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CHAPTER 6
SEAWEED AND PLANTS
Seaweed and Plants
 Most seaweeds are
considered “plants” or
plant-like
Seaweed and Plants
 Primary Producers: Organisms that produce organic
matter from CO2 usually by photosynthesis
Seaweed and Plants
 Most seaweeds,
although some are
parasitic to other
seaweeds
 Transform solar energy
into chemical energy in
the form of organic
matter
 Produce oxygen for
organisms both on land
and in the ocean
Multicellular Algae
The Seaweeds
Multicellular Algae
 Seaweed: large,
multicellular algae
 Most familiar type of
marine algae
 Some biologists prefer
the name
macrophytes or
macroalgae
 All multicellular and
eukaryotic
Multicellular Algae
 Takes structure, types of pigments and stored food
products into consideration
 Lack highly specialized structures and reproductive
mechanisms like terrestrial plants
 Vary in shapes and sizes
Multicellular Algae
 Thallus: the complete body of a seaweed
 Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
Multicellular Algae
 Blades: The leaf-like, flattened portions of the thallus of
seaweeds
 have a large surface area
 main photosynthetic region
 not true leaves, no veins
 the upper and lower surfaces of blades are identical to each
other
Multicellular Algae
 Pneumatocysts: Gas-filled bladders that sometimes
keep the blades close to the sea surface
 maximizing the exposure of blades to the sunlight
 gases include carbon monoxide
Multicellular Algae
 Stipe: stem-like support structure of seaweeds from
which the blade originates
 long and tough in large kelps
Multicellular Algae
 Holdfast: root-like structure in seaweeds
 attaches the thallus to the bottom
 not involved in significant water or nutrient
absorption
 do not penetrate through sand or mud like roots do
 water and nutrients are picked up directly across the
surface
Multicellular Algae
 the stipe and holdfast usually lack tissues
specialized for water and nutrient transport
Types of Seaweed
Types of Seaweed
 Three types: green, brown and red
 not always easy to recognize visually because of
pigment proportions
 primarily limited to areas of shallow water and rocky
shores
Green Algae
 Chlorophyta
 most live in
freshwater and
terrestrial
environments
 the group from which
embryophytes (higher
plants) emerged
 only 10% are marine
Green Algae
 most have a simple thallus
 pigments and food
reserves are the same as
terrestrial plants
 chlorophyll is not usually
masked
 thallus is usually a bright
green color
 may be branched or
unbranched
Green Algae Examples
 Enteromorpha
 Sea Lettuce
Green Algae Examples
 Ulva
 Valonia
Green Algae Examples
 Caulerpa
 Halimeda
Brown Algae
 Phaeophyta
 color varies from olive green to dark brown
 due to yellow-brown pigments over chlorophyll
 particularly fucoxanthin
Brown Algae
 almost all 1,500 species are marine
 almost always the dominant primary producers on
temperate and polar rocky coasts
Brown Algae
 include largest and
most complex
seaweeds
 belong to the group
Heterokontophyta, a
eukaryotic group
distinguished by
chloroplasts
surrounded by four
membranes
 play an important role
in food supplies and
environment
development
Kelps
 most common and
complex of all brown
algae
 about 30 different
species
 most found below the
low tide level in
temperate and sub-polar
latitudes
 provide food and shelter
for many other
organisms
Kelps
 Some kelps
 consist of a single large blade
 ex laminaria
 harvested for food in several parts of the world
 several blades may grow from a single holdfast
 in some species blade is split or branched
 in some species the blade can be up to 25m long
(82 ft)
 some deep ocean species have a stipe up to
30m high (almost 100ft)
Kelps
 macrocystis
 largest kelp
 enormous holdfast
 several stipes
 elongated blades
 at base of each blade is
a pneumatocyst
 can grow up to 50cm
per day under optimal
conditions
Kelps Forests
 Kelp bed/forest: many individual kelps with fast-growing
and intertwining stipes
 colder waters of the North and South Pacific
 harvested by chopping off the tops for the extraction of
several natural products
 among the richest, most productive environments in the
marine realm
Kelp Forests
Other Brown Algae
 Fucus
 Sargassum
Red Algae
 Rhodophyta
 more species of red than green and brown
combined
 have red pigments called phycobillins
 mask chlorophyll
 most species are actually red
Red Algae
 very few of the 4,000
species live in
freshwater or soil
 inhabit most shallow-
water marine
environments
 harvested for food and
for the extraction of
various products
Red Algae
 most filamentous,
many branches with
intricate patterns
 increases light-
gathering surface for the
seaweed
 dense clumps are
more common
 some have lost almost
all traces of
chlorophyll
 became parasitic
Coralline Red Algae
 red algae that deposit calcium carbonate within their
cell walls
 important to several marine environments
 creates smooth or rough encrusting growths on
rocks
 actively involved in the formation and development
of coral reefs
Other Red Algae
 Palmaria
 Chondrus
Nori
Nori
 Japanese name for various edible seaweed species
of red algae
