart and circulatory system. It describes the four chambers of the heart, associated blood vessels and valves, and the route that blood travels through the heart. It also explains how the heart collects blood, pumps blood through opening and closing valves, and is controlled through myogenic muscle contraction, the pacemaker, nerves from the brain and epinephrine. Finally, it lists the components of blood including plasma, blood cells, and transported materials like nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and waste.
The document provides an overview of cell communication and signaling. It discusses:
- Cells communicate via chemical signals such as epinephrine.
- Signal transduction pathways convert signals at the cell surface into responses.
- Reception involves signal molecules binding receptors, transduction uses cascades of molecular interactions to relay signals from receptors to target molecules, and response leads to activation of cellular responses.
- Common mechanisms of signaling include G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, calcium ions, cyclic AMP, and inositol triphosphate.
The document summarizes key themes in biology according to Campbell Biology. It discusses 7 major themes: 1) New properties emerge at different levels of biological organization. 2) Organisms interact with their environment. 3) Life requires energy transfer and transformation. 4) Structure and function are correlated. 5) The cell is the basic unit of life. 6) Heritable information is contained in DNA. 7) Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. Each theme is explained and illustrated with examples.
This document provides an overview of Activity #11 which focuses on the respiratory and digestive systems. The objectives are to identify structures of the respiratory system through models, cadavers, and lung histology slides. It also aims to identify structures of the digestive system through models, cadavers, and histology slides from various parts of the digestive system. The document then outlines the major parts of the respiratory system including the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It also provides labeled diagrams of the key structures of the respiratory and digestive systems.
This document contains a lecture on the muscular system presented by Vince Austin from the University of Kentucky. It includes over 40 figures illustrating the major muscles of the body. For each muscle or muscle group, the document discusses the name, origin, insertion, and main actions. The muscles are organized by body region, including the head, neck, back, thorax, abdomen, upper limb, and lower limb.
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts from a lecture on neurons, synapses, and signaling from Campbell Biology, 9th Edition. It discusses the structure and function of neurons, how the resting membrane potential is established via ion pumps and channels, how action potentials are generated and propagated, and how neurons communicate at synapses. The summary covers the essential topics and flow of information presented in the lecture.
This document provides an overview of meiosis and sexual life cycles by discussing:
- The transmission of traits from parents to offspring through inheritance of genes and chromosomes.
- The differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, and how meiosis and fertilization alternate in sexual life cycles.
- The three main types of sexual life cycles seen in animals, plants/algae, and fungi/protists with regards to timing of meiosis, fertilization, and diploid/haploid stages.
- Key cellular processes like meiosis, fertilization, mitosis and their roles in maintaining chromosome number and producing genetic variation in offspring.
This document provides an overview of the discovery of DNA as the genetic material. It discusses early evidence from experiments transforming bacteria and showing that viral DNA enters bacterial cells. It also describes Rosalind Franklin's X-ray crystallography work that provided insights into DNA's structure and allowed Watson and Crick to deduce the double helix model with paired nitrogenous bases. Their model resolved the structure and showed how DNA could store and replicate the genetic information required for inheritance.
The document summarizes the transport system of the human body, specifically focusing on the heart and circulatory system. It describes the four chambers of the heart, associated blood vessels and valves, and the route that blood travels through the heart. It also explains how the heart collects blood, pumps blood through opening and closing valves, and is controlled through myogenic muscle contraction, the pacemaker, nerves from the brain and epinephrine. Finally, it lists the components of blood including plasma, blood cells, and transported materials like nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and waste.
The document provides an overview of cell communication and signaling. It discusses:
- Cells communicate via chemical signals such as epinephrine.
- Signal transduction pathways convert signals at the cell surface into responses.
- Reception involves signal molecules binding receptors, transduction uses cascades of molecular interactions to relay signals from receptors to target molecules, and response leads to activation of cellular responses.
- Common mechanisms of signaling include G-protein coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, calcium ions, cyclic AMP, and inositol triphosphate.
The document summarizes key themes in biology according to Campbell Biology. It discusses 7 major themes: 1) New properties emerge at different levels of biological organization. 2) Organisms interact with their environment. 3) Life requires energy transfer and transformation. 4) Structure and function are correlated. 5) The cell is the basic unit of life. 6) Heritable information is contained in DNA. 7) Feedback mechanisms regulate biological systems. Each theme is explained and illustrated with examples.
This document provides an overview of Activity #11 which focuses on the respiratory and digestive systems. The objectives are to identify structures of the respiratory system through models, cadavers, and lung histology slides. It also aims to identify structures of the digestive system through models, cadavers, and histology slides from various parts of the digestive system. The document then outlines the major parts of the respiratory system including the upper and lower respiratory tracts. It also provides labeled diagrams of the key structures of the respiratory and digestive systems.
This document provides objectives and materials for an activity on the nervous system histology, brain, and cranial nerves. The activity involves identifying structures from slides and illustrations of nervous system tissue, as well as identifying brain structures and cranial nerves from models of human and sheep brains. The document includes numerous slides and illustrations of nervous system tissues, brain structures such as lobes, ventricles, and nuclei, as well as images of cranial nerves. It also provides information on the functions of various brain structures.
