This document discusses the four basic types of tissues in the body: epithelium, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. It focuses on epithelium tissue, describing its general functions, special characteristics, and classification system. The major epithelial tissue types - stratified squamous, simple squamous, pseudostratified columnar, transitional, simple cuboidal, and simple columnar - are outlined along with their functions and example locations in the body. Special features of epithelial cells like junctions, microvilli, and regeneration are also summarized.
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Bone tissue is the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body. Osseous tissue forms the rigid part of the bones that make up the skeletal system.
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic connective tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
Histology
Junqueira’s Basic Histology Text and Atlas, 15th Ed
Bone tissue is the major structural and supportive connective tissue of the body. Osseous tissue forms the rigid part of the bones that make up the skeletal system.
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5. Tissues - BSc Nursing 1st Semester - by M. Thirumurugan.pptxthiru murugan
Tissues: the group of cells are called tissue. A tissue is an assemble of similar cells that together carry out a specific function. The group of tissues are joined and form organ.
Types or classification:
4 basic tissues:
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
Epithelial tissue is made up of epithelial cells.
The cells can be different shapes and can be arranged in a single layer or multiple layers depending on where they are located in body and what kind of functions they have.
All substances that enter or leave an organ must cross the epithelial tissue first.
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Epithelial tissue has a variety of functions depending on where it’s located in body, including protection, secretion and absorption.
Types of epithelial tissue:
Based on how the cells are arranged:
Simple epithelium
Stratified epithelium
Pseudostratified epithelium
1.simple epithelium: A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of cells.
Simple squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium typically lines blood vessels and body cavities and regulates the passage of substances into the underlying tissue.
Simple cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is typically found in glandular (secreting) tissue and kidney tubules.
Simple columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is often specialized for absorption and usually has apical cilia or microvilli. These cells line in stomach and intestines.
2.stratified epithelium: A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells.
Stratified squamous epithelium: This type of epithelium usually has protective functions, including protection against microorganisms from invading underlying tissue and/or protection against water loss. The outer layer of skin (the epidermis) is made of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium: This type of epithelium is found in the excretory ducts of salivary and sweat glands.
Stratified columnar epithelium: This type of epithelium is not as common and is seen in the mucous membrane (conjunctiva) lining in eyelids, where it’s both protective and mucus-secreting.
3. Pseudostratified:
These are simple columnar epithelial cells whose nuclei appear at different heights, giving the misleading (hence pseudo) impression that the epithelium is stratified when the cells are viewed in cross section.
Pseudostratified epithelium can also possess fine hair-like extensions of their apical (luminal) membrane called cilia.
In this case, the epithelium is described as ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. Ciliated epithelium is found in the airways (nose, bronchi), but is also found in the uterus and fallopian tubes of females, where the cilia propel the ovum to the uterus.
Epithelial cells based on specialized functions
Transitional epith
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2. Tissue
• Groups of cells that share a common
structure and function.
• In adult organisms, there are four tissue
types:
• Epithelium tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
3. Epithelium
• Epithelial tissues are thin sheets.
• Cover body surfaces and organs.
• Line body cavities.
•Occur at boundaries between two
environments.
4. Epithelium
• Functions include:
• protection
• sensory reception
• secretion
• absorption
• ion transport
• filtration
• formation of slippery surfaces for
substance
movement.
5. Epithelium
Special characteristics of epithelium
separate it from the other basic tissue
types:
• Specialized contacts
• Polarity
• Support by connective tissue
• Avascular but innervated
• Regeneration
• Cellularity
6. • Classification of Epithelia
• • Epithelium is given two names.
• • The first name indicates the
number of cell layers.
• • The second name identifies cell
shape.
• • Simple epithelium is a single
layer of cells.
• • Stratified epithelium
• has more than one layer.
7. Simple Squamous Epithelium
• • Single
layer of flat cells.
• • Found wherever diffusion or filtration are
important.
– Capillary linings, alveoli of lungs.
• • Endothelium:
–Special lining tissue (slippery).
–Blood vessels, heart, lymphatic vessels.
• • Mesothelium: peritoneal lining tissue
– (serosa).
