The document provides an overview of the appendicular skeleton, including:
- The pectoral girdle which connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the clavicles and scapulae.
- The pelvic girdle which connects the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and includes the os coxae (hip bones).
- The bones and landmarks of the upper and lower limbs, including the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, carpals, tarsals, and phalanges.
- Key anatomical features are identified for each bone such as tubercles, condyles, processes, and fossae.
introduction about joints, types of joints . joints are present with in upper limb, movements of all joints and finally with clinical correlation of all joints.
introduction about joints, types of joints . joints are present with in upper limb, movements of all joints and finally with clinical correlation of all joints.
The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. There are 126 bones. The appendicular skeleton includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as supporting shoulder girdle pectoral and pelvic girdle
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1. Activity 4:
Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 8 – Human Anatomy (4e) textbook
Objectives:
• Identify the bones and bone markings from the
upper limb and pectoral girdle.
• Identify the bones and bone markings from the
lower limb and pelvic girdle.
1
Compilation: Kathryn Watson & Claudia Gonzales
Last Revision: Mohammad Tomaraei
2. Appendicular Skeleton
• 2 pairs of limbs, and 2 girdles
• Pectoral (shoulder) girdle attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton,
consisting of
• Clavicle (2)
• Scapula (2)
• Pelvic (hip) girdle secures lower limbs to axial skeleton, and is
made of
• Os Coxa (hip bone) (2)
2
5. Pectoral Girdle - Clavicle
• S-shaped, long bone; connects manubrium of sternum to
acromion of scapula
• Sternal end (medial):
• Pyramid shaped
• Articulates with clavicular notch of manubrium on sternum
• Acromial end (lateral):
• Broad and flattened
• Articulates with acromion of scapula
• Conoid tubercle:
• Cone-shaped, round projection
• Near the acromial end
• Located inferiorly and posteriorly (down and back)
5
7. Pectoral Girdle - Scapula
• Broad, flat, triangular bone; forms the “shoulder blade”
7
• Superior border
• Suprascapular notch: adjacent to superior border
• Medial (vertebral) border
• Lateral (axillary) border
• Superior angle
• Inferior angle
• Spine: posterior ridge of bone
• Acromion: posterior process continuous to spine
8. Pectoral Girdle - Scapula
8
• Coracoid process: smaller anterior projection
• Supraspinous fossa: depression superior to spine
• Infraspinous fossa: depression inferior to spine
• Subscapular fossa: anterior surface of scapula
• Glenoid cavity (fossa): articulates with humerus
• Supraglenoid tubercle: superior to glenoid cavity
• Infraglenoid tubercle: inferior to glenoid cavity
9. Pectoral Girdle - Scapula
9
Orientation: Spine is located posteriorly, acromial process points laterally
10. Upper limb – Arm – Humerus
• Long bone; runs from the shoulder to the elbow; connects scapula
and the two bones of the lower arm, radius and ulna
• Head (of humerus): medial, articulates with glenoid cavity
• Greater tubercle: more prominent
• Lesser tubercle: smaller of tubercles
• Intertubercular sulcus/groove: runs between two tubercles
• Anatomical neck: between tubercles and head
• Surgical neck: a common fracture site
• Deltoid tuberosity: attachment site for deltoid muscle (lateral)
• Coronoid fossa: articulates with coronoid process of ulna
10
11. Upper limb – Arm – Humerus
• Olecranon fossa: articulates with olecranon process of ulna
• Radial fossa: articulates with head of radius
• Medial epicondyle
• Lateral epicondyle
• Trochlea: articulates with trochlear notch of ulna; medial
• Capitulum: articulates with head of radius; lateral
• Radial groove: radial nerve and vessels travel through it
(posterior)
11
12. Upper Limb – Arm – Humerus
12
Orientation: Head of humerus faces medially (into the body), olecranon fossa faces posteriorly
13. Upper Limb – Forearm – Ulna
• Longer than radius, medially located
• Olecranon (process): articulates with olecranon process of
humerus
• Styloid process (of ulna): medial
• Coronoid process (of ulna): articulates with coronoid fossa of
humerus – remember coroNoid because it’s on ulNa
• Trochlear notch: articulates with trochlea of the humerus
• Radial notch of ulna: articulates with head of radius
• Head of ulna: located distally/inferiorly, next to styloid process
13
14. Upper Limb – Forearm – Radius
• Shorter than ulna, laterally located
• Head (of radius)
• Neck (of radius)
• Radial tuberosity: attachment site for biceps brachii muscle
• Ulnar notch: articulates with head (distal) of ulna
• Styloid process (of radius): lateral
14
15. Upper Limb – Forearm – Radius and Ulna
15
Radius orientation:
Radial tuberosity faces
anteriorly; styloid
process of radius is
