This document discusses the four major types of adult tissues - epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue. It provides details on the classification, structure and functions of each type of tissue. The key points are:
1) Tissues are classified based on structure, composition and function. The four major types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue.
2) Epithelial tissues cover surfaces, line organs and form glands. They protect, absorb, secrete and transport. Connective tissues connect, support and protect other tissues. Muscle tissues contract to cause movement and pumping blood. Nervous tissues transmit electrical signals.
3) Each tissue contains different cell types and extracellular matrix to suit their functions.
. Definition of Tissues Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. In other words, it is a group of cells working together mainly inside an organ.
3. Classification of Tissues Human body is composed of 4 basic types of tissue: •Epithelial tissue •Connective tissue •Muscular tissue •Nervous tissue
4. Origin of Tissue A fertilized egg divides to produce 3 primary germ cell layers. These layers differentiate to form the tissues of the body.
5. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial cells cover or line all body surfaces, cavities and tubes. So, These are called covering epithelia. Epithelial cells form the functional units of secretory glands. So, These are called glandular epithelia.
a quick visual understanding of what actually nervous tissue is made up of at cellular level its functions nerve cell types chemical synapse detailed structure of neuron
epithelium covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and constitute glands.so it is important to know about epithelium in detail to deal with tissue of different type and origin.
. Definition of Tissues Biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. In other words, it is a group of cells working together mainly inside an organ.
3. Classification of Tissues Human body is composed of 4 basic types of tissue: •Epithelial tissue •Connective tissue •Muscular tissue •Nervous tissue
4. Origin of Tissue A fertilized egg divides to produce 3 primary germ cell layers. These layers differentiate to form the tissues of the body.
5. Epithelial Tissue Epithelial cells cover or line all body surfaces, cavities and tubes. So, These are called covering epithelia. Epithelial cells form the functional units of secretory glands. So, These are called glandular epithelia.
a quick visual understanding of what actually nervous tissue is made up of at cellular level its functions nerve cell types chemical synapse detailed structure of neuron
epithelium covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and constitute glands.so it is important to know about epithelium in detail to deal with tissue of different type and origin.
Epithelium cellstissues histology
1. Chapter 4 Tissues and Histology • Tissues - collections of similar cells and the substances surrounding them • Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function • Major types of adult tissues – Epithelial – Connective – Muscle – Nervous • Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues – Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes – Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death
i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.i. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of 6 to 8 glucose residues from this chain to another
site on the growing molecule. The enzyme amylo-
[1, 4]→[1, 6]-transglucosidase (branching enzyme)
forms this alpha-1, 6 linkage. (Fig. 10.4).
iii. To this newly created branch, further glucose units can
be added in alpha-1, 4 linkage by glycogen synthase.Vi. The glycogen synthase can add glucose units only in
alpha-1, 4 linkage. A branching enzyme is needed to
create the alpha-1, 6 linkages.
ii. When the chain is lengthened to 11–12 glucose
residues, the branching enzyme will transfer a block
of
introduction to tissues-human body is made up of 4 basic tissues- connective tissues, epithelium tissue, nervous tissue, muscular tissue--biological tissues is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function and an embryological origin with similar structure , types of tissues , microscopic diagram, diagrams of tissues, epithelial tissue and types, connective tissue , its components and types
Types of tissues with characteristic's and distribution regions
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
1. Chapter 4
Tissues and Histology
• Tissues - collections of similar cells and the substances
surrounding them
• Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition
of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function
• Major types of adult tissues
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
• Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues
– Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
– Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to
determine cause of death
2. Embryonic Tissue
• 3 major germ layers that form the embryonic disc (source of stem cells)
– Endoderm
• Inner layer
• Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives
– Mesoderm
• Middle layer
• Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels
– Ectoderm
• Outer layer
• Forms skin and neuroectoderm
3. I. Epithelial Tissue
• Cellularity - Consists almost
entirely of cells
• Covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs, and forms glands
– Outside surface of the body
– Lining of digestive, respiratory
and urogenital systems
– Heart and blood vessels
– Linings of many body cavities
• Polarity - Has apical, basal, and
lateral surfaces
• Rests on a basement membrane
• Specialized cell contacts bind
adjacent cells together
• Avascular - no blood vessels
• Regenerative -Replaces lost cells
by cell division
4. Functions of Epithelia
• Protecting underlying structures; e.g.,
epithelium lining the mouth
• Acting as barriers; e.g., skin
• Permitting the passage of substances; e.g.,
cells lining air sacs in lungs and nephrons in
kidney
• Secreting substances; e.g., pancreatic cells
• Absorbing substances; e.g., lining of stomach
and small intestine
6. Classification of Epithelium
• Number of layers of cells
– Simple- one layer of cells. Each extends from
basement membrane to the free surface
– Stratified- more than one layer.