 The term nori also commonly used to refer to food
products created from these “sea vegetables”
Nori
 finished products are made by a shredding and rack-
drying process that resembles paper-making
 Japan, Korea and China are the current major
producers valued up to $2 billion per year
Seaweed Reproduction
Seaweed Reproduction
 usually asexual
 fragments of the thallus can usually grow into
new individuals
 ex. sargassum
Seaweed Reproduction
 some produce spores
 typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving
rise to a new individual without sexual fusion
Sexual Reproduction
 4 basic types of life
histories:
 diploid sporophyte
 alternation of generation
of three generations
 animal-like reproduction
 haploid thallus
Sexual Reproduction
 Factors affecting the number or quality of
spores/gametes
 amount of nutrients in the water
 temperature of the surrounding environment
 day length/amount of light received
Economic Importance
Economic Importance
 mariculture: the farming of seaweed
Economic Importance
 phycocolloids: gelatinous chemicals produced by
seaweeds that are used in food production and
product manufacturing
 form viscous suspensions or gels (even at low
concentrations)
Algin
 stabilizer and emulsifier
 keeps smooth
 used in: ice cream, shampoos, dairy topping,
cosmetics
 major source is giant kelp
 harvested in California
Carageenan
 obtained from red algae like Irish moss
 valued as an emulsifier
 used in: dairy products, puddings,
Agar
 jelly like substance
 used to protect canned meats, in low calorie
foods, laxatives, cosmetics
 used as a medium in research
 especially for DNA analysis
 obtained from red algae
Angiosperms
Flowering Plants
Angiosperms
 have true roots, stems and leaves
 specialized tissues
 only seagrasses are truly marine
Angiosperms - Seagrasses
 adapted to marine life
 horizontal stems called rhizomes
 pollen carried by currents
 Eelgrass is the most commonly distributed
Angiosperms – Salt-Marsh Plants
 Cordgrasses - true members of the grass family
 not true marine plants, tolerant of salt
 live in salt marshes and other soft-bottom
environments
 offer protection against erosion and provide natural
water purification
 Halophytes - salt tolerant plants
 ex. pickle weed
Angiosperms - Mangroves
 Trees and shrubs adapted to live along tropical and
subtropical shores around the world
 land plants that can tolerate salt
 form lush forests in places like Florida
 can survive in both fresh and salt water
environments

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Chapter 6 - Seaweed

  • 2. Seaweed and Plants  Most seaweeds are considered “plants” or plant-like
  • 3. Seaweed and Plants  Primary Producers: Organisms that produce organic matter from CO2 usually by photosynthesis
  • 4. Seaweed and Plants  Most seaweeds, although some are parasitic to other seaweeds  Transform solar energy into chemical energy in the form of organic matter  Produce oxygen for organisms both on land and in the ocean
  • 6. Multicellular Algae  Seaweed: large, multicellular algae  Most familiar type of marine algae  Some biologists prefer the name macrophytes or macroalgae  All multicellular and eukaryotic
  • 7. Multicellular Algae  Takes structure, types of pigments and stored food products into consideration  Lack highly specialized structures and reproductive mechanisms like terrestrial plants  Vary in shapes and sizes
  • 8. Multicellular Algae  Thallus: the complete body of a seaweed  Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
  • 9. Multicellular Algae  Blades: The leaf-like, flattened portions of the thallus of seaweeds  have a large surface area  main photosynthetic region  not true leaves, no veins  the upper and lower surfaces of blades are identical to each other
  • 10. Multicellular Algae  Pneumatocysts: Gas-filled bladders that sometimes keep the blades close to the sea surface  maximizing the exposure of blades to the sunlight  gases include carbon monoxide
  • 11. Multicellular Algae  Stipe: stem-like support structure of seaweeds from which the blade originates  long and tough in large kelps
  • 12. Multicellular Algae  Holdfast: root-like structure in seaweeds  attaches the thallus to the bottom  not involved in significant water or nutrient absorption  do not penetrate through sand or mud like roots do  water and nutrients are picked up directly across the surface
  • 13. Multicellular Algae  the stipe and holdfast usually lack tissues specialized for water and nutrient transport
  • 15. Types of Seaweed  Three types: green, brown and red  not always easy to recognize visually because of pigment proportions  primarily limited to areas of shallow water and rocky shores
  • 16. Green Algae  Chlorophyta  most live in freshwater and terrestrial environments  the group from which embryophytes (higher plants) emerged  only 10% are marine
  • 17. Green Algae  most have a simple thallus  pigments and food reserves are the same as terrestrial plants  chlorophyll is not usually masked  thallus is usually a bright green color  may be branched or unbranched
  • 18. Green Algae Examples  Enteromorpha  Sea Lettuce
  • 19. Green Algae Examples  Ulva  Valonia