This document provides an overview of the circulatory system including the pulmonary and systemic circulation. It describes the layers of vessel walls, including the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the left atrium. The systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium. Detailed diagrams and descriptions are provided of the arterial supply and venous return in various body regions including the head and neck, ventral cavity, and upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an orientation for a human anatomy laboratory. It includes objectives to review anatomical terminology like regional terms, body cavities, directional terms, and body planes. Students are instructed to fill in descriptions for each term in their lab manual and label regional terms on figures 1 and 2. Lists of terms are provided for regional terms of the axial body, appendicular body, body cavities and regions, abdominopelvic regions, directional terms, and body planes. References to the textbook for additional information are included.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content to be covered for Activity #12, which focuses on the urinary and reproductive systems. The activity will involve identifying structures of the urinary system using models and cadavers, examining renal corpuscle histology slides, and gross anatomy of the male and female reproductive tracts. Diagrams and figures are referenced to illustrate key components of the kidneys, nephrons, urinary bladder, urethra, female external and internal reproductive structures, uterus, ovaries, mammary glands, overview of the male reproductive system, penis, and inguinal canal.
The document provides an overview of the appendicular skeleton, including:
- The pectoral girdle which connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the clavicles and scapulae.
- The pelvic girdle which connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the os coxae (hip bones).
- The bones and landmarks of the upper and lower limbs, including the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, carpals, tarsals, and phalanges.
- Key anatomical features are identified for each bone such as tubercles, condyles, processes, and fossae.
This document provides a summary of histology slides of various structures in the digestive system. It contains slides of the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon along with questions to test the identification of key structures like hepatic lobules, pancreatic islets, gastric glands, villi, and muscular layers. The goal is to prepare the reader to identify all structures on the anatomy lab list using micrographs as examples.
The document provides information about the axial skeleton, including the cranial and facial bones, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. It lists the objectives of identifying these bones and their features. Descriptions are given for each bone, including locations of foramina, processes, plates, and other markings. Diagrams are included to illustrate bone positions and key structures.
The document provides an overview of histology topics to be covered in a lab, including the identification of four basic tissue types - epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It focuses on epithelium tissues, describing the characteristics and identifying features of simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional epithelium tissues. Connective tissues including areolar, adipose, reticular, dense and elastic connective, blood, bone and cartilage are also introduced. Students are to identify each tissue type in histology photos and sketches.
This document provides an overview of objectives and content for an anatomy lab on blood and the heart. The lab will involve identifying blood cell types under a microscope, observing the structures of the heart and thoracic cavity using a cadaver, and dissecting a sheep heart. Key areas covered include the types of white and red blood cells, the layers of the pericardium, major external and internal structures of the heart, and the coronary circulation system which supplies blood to the heart muscle. Diagrams are referenced to illustrate these anatomical structures and systems.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content covered in Activity #8, which focuses on the gross anatomy of the spinal cord, spinal nerves, and sensory organs. The activity will cover identifying structures of the spinal cord on models and specimens, as well as structures of the eye, ear, and histology slides of the cochlea. Details are provided on the spinal cord regions and cross section, meninges and spaces, nerve plexuses including the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses. Specific nerves are also outlined, along with their innervations. The extrinsic eye muscles and their innervations are defined. Anatomy of the cow eye, middle and inner ear, and coch
- The document describes the major skeletal muscles of the human body, including their names, actions, and innervation patterns. It discusses muscles grouped by body region, including the scalp, face, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper and lower limbs. Key muscle actions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Muscles work in opposing pairs or groups to enable movement.
This document provides an overview of the appendicular musculature of the body, including the muscles of the pectoral girdle, arm, pelvis, thigh, calf and foot. It emphasizes the larger, more superficial muscles and those with important functions. The pectoral girdle muscles such as deltoid, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi are described. The arm muscles include biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii and digital flexors/extensors. The pelvis and thigh sections cover the gluteal muscles and quadriceps group. The calf includes gastro
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins with the surface anatomy and skeleton of the upper limb, including the bones of the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and hand. It then details the joints of the upper limb and describes the major muscles involved in movements at each joint. For each muscle, the document specifies the origin, insertion, action, and nerve supply. Clinical notes are also provided for some bones. The document thus provides a comprehensive review of the skeletal structure and musculature of the upper limb.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins with the surface anatomy and skeleton, including the bones of the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and hand. It then details the major joints of the upper limb. The bulk of the document describes the muscles of the upper limb grouped by region, including the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and movements they enable at the elbow and wrist. For each muscle, the origin, insertion, action, and nerve supply are specified. Clinical notes on related bone injuries are also provided.
The document describes the various muscles of the back, including their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions. It discusses the superficial, intermediate, and deep back muscles, categorizing them as extrinsic or intrinsic muscles. Key muscles described include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae group, rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis, and the suboccipital muscles.