9. Epithelial Tissues
• General Features
Cellular Layer + Basement Membrane
No Direct Circulation/Blood Supply
Touch Each Other
Rapid Rate of Cell Reproduction
33. Epithelium cont.
• Epithelium that lines cavities sits on lamina propria.
– Supports epithelium
– Binds epithelium to other tissue
– Provides nutrition
• Sides of cells are named
– Basal
– Apical (free)
– Lateral
34. Special Features of Epithelial Cells
• – Cell junctions
are lateral surfaces
features that
primarily bind
adjacent cells to
each other.
• – Main types:
• – tight junction
(zonula
• occludens)
• – adherens junction
• (zonula adherens)
• – desmosome
• – gap junctions
35. Avascular
• • Epithelium lacks
blood vessels
(avascular).
• • Epithelium does
have some nerve
endings that go
between cells
(innervated).
37. Intercellular
Junctions
Belts that circle
cell.
ZO (tight junction) acts as
barrier.
ZA provides for adhesion
of one cell to another
Spots
Des is like a spot welding.
Gap allows passage of
chemical for
communication.
38. Specializations of Cell Surface
• Microvilli
– Found mainly on absorptive cells
– Brush border, 1m high
• Cilia / flagella
– Cylindrical, motile structures, 5-10m high
– Contain microtubules
– Basal bodies
39. Microvilli
Apical region of an intestinal epithelial cell seen with TEM.
Filaments that constitute the core of the microvilli are clearly seen.
An extracellular cell coat (glycocalyx) is bound to the
plasmalemma of the microvilli. x45,000.
43. Glands
• • Many epithelial cells make and secrete a
product.
• • Glands are classed as exocrine (with ducts), or
• endocrine (without ducts), as well as
– • unicellular
– or multicellular.
• • One-celled exocrine gland is the goblet cell; its
product is mucin
• • Endocrine glands secrete hormones.
44. Multicellular Exocrine Glands
• • Glands have two
parts:
– –Secretory portion
– –Duct
• –Both surrounded by
fibrous capsule.
46. Special Features of Epithelial Cells
• The basal lamina
separates the
epithelium and
underlying
connective tissues.
• Apical surface
features are
microvilli and cilia.
47. Connective Tissue
Connective tissue is the most diverse and
abundant type of tissue. Cells are
separated by extracellular matrix.
Four main classes and many subclasses
• Connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
• Cartilage
• Bone tissue
• Blood
48. General Features of CT
– General structural features:
– fibroblast
– fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic)
– ground substance
– General functional features:
– support and binding
– holding tissue fluid
– fighting infection
– storing fat
49. Connective Tissue
• Loose areolar
connective tissue
represents general structural
and functional elements of
connective tissue.
• This CT underlies epithelia
and surrounds nerves and
vessels.
• 3 types of extracellular
matrix fibers made by
fibroblasts:
– Collagen
– Reticular
– Elastic
50. Connective Tissue
• Ground substance:
jellylike materials that
hold interstitial fluid.
– Glysoaminoglycans
– Proteoglycans
54. • Connective Tissue Classification
• • Other connective tissues:
• • Cartilage (supporting rings of trachea)
• • Bone (skeleton)
• • Blood
55. Covering and Lining Membranes
– Covering and lining membranes combine
connective and epithelial tissues.
– There are three types of covering and lining
membranes:
• Cutaneous (skin)
• Serous (line body cavities)
• Mucous (line hollow organs)
– Underlying CT is lamina propria
58. References
• • Martini. 2002. Fundamental of Anatomy and Physiology. 5th edition.
• Prentice Hall International, Inc.
• • Norman, F., Gant, F. & Cunningham, G. (1993). Basic Gynecology
• and obstetrics. A Lange medical book. Appleton & Lange
• • Ganong, W.F. 2005. Review of Medical Physiology, 20th Ed,
• Appleton & Lange
• • Sherwood, L. 2001. Human Physiology – From Cells to Systems.
• 6th edition. McGraw Hill.
• • Marieb, E.N. 1998. Human Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Ed,
• Addison Wessley Longman Inc, New York.
• • Tortora, G.J. dan Grabowski, S.R. 2000. Principles of Anatomy and
• Physiology, 9th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York