  • 20. Green Algae Examples  Caulerpa  Halimeda
  • 21. Brown Algae  Phaeophyta  color varies from olive green to dark brown  due to yellow-brown pigments over chlorophyll  particularly fucoxanthin
  • 22. Brown Algae  almost all 1,500 species are marine  almost always the dominant primary producers on temperate and polar rocky coasts
  • 23. Brown Algae  include largest and most complex seaweeds  belong to the group Heterokontophyta, a eukaryotic group distinguished by chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes  play an important role in food supplies and environment development
  • 24. Kelps  most common and complex of all brown algae  about 30 different species  most found below the low tide level in temperate and sub-polar latitudes  provide food and shelter for many other organisms
  • 25. Kelps  Some kelps  consist of a single large blade  ex laminaria  harvested for food in several parts of the world  several blades may grow from a single holdfast  in some species blade is split or branched  in some species the blade can be up to 25m long (82 ft)  some deep ocean species have a stipe up to 30m high (almost 100ft)
  • 26. Kelps  macrocystis  largest kelp  enormous holdfast  several stipes  elongated blades  at base of each blade is a pneumatocyst  can grow up to 50cm per day under optimal conditions
  • 27. Kelps Forests  Kelp bed/forest: many individual kelps with fast-growing and intertwining stipes  colder waters of the North and South Pacific  harvested by chopping off the tops for the extraction of several natural products  among the richest, most productive environments in the marine realm
  • 29. Other Brown Algae  Fucus  Sargassum
  • 30. Red Algae  Rhodophyta  more species of red than green and brown combined  have red pigments called phycobillins  mask chlorophyll  most species are actually red
  • 31. Red Algae  very few of the 4,000 species live in freshwater or soil  inhabit most shallow- water marine environments  harvested for food and for the extraction of various products
  • 32. Red Algae  most filamentous, many branches with intricate patterns  increases light- gathering surface for the seaweed  dense clumps are more common  some have lost almost all traces of chlorophyll  became parasitic
  • 33. Coralline Red Algae  red algae that deposit calcium carbonate within their cell walls  important to several marine environments  creates smooth or rough encrusting growths on rocks  actively involved in the formation and development of coral reefs
  • 34. Other Red Algae  Palmaria  Chondrus
  • 35. Nori
  • 36. Nori  Japanese name for various edible seaweed species of red algae  The term nori also commonly used to refer to food products created from these “sea vegetables”
  • 37. Nori  finished products are made by a shredding and rack- drying process that resembles paper-making  Japan, Korea and China are the current major producers valued up to $2 billion per year
  • 39. Seaweed Reproduction  usually asexual  fragments of the thallus can usually grow into new individuals  ex. sargassum
  • 40. Seaweed Reproduction  some produce spores  typically one-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion
  • 41. Sexual Reproduction  4 basic types of life histories:  diploid sporophyte  alternation of generation of three generations  animal-like reproduction  haploid thallus
  • 42. Sexual Reproduction  Factors affecting the number or quality of spores/gametes  amount of nutrients in the water  temperature of the surrounding environment  day length/amount of light received
  • 44. Economic Importance  mariculture: the farming of seaweed
  • 45. Economic Importance  phycocolloids: gelatinous chemicals produced by seaweeds that are used in food production and product manufacturing  form viscous suspensions or gels (even at low concentrations)
  • 46. Algin  stabilizer and emulsifier  keeps smooth  used in: ice cream, shampoos, dairy topping, cosmetics  major source is giant kelp  harvested in California
  • 47. Carageenan  obtained from red algae like Irish moss  valued as an emulsifier  used in: dairy products, puddings,
  • 48. Agar  jelly like substance  used to protect canned meats, in low calorie foods, laxatives, cosmetics  used as a medium in research  especially for DNA analysis  obtained from red algae
  • 50. Angiosperms  have true roots, stems and leaves  specialized tissues  only seagrasses are truly marine
  • 51. Angiosperms - Seagrasses  adapted to marine life  horizontal stems called rhizomes  pollen carried by currents  Eelgrass is the most commonly distributed
  • 52. Angiosperms – Salt-Marsh Plants  Cordgrasses - true members of the grass family  not true marine plants, tolerant of salt  live in salt marshes and other soft-bottom environments  offer protection against erosion and provide natural water purification  Halophytes - salt tolerant plants  ex. pickle weed
  • 53. Angiosperms - Mangroves  Trees and shrubs adapted to live along tropical and subtropical shores around the world  land plants that can tolerate salt  form lush forests in places like Florida  can survive in both fresh and salt water environments