The document discusses the anatomy of the shoulder, including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, nerves and common injuries. It describes the key bones of the shoulder like the humerus, scapula and clavicle. It also details the main joints of the shoulder such as the glenohumeral joint, acromioclavicular joint, and sternoclavicular joint. The document outlines the important muscles that act on the shoulder and their functions. Common shoulder injuries like rotator cuff tears, tendonitis, frozen shoulder and their treatments are summarized as well. Physical exam maneuvers for evaluating shoulder issues are presented.
L9 muscles of upper limb [Autosaved].pptxssuser31c469
The document provides information on human anatomy, specifically focusing on the muscles of the upper limb. It describes the different types of muscles and their functions. It then details the specific muscles found in different regions of the upper limb, including the pectoral region, shoulder region, upper arm, and anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. For each muscle, it provides the origin, insertion, innervation, and main actions. The document serves as a detailed reference for understanding the muscles involved in movement and stabilization of the upper limb.
This document provides information on various muscles of the human body, including their names, locations, and actions. It discusses muscles that control eyebrow elevation, eye closing, jaw closing, smiling, cheek sucking, lip protrusion, shoulder elevation, neck extension, shoulder abduction, arm flexion and extension, finger extension, wrist flexion and extension, hip extension, knee flexion, ankle plantarflexion, hip adduction, hip and knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion. Additional details are provided for some muscles.
This document discusses the muscles involved in ventilation and respiration. It describes the diaphragm and external intercostals as the primary muscles of resting ventilation that expand the thoracic cavity to drive air into the lungs. Expiration is a passive process when these muscles relax and the thoracic cavity recoils. Additional muscles assist inspiration during exercise, including the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and serratus anterior to lift the ribs and clavicle. The abdominal muscles, internal intercostals, and relaxation of the diaphragm facilitate expiration during exercise.
This document describes the shoulder muscles and their actions. It identifies the origin, insertion, and main actions of each muscle. The key muscles discussed are the deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, coracobrachialis, and subscapularis. Each of these muscles has a primary function of either horizontal adduction/abduction, flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, or internal/external rotation at the shoulder joint.
There are two major groups of muscles in the back - extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The extrinsic muscles are further divided into superficial and intermediate muscles. The intrinsic muscles have superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Some of the key muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae group and multifidus. Together these muscles work to extend, flex, rotate and laterally bend the vertebral column and ribs. Common back issues include sprains from ligament injuries and strains from overcontraction of muscles like the erector spinae.
Generally, this presentation is about back pain. It contains anatomy, risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, doctor management & physiotherapy management.
This document provides objectives and materials for an activity on the nervous system histology, brain, and cranial nerves. The activity involves identifying structures from slides and illustrations of nervous system tissue, as well as identifying brain structures and cranial nerves from models of human and sheep brains. The document includes numerous slides and illustrations of nervous system tissues, brain structures such as lobes, ventricles, and nuclei, as well as images of cranial nerves. It also provides information on the functions of various brain structures.
This document provides an overview of the circulatory system including the pulmonary and systemic circulation. It describes the layers of vessel walls, including the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa. The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the left atrium. The systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium. Detailed diagrams and descriptions are provided of the arterial supply and venous return in various body regions including the head and neck, ventral cavity, and upper and lower limbs.
This document provides an orientation for a human anatomy laboratory. It includes objectives to review anatomical terminology like regional terms, body cavities, directional terms, and body planes. Students are instructed to fill in descriptions for each term in their lab manual and label regional terms on figures 1 and 2. Lists of terms are provided for regional terms of the axial body, appendicular body, body cavities and regions, abdominopelvic regions, directional terms, and body planes. References to the textbook for additional information are included.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content to be covered for Activity #12, which focuses on the urinary and reproductive systems. The activity will involve identifying structures of the urinary system using models and cadavers, examining renal corpuscle histology slides, and gross anatomy of the male and female reproductive tracts. Diagrams and figures are referenced to illustrate key components of the kidneys, nephrons, urinary bladder, urethra, female external and internal reproductive structures, uterus, ovaries, mammary glands, overview of the male reproductive system, penis, and inguinal canal.
The document provides an overview of the appendicular skeleton, including:
- The pectoral girdle which connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the clavicles and scapulae.
- The pelvic girdle which connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the os coxae (hip bones).
- The bones and landmarks of the upper and lower limbs, including the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, carpals, tarsals, and phalanges.
- Key anatomical features are identified for each bone such as tubercles, condyles, processes, and fossae.
This document provides a summary of histology slides of various structures in the digestive system. It contains slides of the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon along with questions to test the identification of key structures like hepatic lobules, pancreatic islets, gastric glands, villi, and muscular layers. The goal is to prepare the reader to identify all structures on the anatomy lab list using micrographs as examples.
The document provides information about the axial skeleton, including the cranial and facial bones, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. It lists the objectives of identifying these bones and their features. Descriptions are given for each bone, including locations of foramina, processes, plates, and other markings. Diagrams are included to illustrate bone positions and key structures.
The document provides an overview of histology topics to be covered in a lab, including the identification of four basic tissue types - epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It focuses on epithelium tissues, describing the characteristics and identifying features of simple and stratified squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional epithelium tissues. Connective tissues including areolar, adipose, reticular, dense and elastic connective, blood, bone and cartilage are also introduced. Students are to identify each tissue type in histology photos and sketches.