– Pseudostratified- tissue appears to be stratified,
but all cells contact basement membrane so it is in
fact simple
• Shape of cells
– Squamous- flat, scale-like
– Cuboidal- about equal in height and width
– Columnar- taller than wide
12. Stratified Epithelia
• Contain two or more layers of cells
• Regenerate from below
• Major role is protection
• Are named according to the shape of
cells at apical layer
13. Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
• Description
– Many layers of cells – squamous in shape
– Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or
columnar
– Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for
protection
14. Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
• Specific types
– Keratinized – contain the protective protein
keratin
• Surface cells are dead and full of keratin
– Non-keratinized – forms moist lining of
body openings
15. Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
• Function – Protects underlying tissues
in areas subject to abrasion
• Location
– Keratinized – forms epidermis
– Non-keratinized – forms lining of
esophagus, mouth, and vagina
18. Epithelium: Glandular
• A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes
an aqueous fluid
• Two types of glands formed by infolding of epithelium:
– Endocrine: no contact with exterior of body; ductless; produce
hormones (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas)
– Exocrine: open to exterior of body via ducts (sweat, oil)
• Exocrine glands classified either by structure or by the
method of secretion
• Classified by structure
– Unicellular: goblet cells
– Multicellular: sweat, oil, pituitary, adrenal
19. Multicellular Exocrine Glands
• Classified on the basis of types of
ducts or mode of secretion
• Types of ducts
– Simple: ducts with few
branches
– Compound: ducts with many
branches
• If ducts end in tubules or
sac-like structures: acini.
Pancreas
• If ducts end in simple
sacs: alveoli. Lungs
21. Membrane Junctions: Tight Junction
• Integral proteins of adjacent
cells fuse together
• Completely encircle the cell
and form an adhesion belt.
• Form an impermeable
junction.
• Common near apical region
22. Lateral Surface Features –
Cell Junctions
• Desmosomes – two disc-like plaques
connected across intercellular space
– Plaques of adjoining cells are joined by
proteins called cadherins
– Proteins interdigitate into extracellular
space
– Intermediate filaments insert into plaques
from cytoplasmic side
23. Membrane Junctions: Desmosome
Linker proteins extend
from plaque like teeth of
a zipper.
Intermediate filaments
extend across width of
cell.
• Common in superficial layers of skin; skin
peels after a sunburn
• Reduces chance of tearing, twisting, stretching
Figure 3.5b
24. Membrane Junctions: Gap Junction
• Connexon proteins are trans-
membrane proteins.
• Present in electrically excitable
tissues (heart, smooth muscle)
25. Basal Feature: The Basal
Lamina
• Noncellular supporting sheet between the
epithelium and the connective tissue deep to it
• Consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial
cells
• Functions:
• Acts as a selective filter, determining which
molecules from capillaries enter the epithelium
• Acts as scaffolding along which regenerating
epithelial cells can migrate
• Basal lamina and reticular layers of the
underlying connective tissue deep to it form the
basement membrane
26. Epithelial Surface Features
• Apical surface features
– Microvilli – finger-like extensions of plasma
membrane
• Abundant in epithelia of small intestine and kidney
• Maximize surface area across which small
molecules enter or leave
– Cilia – whip-like, highly motile extensions of
apical surface membranes
• Movement of cilia – in coordinated waves
27. Connective Tissue
• Most diverse and abundant tissue
• Main classes
– Connective tissue proper
– Cartilage
– Bone tissue
– Blood
• Characteristics
– Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
(mesenchyme derived from mesoderm)
– Varying degrees of vascularity
– Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground
substance and fibers
– Cells are not as abundant nor as tightly packed together
as in epithelium
29. Functions of Connective Tissue
• Enclose organs as a capsule and separate
organs into layers. Areolar
• Connect tissues to one another. Tendons and
ligaments.