positioned laterally
Ulna orientation:
Trochlear notch faces
anteriorly; the styloid
process of ulna is
positioned medially
16. Upper Limb – Wrist & Hand – Carpal Bones (8)
• Bones between radius and ulna, and the metacarpals; form the
wrist; connect hand to forearm
• Proximal row (lateral to medial):
• Scaphoid bone
• Lunate bone
• Triquetrum bone
• Pisiform bone
• Distal row (lateral to medial):
• Trapezium bone
• Trapezoid bone
• Capitate bone
• Hamate bone
16
17. Upper Limb – Wrist & Hand – Carpal Bones (8)
Mnemonics to remember the carpal bones:
• Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle
(proximal row lateral medial, then distal row lateral medial)
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform
Trapzeium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
• So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb
(proximal row lateral medial, distal row medial lateral)
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform
Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium
17
18. Upper Limb – Wrist & Hand
• Metacarpals (1 through 5)
• Phalanges (1 through 5)
• Proximal phalanx (1 through 5)
• Middle phalanx (2 through 5)
• Distal phalanx ( 1 through 5)
• Note: all the phalanges consist of proximal, middle, and distal
phalanges, except the pollex which lacks a middle phalanx
18
21. Pelvic Girdle – Os Coxa (2)
• Composed of fused ilium, ischium, and pubis bones
• Acetabulum: articulates with head of femur
• Obturator foramen: obturator nerve and blood vessels pass
through this foramen
21
24. Pelvic Girdle – Os Coxa (2) – Pubis
• Body (of pubis)
• Pubic tubercle
• Pubic crest
• Superior pubic ramus
• Inferior pubic ramus
24
25. Pelvic Girdle – Os Coxa (2)
25
Orientation: Pubis faces anteriorly and medially, ischium faces posteriorly and medially (or you
can try to hold it next to your head like a telephone; if it fits it’s from that side!)
26. Pelvic Girdle – Os Coxa (2)
26
Orientation: Pubis faces anteriorly and medially, ischium faces posteriorly and medially (or you
can use the telephone method!)
27. Lower Limb – Thigh & Knee – Femur
• Longest bone of the body; connects to the hip joint and knee joint
• Head (of femur): articulates with acetabulum of os coxa
• Fovea
• Neck (of femur)
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Intertrochanteric crest: connects trochanters
• Shaft (of femur)
• Gluteal tuberosity: attachment site of gluteus maximus muscle
27
28. Lower Limb – Thigh & Knee – Femur
• Linea aspera: posterior; attachment site for muscles
• Medial condyle (of femur)
• Medial epicondyle (of femur)
• Adductor tubercle: attachment site for adductor magnus muscle
• Lateral condyle (of femur)
• Lateral epicondyle (of femur)
• Intercondylar fossa: separates condyles
28
29. Lower Limb – Thigh & Knee – Patella
• Also known as the kneecap
• Circular-triangular bone which articulates with femur
• Covers and protects the anterior articular surface of knee joint
• Largest sesamoid bone in the body
29
30. Lower Limb – Thigh & Knee – Femur & Patella
30
Orientation: Head of femur faces medially; intercondylar fossa is situated posteriorly
31. Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Tibia
• Also known as the shinbone; the larger and stronger of the two
long bones of leg (tibia and fibula)
• Medial condyle (of tibia)
• Lateral condyle (of tibia)
• Intercondylar eminence
• Tibial tuberosity
• Medial malleolus
• Anterior border (crest)
31
32. Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Fibula
• Also known as the calf bone; the smaller and more slender of the
two long bones of leg (tibia and fibula)
• Head (of fibula)
• Neck (of fibula)
• Lateral malleolus
32
34. How to tell if it’s a left or right fibula?
34
• Make sure you’re looking at a fibula!
• On its lateral aspect, and near the distal
end, find a diagonal rough line, just above
the lateral malleolus.
• Following the direction of this line upwards
tells you if it’s a left or right fibula.
• Here, our diagonal line goes to left so it’s a
left fibula.
Source:
http://slipstreamborne.tumblr.com/
35. Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Tarsal Bones (7)
• A cluster of seven articulating bones situated between the lower
end of tibia and fibula, and the metatarsal bones
• Talus bone
• Calcaneus bone
• Navicular bone
• Medial cuneiform bone
• Intermediate cuneiform bone
• Lateral cuneiform bone
• Cuboid bone
35
36. Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Tarsal Bones (7)
Mnemonics to remember the tarsal bones:
• The Circus Needs More Interesting Little Clowns
Talus – Calcaneus – Navicular – Medial cuneiform – Intermediate
Cuneiform – Lateral Cuneiform – Cuboid
36
37. Lower Limb – Leg & Foot – Metatarsal Bones & Phalanges
• Metatarsal bones (1 through 5)
• Phalanges (1 through 5)
• Proximal phalanx (1 through 5)
• Middle phalanx (2 through 5)
• Distal phalanx ( 1 through 5)
• Note: all the phalanges consist of proximal, middle, and distal
phalanges, except the hallux which lacks a middle phalanx
37