This document provides an overview of objectives and content for an anatomy lab on blood and the heart. The lab will involve identifying blood cell types under a microscope, observing the structures of the heart and thoracic cavity using a cadaver, and dissecting a sheep heart. Key areas covered include the types of white and red blood cells, the layers of the pericardium, major external and internal structures of the heart, and the coronary circulation system which supplies blood to the heart muscle. Diagrams are referenced to illustrate these anatomical structures and systems.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content covered in Activity #8, which focuses on the gross anatomy of the spinal cord, spinal nerves, and sensory organs. The activity will cover identifying structures of the spinal cord on models and specimens, as well as structures of the eye, ear, and histology slides of the cochlea. Details are provided on the spinal cord regions and cross section, meninges and spaces, nerve plexuses including the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses. Specific nerves are also outlined, along with their innervations. The extrinsic eye muscles and their innervations are defined. Anatomy of the cow eye, middle and inner ear, and coch
- The document describes the major skeletal muscles of the human body, including their names, actions, and innervation patterns. It discusses muscles grouped by body region, including the scalp, face, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, upper and lower limbs. Key muscle actions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Muscles work in opposing pairs or groups to enable movement.
This document provides an overview of the appendicular musculature of the body, including the muscles of the pectoral girdle, arm, pelvis, thigh, calf and foot. It emphasizes the larger, more superficial muscles and those with important functions. The pectoral girdle muscles such as deltoid, pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi are described. The arm muscles include biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii and digital flexors/extensors. The pelvis and thigh sections cover the gluteal muscles and quadriceps group. The calf includes gastro
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins with the surface anatomy and skeleton of the upper limb, including the bones of the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and hand. It then details the joints of the upper limb and describes the major muscles involved in movements at each joint. For each muscle, the document specifies the origin, insertion, action, and nerve supply. Clinical notes are also provided for some bones. The document thus provides a comprehensive review of the skeletal structure and musculature of the upper limb.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the upper limb. It begins with the surface anatomy and skeleton, including the bones of the shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, and hand. It then details the major joints of the upper limb. The bulk of the document describes the muscles of the upper limb grouped by region, including the muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and movements they enable at the elbow and wrist. For each muscle, the origin, insertion, action, and nerve supply are specified. Clinical notes on related bone injuries are also provided.
The document describes the various muscles of the back, including their origins, insertions, innervation, and actions. It discusses the superficial, intermediate, and deep back muscles, categorizing them as extrinsic or intrinsic muscles. Key muscles described include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae group, rotatores, multifidus, semispinalis, and the suboccipital muscles.
The document discusses the anatomy of the shoulder, including bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles, nerves and common injuries. It describes the key bones of the shoulder like the humerus, scapula and clavicle. It also details the main joints of the shoulder such as the glenohumeral joint, acromioclavicular joint, and sternoclavicular joint. The document outlines the important muscles that act on the shoulder and their functions. Common shoulder injuries like rotator cuff tears, tendonitis, frozen shoulder and their treatments are summarized as well. Physical exam maneuvers for evaluating shoulder issues are presented.
L9 muscles of upper limb [Autosaved].pptxssuser31c469
The document provides information on human anatomy, specifically focusing on the muscles of the upper limb. It describes the different types of muscles and their functions. It then details the specific muscles found in different regions of the upper limb, including the pectoral region, shoulder region, upper arm, and anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm. For each muscle, it provides the origin, insertion, innervation, and main actions. The document serves as a detailed reference for understanding the muscles involved in movement and stabilization of the upper limb.
This document provides information on various muscles of the human body, including their names, locations, and actions. It discusses muscles that control eyebrow elevation, eye closing, jaw closing, smiling, cheek sucking, lip protrusion, shoulder elevation, neck extension, shoulder abduction, arm flexion and extension, finger extension, wrist flexion and extension, hip extension, knee flexion, ankle plantarflexion, hip adduction, hip and knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion. Additional details are provided for some muscles.
This document discusses the muscles involved in ventilation and respiration. It describes the diaphragm and external intercostals as the primary muscles of resting ventilation that expand the thoracic cavity to drive air into the lungs. Expiration is a passive process when these muscles relax and the thoracic cavity recoils. Additional muscles assist inspiration during exercise, including the scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, and serratus anterior to lift the ribs and clavicle. The abdominal muscles, internal intercostals, and relaxation of the diaphragm facilitate expiration during exercise.
This document describes the shoulder muscles and their actions. It identifies the origin, insertion, and main actions of each muscle. The key muscles discussed are the deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, coracobrachialis, and subscapularis. Each of these muscles has a primary function of either horizontal adduction/abduction, flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, or internal/external rotation at the shoulder joint.
There are two major groups of muscles in the back - extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. The extrinsic muscles are further divided into superficial and intermediate muscles. The intrinsic muscles have superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Some of the key muscles include the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, erector spinae group and multifidus. Together these muscles work to extend, flex, rotate and laterally bend the vertebral column and ribs. Common back issues include sprains from ligament injuries and strains from overcontraction of muscles like the erector spinae.