• Support and movement. Bones.
• Storage. Fat.
• Insulation. Fat.
• Transport. Blood.
• Protection. Bone, cells of the immune
system.
30. Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
• Ground substance – unstructured
material that fills the space between cells
• Fibers – collagen, elastic, or reticular
• Cells – fibroblasts, chondroblasts,
osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells,
and others
31. Connective Tissue Cells
• Fibroblasts - secrete the proteins needed for fiber
synthesis and components of the extracellular matrix
• Adipose or fat cells (adipocytes). Common in some
tissues (dermis of skin); rare in some (cartilage)
• Mast cells. Common beneath membranes; along small
blood vessels. Can release heparin, histamine, and
proteolytic enzymes in response to injury.
• Leukocytes (WBC’s). Respond to injury or infection
• Macrophages. Derived from monocytes (a WBC).
Phagocytic; provide protection
• Chondroblasts - form cartilage
• Osteoblasts - form bone
• Hematopoietic stem cells - form blood cells
• Undifferentiated mesenchyme (stem cells). Have
potential to differentiate into adult cell types.
32. Extracellular Matrix - ECM
• ECM has 3 major components
1. Protein fibers 2. Ground substance 3. Fluid
• Protein fibers
– Collagen fibers. Composed of the protein collagen.
Strong, flexible, inelastic; great tensile strength (i.e.
resist stretch). Perfect for tendons, ligaments
– Elastic fibers. Contain molecules of protein elastin that
resemble coiled springs. Returns to its original shape
after stretching or compression. Perfect for lungs,
large blood vessels
– Reticular fibers. Formed from fine collagenous fibers;
form branching networks (stroma). Fill spaces
between tissues and organs.
33. Ground Substance
• Interstitial (tissue) fluid within which are one or more of
the molecules listed below:
– Hyaluronic acid: a polysaccharide. Very slippery;
serves as a good lubricant for joints. Common in
most connective tissues.
– Proteoglycans: protein and polysaccharide complex.
Polysaccharides called glyocosaminoglycans
(chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate). Protein part
attaches to hyaluronic acid. Able to trap large
amounts of water.
– Adhesive molecules: hold proteoglycan aggregates
together. Chondronectin in cartilage, osteonectin in
bone, fibronectin in fibrous connective tissue.
• Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients
diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
34. Embryonic Connective Tissue
• Mesenchyme: source of all
adult connective tissue.
– Derived from mesoderm
– Delicate collagen fibers
embedded in semifluid matrix
• Mucus: found only in the
umbilical cord. Wharton’s
jelly.
40. Elastic Connective Tissue
• Bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers
oriented in multiple directions
• In walls of elastic arteries (aorta), lungs, vocal
ligaments
• Strong, yet elastic; allows for recoil of tissue after
being stretched
41. Connective Tissue: Cartilage
• Composed of chondrocytes (cells) located in matrix-
surrounded spaces called lacunae.
• Type of cartilage determined by components of the matrix.
• Firm consistency.
• Ground substance: Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid
complexed together trap large amounts of water
(microscopic sponges). Allows tissue to spring back after
being compressed.
• Avascular and no nerve supply. Heals slowly.
• Perichondrium. Dense irregular connective tissue that
surrounds cartilage. Fibroblasts of perichondrium can
differentiate into chondroblasts (cartilage-forming cells)
• Types of cartilage
– Hyaline
– Fibrocartilage
– Elastic
47. Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Cells are referred to as fibers
– Contracts or shortens with force when
stimulated
– Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types
– Skeletal:attached to bones
– Cardiac: muscle of the heart.
– Smooth: muscle associated with tubular
structures and with the skin. Nonstriated and
involuntary.
52. Tissues and Aging
• Cells divide more slowly
• Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure, though
they may increase in number
– Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and more fragile
• Elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become
less elastic
– Arterial walls and elastic ligaments become less elastic
• Changes in collagen and elastin result in
– Atherosclerosis and reduced blood supply to tissues
– Wrinkling of the skin
– Increased tendency for bones to break
• Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in the elderly
• Injuries don’t heal as readily