Generally, this presentation is about back pain. It contains anatomy, risk factors, etiology, pathophysiology, sign and symptoms, doctor management & physiotherapy management.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint, including:
1) It describes the bones that make up the joint - the scapula and humerus.
2) The joint is a ball and socket joint that allows movement in all three planes with the convex humeral head moving within the concave glenoid fossa.
3) Key supporting structures include the rotator cuff muscles, capsular ligaments, coracohumeral ligaments, glenoid labrum and long head of the biceps.
The document summarizes several muscles of the upper limb. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation, and action of key muscles that act on the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand. Some of the major muscles discussed include:
- Pectoralis major, which flexes, adducts and rotates the arm medially at the shoulder.
- Latissimus dorsi, which extends, adducts and rotates the humerus medially, retracting the shoulder.
- Deltoid, which flexes and medially rotates the arm, abducts the arm, and extends and laterally rotates the arm.
- Triceps bra
The document describes the structure and function of the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It notes that the vertebral column contains 26 vertebrae which protect the spinal cord, support the head, and provide attachment points. It describes the 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx vertebrae. The document also discusses the intervertebral discs, ribs (12 pairs that can be true or false), and the 3-part sternum and its articulation with ribs and clavicles.
Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and allow voluntary movement. They consist of bundles of cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers contain protein filaments of actin and myosin that slide past each other, causing contraction. Muscles are arranged in antagonistic pairs around joints to enable movement. The muscular system includes three layers of skeletal muscles - superficial, intermediate and deep muscles of the forearm that flex the hand. Extensor muscles on the back of the forearm extend the hand. Intrinsic hand muscles control fine finger movements. Nerves stimulate muscle contraction while blood vessels supply muscles with oxygen and nutrients.
Presentation slides from our Introduction to Spinal Mobilisations workshop. This was delivered on the 20th January 2018 in our St John Street Clinic, Manchester.
1. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint made up of multiple bones and joints that provide a wide range of motion but also instability.
2. Stability is achieved through bony anatomy, ligaments, muscles, and negative pressure within the joint.
3. Muscles act in force couples to produce motion through balanced contraction of agonists and antagonists.
The document provides information on muscles of the shoulder and their actions. It discusses the rotator cuff muscles, common shoulder injuries like impingement syndrome and rotator cuff tears, and the glenoid labrum. Exercises are presented for major shoulder muscles like the deltoid, pectoralis major, and latissimus dorsi. Common shoulder injuries discussed include dislocations, separations, impingement, and rotator cuff and labral tears.
The document provides an overview of the major muscles of the shoulder and their actions. It discusses the rotator cuff muscles, common shoulder injuries including dislocations, impingement syndrome, and rotator cuff tears. It also describes the glenoid labrum and labral tears in the shoulder joint. Key muscles mentioned are the deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor. Common shoulder injuries discussed include dislocations, impingement syndrome caused by bone spurs or swelling, and rotator cuff tears which are common in throwing athletes.
This document outlines an activity on the respiratory and digestive systems. The activity objectives are to identify structures of the respiratory system through models, cadavers, and histology slides, as well as to identify digestive system structures through models, cadavers, and histology slides completed as a home assignment. The document then provides figures and descriptions of the major components of both the upper and lower respiratory tract, as well as the major organs and histology of the digestive system.
This document contains questions about identifying various tissues from images. It asks the user to identify tissues like collagen, adipose tissue, simple cuboidal epithelium, simple squamous epithelium, elastic cartilage, reticular connective tissue, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. It also asks the user to identify fibers, cells, categories of connective tissue, and anatomical locations of tissues.
This document provides an overview of Activity #11 which focuses on the respiratory and digestive systems. The objectives are to identify structures of the respiratory system through models, cadavers, and histology slides as well as structures of the digestive system through models, cadavers, and histology slides. The document then outlines the major components and structures of both the upper and lower respiratory tract as well as the major organs of the digestive system. Diagrams and figures are referenced throughout to illustrate key structures and concepts.
The document provides objectives and information about identifying structures in blood and the heart. It includes 3 key points:
1. Identify different types of leukocytes in blood including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils based on their characteristics.
2. Describe the layers of the pericardium including the fibrous pericardium, serous pericardium, parietal layer, pericardial cavity, and visceral layer.
3. Identify major structures of the heart including the atria, ventricles, arteries and veins in figures of the anterior and posterior heart.
The document provides an overview of the objectives and content to be covered in a histology and integument lab. It begins by outlining the four basic tissue types that will be examined - epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It then focuses on epithelium tissues, providing detailed descriptions of 14 different types including their structure, function and location. Examples of each tissue type are shown through photomicrographs. The document also covers the major connective tissue types.
This document provides objectives and materials for an activity on the nervous system histology, brain, and cranial nerves. The activity involves identifying structures from slides and illustrations of nervous system tissue, as well as identifying brain structures and cranial nerves from models of human and sheep brains. The document includes numerous slides and illustrations of nervous system tissues, brain structures such as lobes, ventricles, and nuclei, as well as images of cranial nerves. It also provides information on the functions of various brain structures.
This document provides an overview of the objectives and content for activities 5 & 6 which involve identifying appendicular and axial muscles listed on models and cadavers. It lists the origin, insertion, action, and textbook references for numerous muscles including muscles of the pectoral girdle, rotator cuff, glenohumeral joint, arm, forearm, hand, thigh, and gluteal region. The document aims to teach muscle identification and functions through detailed descriptions and figures from the textbook.
The document provides information about the axial skeleton, including the cranial and facial bones, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. It lists the objectives of identifying these bones and their features. Descriptions are given for each bone, including locations of foramina, processes, plates, and other markings. Diagrams are included to illustrate bone positions and features.
The document provides an overview of the appendicular skeleton, including:
- The pectoral girdle which connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the clavicles and scapulae.
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1. Activities 5 & 6:
Appendicular & Axial Muscles
Chapters 11 & 12 – McKinley et al., Human Anatomy, 4e.
Objectives:
• Identify muscles listed on models and/or cadavers
• When indicated, identify the action and attachments for each
muscle
Compilation: Mohammad Tomaraei 1
23. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Forearm Compartment [6+1]
• Palmaris longus
• Action:
• Weakly flexes wrist
• Tenses fascia of palm
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 369
• Figures: 12.11, 12.12
• Cadaver hint:
• Not all cadavers have this
muscle (for genetic reasons)
• Ends in a slender, flattened
tendon, passing over the
upper part of the flexor
retinaculum
23
36. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Forearm Compartment [8+1]
• Extensor retinaculum
• Significance:
• Fibrous band of connective
tissue that covers the dorsal
surface of the carpals
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 369
• Figures: 12.13b, 12.14c
36
37. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]
Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]
• Rectus femoris
• Origin:
• Anterior inferior iliac spine
• Insertion:
• Patella via quadriceps tendon
and then tibial tuberosity via
patellar ligament
• Action:
• Extends leg
• Flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 381
• Figures: 12.71a & b
37
38. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]
Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]
• Vastus lateralis
• Insertion:
• Patella via quadriceps tendon
and then tibial tuberosity via
patellar ligament
• Action:
• Extends leg
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 381
• Figures: 12.17a & b, 12.15
38
39. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]
Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]
• Vastus medialis
• Insertion:
• Patella via quadriceps tendon
and then tibial tuberosity via
patellar ligament
• Action:
• Extends leg
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 381
• Figures: 12.17a & b
39
40. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]
Quadriceps Femoris Group [4]
• Vastus intermedius
• Insertion:
• Patella via quadriceps tendon
and then tibial tuberosity via
patellar ligament
• Action:
• Extends leg
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 381
• Figures: 12.17a & b
• Cadaver hint:
• This muscle is deep to rectus
femoris
40
41. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Thigh Compartment [5]
• Sartorius
• Origin:
• Anterior superior iliac spine
• Insertion:
• Tibial tuberosity, medial side
• Action:
• Flexes, abducts, & laterally
rotates thigh
• Flexes leg & rotates leg
medially (sitting cross-legged
on the floor)
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 375, 381
• Figures: 12.17a & b
• Trivia:
• Longest muscle in the body
41
42. Appendicular Muscles – Iliopsoas Group [2]
• Iliacus
• Origin:
• Iliac fossa
• Insertion:
• Lesser trochanter of femur
• Action:
• Flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 375
• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a
• Cadaver hint:
• Look inside the
abdominopelvic cavity
• Has a common insertion with
psoas major muscle
42
43. Appendicular Muscles – Iliopsoas Group [2]
• Psoas major
• Origin:
• T12-L5 vertebrae
• Insertion:
• Lesser trochanter of femur
• Action:
• Flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 375
• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a
• Cadaver hint:
• Look inside the
abdominopelvic cavity
• Has a common insertion with
iliacus muscle
43
44. Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Pectineus
• Action:
• Adducts thigh
• Weakly flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 376
• Figures: 12.15, 12.17
44
Mnemonic:
Great Major League Baseball Players
45. Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Adductor longus
• Action:
• Adducts thigh
• Weakly flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 376
• Figures: 12.15, 12.17
45
Mnemonic:
Great Major League Baseball Players
46. Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Adductor brevis
• Action:
• Adducts thigh
• Weakly flexes thigh
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 376
• Figures: 12.15, 12.17
46
Mnemonic:
Great Major League Baseball Players
47. Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Adductor magnus
• Action:
• Adducts thigh
• Flexes or extends, and
laterally rotates thigh
(depending on starting
position)
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 376
• Figures: 12.15, 12.18
47
Mnemonic:
Great Major League Baseball Players
48. Appendicular Muscles – Medial Thigh Compartment [5]
• Gracilis
• Origin:
• Inferior ramus & body of pubis
• Insertion:
• Upper medial surface of tibia
• Action:
• Weakly adducts & weakly
flexes thigh
• Flexes leg
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 376, 381
• Figures: 12.15a, 12.17a
• Cadaver hint:
• NOT to be confused with
sartorius (compare origins)
48
Mnemonic:
Great Major League Baseball Players
49. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]
Hamstrings Group [3]
• Semitendinosus
• Origin:
• Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion:
• Proximal medial surface of
tibia
• Action:
• Extends thigh
• Flexes leg
• Medially rotates leg
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 381
• Figures: 12.18a & b
• Identification hint:
• Semi (half) tendinosus
(tendon), means half of this
muscle consists of a tendon 49
50. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]
Hamstrings Group [3]
• Semimembranosus
• Origin:
• Ischial tuberosity
• Insertion:
• Medial condyle of tibia
• Action:
• Extends thigh
• Flexes leg
• Medially rotates leg
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 381
• Figures: 12.18a & b, 12.15b
• Identification hint:
• Semi (half) membranosus
(membrane), means that half
of this muscle has a broad
membranous tendon 50
51. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Thigh Compartment [3]
Hamstrings Group [3]
• Biceps femoris (2 heads)
• Origin:
• Long head: ischial tuberosity
• Short head: linea aspera of
femur
• Insertion:
• Head of fibula
• Action:
• Extends thigh
• Flexes leg
• Laterally rotates leg
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 381
• Figures: 12.18a & b, 12.15b
• Cadaver hint:
• By touching the origin of the short
head of biceps femoris, you can
feel the linea aspera of femur 51
57. Appendicular Muscles – Gluteal Muscles [5+1]
• Iliotibial tract / band
(associated structure)
• Significance:
• Thick band of fascia
continuous with the tensor
fasciae latae muscle
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 376
• Figures: 12.15, 12.17, 12.18
57
Mnemonic:
Follow the Iliotibial Tract to reach Starbucks &
get a Tensor Fasciae Latae
58. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]
• Tibialis anterior
• Origin:
• Lateral condyle & proximal
shaft of tibia
• Insertion:
• Metatarsal I
• Medial cuneiform
• Action:
• Dorsiflexes foot
• Inverts foot
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21
58
Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):
Tom – Harry – Dick
59. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]
• Extensor digitorum longus
• Action:
• Extends toes 2-5
• Dorsiflexes foot
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21
• Identification hint:
• Think of how the tendons of
this muscle insert over the
digits to extend them
59
Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):
Tom – Harry – Dick
60. Appendicular Muscles – Anterior Leg Compartment [3]
• Extensor hallucis longus
• Action:
• Extends hallux
• Dorsiflexes foot
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.20a & b, 12.21
60
Mnemonic (anterior, medial to lateral):
Tom – Harry – Dick
Harry likes to hide!
61. Appendicular Muscles – Lateral Leg Compartment [2]
• Fibularis longus
• Action:
• Everts foot
• Weakly plantar flexes foot
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.21a & b, 12.22b
• Identification hint:
• Thinking logically, the name of
fibularis longus suggests that
this muscle sits on top of
fibula, and has a longer
tendon relative to another
muscle of similar name and
location
61
62. Appendicular Muscles – Lateral Leg Compartment [2]
• Fibularis brevis
• Action:
• Everts foot
• Weakly plantar flexes foot
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.21a & b, 12.22b
• Identification hint:
• This muscle is deep to
fibularis longus and has a
relatively shorter tendon
62
63. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Gastrocnemius
• Origin:
• Lateral & medial condyles of
femur
• Insertion:
• Calcaneus via calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon
• Action:
• Plantar flexes foot
• Flexes leg
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.20a, 12.21a, 12.22a
63
64. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Soleus
• Origin:
• Head & proximal shaft of
fibula
• Medial border of tibia
• Insertion:
• Calcaneus via calcaneal
(Achilles) tendon
• Action:
• Plantar flexes foot
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.21a, 12.22a
64
65. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Tibialis posterior
• Action:
• Plantar flexes foot
• Inverts foot
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.22b & c
• Identification hint:
• Since the posterior leg muscles
have relatively deep bodies, it’s
easier to look at their tendons
near the medial malleolus of tibia
65
Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):
Tom – Dick – Harry
66. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Flexor digitorum longus
• Action:
• Plantar flexes foot
• Flexes toes 2-5,
metacarpophalangeal (MP),
proximal interphalangeal
(PIP), & distal interphalangeal
(DIP) joints
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.22b & c
• Identification hint:
• Since the posterior leg muscles
have relatively deep bodies, it’s
easier to look at their tendons
near the medial malleolus of tibia
66
Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):
Tom – Dick – Harry
67. Appendicular Muscles – Posterior Leg Compartment [5]
• Flexor hallucis longus
• Action:
• Plantar flexes foot
• Flexes metacarpophalangeal
(MP) and interphalangeal (IP)
joints of hallux
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 383
• Figures: 12.22b & c
• Identification hint:
• Since the posterior leg muscles
have relatively deep bodies, it’s
easier to look at their tendons
near the medial malleolus of tibia
67
Mnemonic (posterior, medial to lateral):
Tom – Dick – Harry
Harry likes to hide!
68. Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Frontalis
(fontal belly of occipitofrontalis)
• Action:
• Draws scalp forward
• Raises eyebrows
• Wrinkles forehead
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 322
• Figures: 11.2a & b
68
73. Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Zygomaticus major
• Action:
• Pulls corners of mouth
superiorly (smiling muscle)
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 322
• Figures: 11.2a & b
• Identification hint:
• Typically, muscles ending with
major are below those ending with
minor (be careful of exceptions)
73
74. Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Zygomaticus minor
• Action:
• Pulls corners of mouth
superiorly (smiling muscle)
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 322
• Figures: 11.2a & b
• Identification hint:
• Typically, muscles ending with
major are below those ending with
minor (be careful of exceptions)
74
75. Axial Muscles – Facial Expression Muscles [8]
• Buccinator
• Action:
• Presses cheeks against molar
teeth, as in chewing, whistling,
playing a wind instrument, and
suckling in infants
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 327
• Figures: 11.2a & b
75
76. Axial Muscles – Mastication (Chewing) Muscles [2]
• Temporalis
• Origin:
• Parietal bone
• Frontal bone
• Insertion:
• Coronoid process of mandible
• Action:
• Elevates & retracts mandible
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 331
• Figures: 11.2b, 11.5
76
78. Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Origin:
• Manubrium of sternum
• Sternal end of clavicle
• Insertion:
• Mastoid process of temporal
bone
• Action:
• One side: lateral flexion with
rotation of head to opposite
side
• Both sides: flexes head &
neck
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 336
• Figures: 11.8, 11.9
78
79. Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]
• Splenius capitis
• Origin:
• Ligamentum nuchae
(connective tissue covering
the spinal processes of the
cervical vertebrae)
• Insertion:
• Occipital bone
• Mastoid process of temporal
bone
• Action:
• One side: turns head to same
side
• Both sides: extends head &
neck
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 336
• Figures: 11.10, 11.11 79
Mnemonic:
PUT THE CAP ON TOP OF
CERVICIS
80. Axial Muscles – Neck Muscles [3]
• Splenius cervicis
• Origin:
• Spinous processes of T3-T6
vertebrae
• Insertion:
• Transverse processes of
cervical vertebrae
• Action:
• One side: turns head to same
side
• Both sides: extends head &
neck
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 336
• Figures: 11.10, 11.11
80
Mnemonic:
PUT THE CAP ON TOP OF
CERVICIS
81. Axial Muscles – Vertebral Column Muscles [3+1]
• Erector spinae groups
• Muscles
• Iliocostalis group (lateral)
• Longissimus group (middle)
• Spinalis group (medial)
• Action
• One side: laterally flexes the
vertebral column
• Both sides: extends vertebral
column
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 339
• Figures: 11.11
81
82. Axial Muscles – Vertebral Column Muscles [3+1]
• Quadratus lumborum
• Action:
• One side: laterally flexes the
vertebral column
• Both sides: extends vertebral
column
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 339
• Figures: 11.11
82
83. Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]
• External intercostals
• Action:
• Elevates ribs during normal
inspiration (inhalation)
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 342
• Figures: 11.11, 11.13
• Cadaver hint:
• Looking from bottom to top,
notice that external
intercostals point in a direction
away from the body (to the
shoulders)
83
84. Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]
• Internal intercostals
• Action:
• Depresses ribs during forced
exhalation
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 342
• Figures: 11.13
• Cadaver hint:
• Looking from bottom to top,
notice that internal intercostals
point in a direction into the
body (to the chin)
84
85. Axial Muscles – Respiration Muscles [3]
• Diaphragm
• Action:
• Expands the thoracic cavity
during normal inspiration
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 342
• Figures: 11.13
85
86. Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• External oblique
• Action:
• Both sides: flexes vertebral
column & compresses
abdominal wall
• One side: laterally flexes
vertebral column
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 344
• Figures: 11.14a & b
• Cadaver hint:
• Looking from bottom to top,
notice that external oblique
points in a direction away from
the body (to the shoulders)
86
87. Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• Internal oblique
• Action:
• Both sides: flexes vertebral
column & compresses
abdominal wall
• One side: laterally flexes
vertebral column
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 344
• Figures: 11.14a & b
• Cadaver hint:
• Looking from bottom to top,
notice that internal oblique
points in a direction into the
body (to the chin)
87
88. Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• Transversus abdominis
• Action:
• Both sides: flexes vertebral
column & compresses
abdominal wall
• One side: laterally flexes
vertebral column
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 344
• Figures: 11.14a & b
• Cadaver hint:
• Notice the horizontal direction
of this muscle’s fibers
88
89. Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• Rectus abdominis
• Action:
• Flexes vertebral column &
compresses abdominal wall
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 344
• Figures: 11.14a & b
• Trivia:
• This is the six-pack abs
muscle
89
90. Axial Muscles – Abdominal Wall Muscles [4+1]
• Inguinal ligament
(associated structure)
• Significance:
• Formed by the aponeurosis of
the external oblique muscle
• Contains tissues coursing
from the trunk to the lower
limb
• Textbook Reference:
• Description: p. 344
• Figures: 11.14a & b
90